Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (136)
- Preprint (37)
- Review (3)
- Conference Proceeding (2)
- Contribution to a Periodical (2)
- Report (2)
- Doctoral Thesis (1)
Has Fulltext
- yes (183)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (183)
Keywords
- LHC (7)
- ALICE (3)
- ALICE experiment (3)
- Hadron-Hadron Scattering (3)
- Penile carcinomas (3)
- pp collisions (3)
- Angiogenesis (2)
- Atmospheric science (2)
- Beauty production (2)
- Biochemistry (2)
Institute
Harmonic decomposition of two particle angular correlations in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV
(2012)
Angular correlations between unidentified charged trigger (t) and associated (a) particles are measured by the ALICE experiment in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV for transverse momenta 0.25<pTt,a<15 GeV/c, where pTt>pTa. The shapes of the pair correlation distributions are studied in a variety of collision centrality classes between 0 and 50% of the total hadronic cross section for particles in the pseudorapidity interval |η|<1.0. Distributions in relative azimuth Δϕ≡ϕt−ϕa are analyzed for |Δη|≡|ηt−ηa|>0.8, and are referred to as “long-range correlations”. Fourier components VnΔ≡〈cos(nΔϕ)〉 are extracted from the long-range azimuthal correlation functions. If particle pairs are correlated to one another through their individual correlation to a common symmetry plane, then the pair anisotropy VnΔ(pTt,pTa) is fully described in terms of single-particle anisotropies vn(pT) as VnΔ(pTt,pTa)=vn(pTt)vn(pTa). This expectation is tested for 1⩽n⩽5 by applying a global fit of all VnΔ(pTt,pTa) to obtain the best values vn{GF}(pT). It is found that for 2⩽n⩽5, the fit agrees well with data up to pTa∼3–4 GeV/c, with a trend of increasing deviation as pTt and pTa are increased or as collisions become more peripheral. This suggests that no pair correlation harmonic can be described over the full 0.25<pT<15 GeV/c range using a single vn(pT) curve; such a description is however approximately possible for 2⩽n⩽5 when pTa<4 GeV/c. For the n=1 harmonic, however, a single v1(pT) curve is not obtained even within the reduced range pTa<4 GeV/c.
Men and women differ substantially regarding height, weight, and body fat. Interestingly, previous work detecting genetic effects for waist-to-hip ratio, to assess body fat distribution, has found that many of these showed sex-differences. However, systematic searches for sex-differences in genetic effects have not yet been conducted. Therefore, we undertook a genome-wide search for sexually dimorphic genetic effects for anthropometric traits including 133,723 individuals in a large meta-analysis and followed promising variants in further 137,052 individuals, including a total of 94 studies. We identified seven loci with significant sex-difference including four previously established (near GRB14/COBLL1, LYPLAL1/SLC30A10, VEGFA, ADAMTS9) and three novel anthropometric trait loci (near MAP3K1, HSD17B4, PPARG), all of which were significant in women, but not in men. Of interest is that sex-difference was only observed for waist phenotypes, but not for height or body-mass-index. We found no evidence for sex-differences with opposite effect direction for men and women. The PPARG locus is of specific interest due to its link to diabetes genetics and therapy. Our findings demonstrate the importance of investigating sex differences, which may lead to a better understanding of disease mechanisms with a potential relevance to treatment options.
Protein kinases are highly tractable targets for drug discovery. However, the biological function and therapeutic potential of the majority of the 500+ human protein kinases remains unknown. We have developed physical and virtual collections of small molecule inhibitors, which we call chemogenomic sets, that are designed to inhibit the catalytic function of almost half the human protein kinases. In this manuscript we share our progress towards generation of a comprehensive kinase chemogenomic set (KCGS), release kinome profiling data of a large inhibitor set (Published Kinase Inhibitor Set 2 (PKIS2)), and outline a process through which the community can openly collaborate to create a KCGS that probes the full complement of human protein kinases.
Kein deutscher Gegenwartsphilosoph findet weltweit eine solche Aufmerksamkeit wie Jürgen Habermas, der am 18. Juni 80 Jahre alt wird und bis zu seiner Emeritierung 1994 an der Goethe-Universität lehrte und forschte. In seiner Doppelrolle als Wissenschaftler und Intellektueller, als Gesellschaftstheoretiker und streitbarer Diskutant hat er nicht nur das Modell der diskursiven Vernunft kreiert, er ist zugleich Praktiker dieser Diskursivität und hat damit die intellektuellen Debatten der vergangenen Jahrzehnte maßgeblich beeinflusst – von der Reform der Hochschulen über Embryonenforschung bis zur Zukunft Europas.
Im Zuge der EU-Osterweiterung 2004 wurde der Gruben-Großlaufkäfer Carabus variolosus in den Anhang II der Fauna-Flora-Habitat-Richtlinie aufgenommen. Durch neu hinzugekommene Arten ergeben sich für die bisherigen Mitgliedsstaaten nach jetzigem Kenntnisstand keine Nachmeldepflichten von Gebieten, wohl aber möglicherweise die Pflicht, diese neuen Schutzobjekte in den bereits gemeldeten Gebieten gemäß Art. 6 zu erhalten und ihren günstigen Erhaltungszustand sicherzustellen (BALZER et al. 2004). Da Carabus variolosus s. str. ein osteuropäisches Taxon ist, das mitteleuropäische Taxon Carabus nodulosus aber regelmäßig als Unterart jener Art aufgefasst wird, stellt sich die Frage, ob die FFHRichtlinie mit der Nennung von C. variolosus auch das Taxon nodulosus mit gemeint hat. Der taxonomische Artbegriff ist nicht so eindeutig, dass sich die Frage auf taxonomischer Ebene nach heutigem Kenntnisstand abschließend beantworten ließe. Nach der rechtlichen Systematik der FFHRichtlinie ist aber - und dies muss zum Verständnis vorliegenden Aufsatzes hervorgehoben werden - ohnehin nicht entscheidend, wie sich der Sachverhalt nach Vorliegen weiterer Forschungen herausstellt, sondern, welche „wissenschaftliche Meinung“ zum Zeitpunkt der Meldung hierzu vorherrschte. Galt - zum Zeitpunkt der Aufnahme in den Anhang II - nodulosus in der überwiegenden wissenschaftlichen Meinung als Unterart von C. variolosus, und nicht als eigene Art, so gehören die Vorkommen in Mitteleuropa zum Anhang II, und vice versa. Aus diesem Grund handelt es sich bei der vorliegenden Arbeit auch ausdrücklich nicht um eine taxonomische. Vielmehr kann und muss anhand einer Literaturstudie - die das wissenschaftliche Meinungsbild und den Stand des Wissens widerspiegelt - versucht werden zu klären, ob Carabus (variolosus) nodulosus mit gemeint ist, wenn im erweiterten Anhang II der FFH-Richtlinie von „Carabus variolosus“ die Rede ist.
Der Schutz von Arten und ihren Lebensräumen ist sowohl mit naturschutzfachlichen Zielkonflikten, als auch mit Zielkonflikten mit anderen Bereichen wie der wirtschaftlichen Nutzung, behaftet. Forderungen nach dem besonderen Schutz von Lebensräumen und Arten sollten daher immer auf wissenschaftlicher Grundlage fußen. Neben dem Aspekt der Gefährdung, der in modernen Roten Listen zunehmend weniger gutachterlich hergeleitet wird, gewinnt das Konzept weltweiter Verantwortung an Bedeutung, und ist bei der Festlegung eines Handlungsbedarfs im Naturschutz eine wichtige Ergänzung. Laufkäfer erfüllen alle Anforderungen an eine Modellgruppe in Bezug auf die Fragestellung der Verantwortung für Lebensräume, da sie artenreich in allen terrestrischen Lebensräumen und Höhenstufen vorkommen und gut erforscht sind. Eine Auswertung der in Wäldern vorkommenden Laufkäfer Bayerns in Bezug auf Habitatbindung, Gefährdung und Verantwortung ergibt, dass es vor allem die Lebensräume auf extremen Sonderstandorten sind, die gefährdete Arten, für die wir eine besondere Schutzverantwortung haben, beheimaten. In diesen Lebensräumen müssen die Schutzanstrengungen, die auch mit den Vorgaben des §30 BNatschG (geschützte Lebensräume) und dem Anhang I der FFH-Richtlinie (und v. a. auch den prioritären Lebensraumtypen) in starkem Maße kongruent sind, in aller Konsequenz umgesetzt werden. Für die an zonale Waldtypen wie Buchen- und Eichenwälder gebundenen Arten hingegen ergibt die Analyse, dass die bestehenden Schutzbestimmungen und Schutzgebietssysteme einschließlich vorhandener Großschutzgebiete angesichts weniger gefährdeter Verantwortungsarten offenbar ausreichen. Der konsequenteste Schutz der Wälder auf Sonderstandorten mit intakten Standortsbedingungen sollte daher - zumindest gemessen an der Gruppe der Laufkäfer - höchste Aufmerksamkeit genießen.
Der Hochmoorlaufkäfer (Carabus menetriesi pacholei) ist eine prioritäre Anhang-Art der FFH-Richtlinie und Art mit hoher Schutzverantwortung Deutschlands. Seine Lebensräume liegen in noch weitgehend intakten Hoch-, Übergangs- und Hochlagen-Quellmooren einschließlich von Moorwäldern. In einem prognostizierten, wärmer und trockener werdenden Klima werden einige Vorkommen außerhalb der hier vorgelegten Klimahülle zu liegen kommen und daher für die Art voraussichtlich verloren gehen. Das gilt in besonderem Maße für die endemischen Vorkommen im Voralpengebiet. Andere Vorkommen werden nur zu halten sein, wenn jegliche Anstrengungen unternommen werden, einen naturnahen Wasserhaushalt wiederherzustellen. Die Klimahülle für die Nominatform reicht etwas weiter in den trockenen und auch warmen Bereich, erfordert aber ebenfalls sämtliche Bemühungen zu ihrem Erhalt. Zu den notwendigen Maßnahmen gehört unter anderem auch die konsequente Erhaltung naturnaher Moor- und Moorrandwälder. Eine Theorie zur Erklärung der disjunkten Verbreitung im Voralpengebiet basierend auf der Vereisungsgeschichte wird präsentiert, da die Klimaverhältnisse allein die Verbreitung nicht erklären können.
Laufkäfer werden in ökologischen Studien zur Lebensraumbewertung sehr häufig als Bioindikatoren hinzugezogen (PLATEN & KOWARIK 1995, PLATNER et al. 1996, POSPISCHIL 1981), denn ihre Ökologie und die daraus resultierenden ökologischen Ansprüche sind durch zahlreiche Studien eingehend untersucht (u.a. BAEHR 1980, LINDROTH 1945, THIELE 1977). Unterschiede in der Artengemeinschaft bzw. Änderungen in der Abundanz der Carabiden lassen Rückschlüsse über Habitatqualität, Standortsfaktoren, Minimalareal- Fragen, Habitattradition und Vernetzung von Lebensräumen zu. Diese Tatsachen wurden ausgenutzt, um die Bestandstradition und die Naturnähe der Bestockung der Probeflächen zu untersuchen. Diese sind weitgehend naturnahe Wälder im südbayerischen Tertiärhügelland, einem insgesamt wenig naturnahen, forstlich durch Fichtenforste geprägten Landschaftsraum.
Reflexive Freud-Orthodoxie
(2011)
Rezension zu: Sergio Benvenuto: Perversionen. Sexualität, Ethik und Psychoanalyse. Wien u.a.: Verlag Turia + Kant 2009. 254 Seiten, ISBN 978-3-85132-549-2, € 29,00
Abstract: Sergio Benvenuto entkoppelt die beiden Bereiche Moral und Perversion – um stattdessen ein basales Verhältnis von Ethik und Perversion zu skizzieren. Dieses diskutiert er zum einen im Rückgriff auf die freudsche Psychoanalyse. Zum anderen greift der Autor auf sozial- und moralphilosophische Erwägungen zurück. In erster Linie erweist sich der Kantische Imperativ als wegweisend für die letztlich favorisierte soziale Verhältnisbestimmung von Moral, Sexualität und Perversion.
In the absence of an active prophylactic vaccine against HIV-1, passively administered, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) identified in some chronically infected persons were shown to prevent HIV-1 infection in animal models. However, passive administration of bnAbs may not be suited to prevent sexual HIV-1 transmission in high-risk cohorts, as a continuous high level of active bnAbs may be difficult to achieve at the primary site of sexual transmission, the human vagina with its acidic pH. Therefore, we used Lactobacillus, a natural commensal in the healthy vaginal microbiome, to express bn nanobodies (VHH) against HIV-1 that we reported previously. After demonstrating that recombinant VHHA6 expressed in E. coli was able to protect humanized mice from mucosal infection by HIV-1Bal, we expressed VHHA6 in a soluble or in a cell-wall-anchored form in Lactobacillus rhamnosus DSM14870. This strain is already clinically applied for treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Both forms of VHHA6 neutralized a set of primary epidemiologically relevant HIV-1 strains in vitro. Furthermore, VHHA6 was still active at an acidic pH. Thus, lactobacilli expressing bn VHH potentially represent an attractive vector for the passive immunization of women in cohorts at high risk of HIV-1 transmission.
Background and objectives: Preoperative anaemia is an independent risk factor for a higher morbidity and mortality, a longer hospitalization and increased perioperative transfusion rates. Managing preoperative anaemia is the first of three pillars of Patient Blood Management (PBM), a multidisciplinary concept to improve patient safety. While various studies provide medical information on (successful) anaemia treatment pathways, knowledge of organizational details of diagnosis and management of preoperative anaemia across Europe is scarce.
Materials and methods: To gain information on various aspects of preoperative anaemia management including organization, financing, diagnostics and treatment, we conducted a survey (74 questions) in ten hospitals from seven European nations within the PaBloE (Patient Blood Management in Europe) working group covering the year 2016.
Results: Organization and activity in the field of preoperative anaemia management were heterogeneous in the participating hospitals. Almost all hospitals had pathways for managing preoperative anaemia in place, however, only two nations had national guidelines. In six of the ten participating hospitals, preoperative anaemia management was organized by anaesthetists. Diagnostics and treatment focused on iron deficiency anaemia which, in most hospitals, was corrected with intravenous iron.
Conclusion: Implementation and approaches of preoperative anaemia management vary across Europe with a primary focus on treating iron deficiency anaemia. Findings of this survey motivated the hospitals involved to critically evaluate their practice and may also help other hospitals interested in PBM to develop action plans for diagnosis and management of preoperative anaemia.
Communication with the hematopoietic system is a vital component of regulating brain function in health and disease. Traditionally, the major routes considered for this neuroimmune communication are by individual molecules such as cytokines carried by blood, by neural transmission, or, in more severe pathologies, by the entry of peripheral immune cells into the brain. In addition, functional mRNA from peripheral blood can be directly transferred to neurons via extracellular vesicles (EVs), but the parameters that determine their uptake are unknown. Using varied animal models that stimulate neuronal activity by peripheral inflammation, optogenetics, and selective proteasome inhibition of dopaminergic (DA) neurons, we show that the transfer of EVs from blood is triggered by neuronal activity in vivo. Importantly, this transfer occurs not only in pathological stimulation but also by neuronal activation caused by the physiological stimulus of novel object placement. This discovery suggests a continuous role of EVs under pathological conditions as well as during routine cognitive tasks in the healthy brain.
The global energy system is undergoing a major transition, and in energy planning and decision-making across governments, industry and academia, models play a crucial role. Because of their policy relevance and contested nature, the transparency and open availability of energy models and data are of particular importance. Here we provide a practical how-to guide based on the collective experience of members of the Open Energy Modelling Initiative (Openmod). We discuss key steps to consider when opening code and data, including determining intellectual property ownership, choosing a licence and appropriate modelling languages, distributing code and data, and providing support and building communities. After illustrating these decisions with examples and lessons learned from the community, we conclude that even though individual researchers' choices are important, institutional changes are still also necessary for more openness and transparency in energy research.
This study presents a method for adjusting long-term climate data records (CDRs) for the integrated use with near-real-time data using the example of surface incoming solar irradiance (SIS). Recently, a 23-year long (1983–2005) continuous SIS CDR has been generated based on the visible channel (0.45–1 μm) of the MVIRI radiometers onboard the geostationary Meteosat First Generation Platform. The CDR is available from the EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF). Here, it is assessed whether a homogeneous extension of the SIS CDR to the present is possible with operationally generated surface radiation data provided by CM SAF using the SEVIRI and GERB instruments onboard the Meteosat Second Generation satellites. Three extended CM SAF SIS CDR versions consisting of MVIRI-derived SIS (1983–2005) and three different SIS products derived from the SEVIRI and GERB instruments onboard the MSG satellites (2006 onwards) were tested. A procedure to detect shift inhomogeneities in the extended data record (1983–present) was applied that combines the Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT) and a penalized maximal T-test with visual inspection. Shift detection was done by comparing the SIS time series with the ground stations mean, in accordance with statistical significance. Several stations of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) and about 50 stations of the Global Energy Balance Archive (GEBA) over Europe were used as the ground-based reference. The analysis indicates several breaks in the data record between 1987 and 1994 probably due to artefacts in the raw data and instrument failures. After 2005 the MVIRI radiometer was replaced by the narrow-band SEVIRI and the broadband GERB radiometers and a new retrieval algorithm was applied. This induces significant challenges for the homogenisation across the satellite generations. Homogenisation is performed by applying a mean-shift correction depending on the shift size of any segment between two break points to the last segment (2006–present). Corrections are applied to the most significant breaks that can be related to satellite changes. This study focuses on the European region, but the methods can be generalized to other regions. To account for seasonal dependence of the mean-shifts the correction was performed independently for each calendar month. In comparison to the ground-based reference the homogenised data record shows an improvement over the original data record in terms of anomaly correlation and bias. In general the method can also be applied for the adjustment of satellite datasets addressing other variables to bridge the gap between CDRs and near-real-time data.
Rezension zu: Claudia Bruns: Politik des Eros. Der Männerbund in Wissenschaft, Politik und Jugendkultur (1880–1934). Köln u.a.: Böhlau Verlag 2008. 546 Seiten, ISBN 978-3-412-14806-5, € 44,90
Abstract: Quer zur Standardrezeption analysiert Claudia Bruns in ihrer Dissertation Blühers Konzeption von Mann, Männlichkeit und mann-männlicher Beziehung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung damit einhergehender Ausschlüsse. Zentral legt sie das Konzept des Männerbundes zugrunde, das den Dreh- und Angelpunkt der vorliegenden Untersuchung bildet, und zieht die Theorien Blühers als paradigmatisches Beispiel dafür heran. Dieses Vorgehen ist aus verschiedenen Gründen klug gewählt und vorteilhaft. Bislang ist kaum der ideologisch vielschichtige Gehalt von Diskussionen, wie sie Blüher führte und führen konnte, in die Geschichts- und Gesellschaftswissenschaften eingegangen. Zudem gab es bislang kein Gesamtverzeichnis der Schriften Blühers, wodurch die Rezeption erschwert wurde, und das sich nun im Anhang der Arbeit dankenswerterweise findet.
Rezension zu: Ariane Bürgin: Endliches Subjekt. Gleichheit und der Ort der Differenz bei Hobbes und Rousseau.München: Wilhelm Fink Verlag 2008. 188 Seiten, ISBN 978-3-7705-4581-0, € 24,90
Abstract: Die Idee der Gleichheit bei den beiden Klassikern der politischen Philosophie Hobbes und Rousseau soll vor dem Hintergrund der neueren feministischen Debatten um Gleichheit und Differenz betrachtet werden. Doch die Ausführungen verlaufen stark entlang der bloßen Wiedergabe der Originalliteratur und deren Rezeptionsgeschichte – unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Lacan. Die vielfältigen und großen Diskussionen in der feministischen Theorie finden dabei viel zu wenig Beachtung.
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with systemic osteoporosis, which leads to severe disability and low quality of life. Current therapies target osteoclasts to reduce bone degradation, but more treatment options would be required to promote bone protection by acting directly on osteoblasts (OB). Recently, the local production of dopamine in inflamed joints of RA has been observed. Thus, in this project, we aimed to determine the implication of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the bone formation process in RA. Dopamine receptors (DR) in the human bone tissue of RA or osteoarthritis (OA) patients were examined by immunohistochemistry. DR in isolated human osteoblasts (OB) was analyzed by flow cytometry, and dopamine content was evaluated by ELISA. Osteoclasts (OC) were differentiated from the PBMCs of healthy controls (HC) and RA patients. Isolated cells were treated with specific dopamine agonists. The effect of dopamine on mineralization was evaluated by Alizarin red staining. Cytokine release in supernatants was measured by ELISA. Osteoclastogenesis was evaluated with TRAP staining. OC markers were analyzed via real-time PCR and bone resorption via staining of resorption pits with toluidine blue. All DR were observed in bone tissue, especially in the bone remodeling area. Isolated OB maintained DR expression, which allowed their study in vitro. Isolated OB expressed tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme for dopamine production, and contained dopamine. The activation of D2-like DR significantly increased bone mineralization in RA osteoblasts and increased osteoclastogenesis but did not alter the expression of OC markers nor bone resorption. DR were found in the bone remodeling area of human bone tissue and dopamine can be produced by osteoblasts themselves, thus suggesting a local autocrine/paracrine pathway of dopamine in the bone. D2-like DRs are responsible for bone mineralization in osteoblasts from RA patients without an increase in bone resorption, thus suggesting the D2-like DR pathway as a possible future therapeutic target to counteract bone resorption in arthritis
The large conductance voltage- and Ca2+-activated potassium (BK) channel has been suggested to play an important role in the signal transduction process of cochlear inner hair cells. BK channels have been shown to be composed of the pore-forming alpha-subunit coexpressed with the auxiliary beta-1-subunit. Analyzing the hearing function and cochlear phenotype of BK channel alpha-(BKalpha–/–) and beta-1-subunit (BKbeta-1–/–) knockout mice, we demonstrate normal hearing function and cochlear structure of BKbeta-1–/– mice. During the first 4 postnatal weeks also, BKalpha–/– mice most surprisingly did not show any obvious hearing deficits. High-frequency hearing loss developed in BKalpha–/– mice only from ca. 8 weeks postnatally onward and was accompanied by a lack of distortion product otoacoustic emissions, suggesting outer hair cell (OHC) dysfunction. Hearing loss was linked to a loss of the KCNQ4 potassium channel in membranes of OHCs in the basal and midbasal cochlear turn, preceding hair cell degeneration and leading to a similar phenotype as elicited by pharmacologic blockade of KCNQ4 channels. Although the actual link between BK gene deletion, loss of KCNQ4 in OHCs, and OHC degeneration requires further investigation, data already suggest human BK-coding slo1 gene mutation as a susceptibility factor for progressive deafness, similar to KCNQ4 potassium channel mutations. © 2004, The National Academy of Sciences. Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
Background: We aimed to determine the association between seizure termination and side effects of isoflurane for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus (RSE) and super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) in neurointensive care units (neuro-ICUs).
Methods: This was a multicenter retrospective study of patients with RSE/SRSE treated with isoflurane for status epilepticus termination admitted to the neuro-ICUs of nine German university centers during 2011–2018.
Results: We identified 45 patients who received isoflurane for the treatment of RSE/SRSE. During isoflurane treatment, electroencephalograms showed no epileptiform discharges in 33 of 41 (80%) patients, and burst suppression pattern was achieved in 29 of 41 patients (71%). RSE/SRSE was finally terminated after treatment with isoflurane in 23 of 45 patients (51%) for the entire group and in 13 of 45 patients (29%) without additional therapy. Lengths of stay in the hospital and in the neuro-ICU were significantly extended in cases of ongoing status epilepticus under isoflurane treatment (p = 0.01 for length of stay in the hospital, p = 0.049 for length in the neuro-ICU). During isoflurane treatment, side effects were reported in 40 of 45 patients (89%) and mainly included hypotension (n = 40, 89%) and/or infection (n = 20, 44%). Whether side effects occurred did not affect the outcome at discharge. Of 22 patients with follow-up magnetic resonance imaging, 2 patients (9%) showed progressive magnetic resonance imaging alterations that were considered to be potentially associated with RSE/SRSE itself or with isoflurane therapy.
Conclusions; Isoflurane was associated with a good effect in stopping RSE/SRSE. Nevertheless, establishing remission remained difficult. Side effects were common but without effect on the outcome at discharge.