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Rolle der NADPH-Oxidase in der Thrombin-induzierten Signaltransduktion in glatten Gefässmuskelzellen
(2008)
Die Pathogenese der Atherosklerose besteht aus einem komplexen Netzwerk, bei dem anhand der hier vorliegenden Daten die vaskuläre NADPH-Oxidase eine zentrale Rolle spielt. In der Vergangenheit wurde bereits gezeigt, dass die Aktivierung der NADPH-Oxidase durch zahlreiche Mediatoren (u.a. Wachstumsfaktoren wie PDGF, Angiotensinogen II und Thrombin) mit vermehrter Freisetzung von Sauerstoffradikalen erfolgt. Ein spezifischer Nachweis, inwieweit die vaskuläre NADPH-Oxidase dabei tatsächlich involviert ist, stand bisher aus. Durch den Einsatz spezifischer Methoden (neutralisierende Antikörper, Antisense Oligonukleotide), wodurch die Untereinheiten der NADPH-Oxidase, p22phox und p47phox, gehemmt wurden, konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die NADPH-Oxidase die wichtigste Quelle der Sauerstoffradikalbildung darstellt. Durch den Einsatz von p22phox Antisense Oligonukleotide wurde gezeigt, dass es durch die Stimulation mit Thrombin zu einer vermehrten ROS-Produktion durch die p22phox-tragende NADPH-Oxidase mit erhöhter Aktivierung der p38 MAP-Kinase kommt. Des Weiteren wird die Expression des pro-atherogenen Chemokins MCP-1 bekannterweise durch Thrombin induziert. Auch hier konnte durch den Einsatz von p22phox Antisense-Oligonukleotide der p22phox-tragenden NADPH-Oxidase eine zentrale Rolle in der redoxmediierten Genexpression dieses Chemokins zugeschrieben werden. Fehlte die sich im inaktiven Zustand der Oxidase im Zytosol befindliche Untereinheit p47phox, wurde ebenfalls eine beeinträchtigte basale als auch Agonisten-induzierte ROSProduktion durch die NADPH-Oxidase beobachtet. Dabei scheint die Oxidase auch bei Fehlen von p47phox - im Gegensatz beim Fehlen der p22phox - aktiv zu sein, allerdings geringer als bei Vorhandensein aller Untereinheiten. Zusammenfassend konnten die vorliegenden Daten verdeutlichen, dass die p22phox- und p47phox-tragende NADPH-Oxidase eine zentrale Rolle in der ROS-Produktion spielt. Die Sauerstoffradikalbildung wird dabei durch die Expression der einzelnen Untereinheiten als auch der Aktivität der Oxidase bestimmt. Weiterhin sprechen die Daten dafür, dass es sich bei der vaskulären NADPH-Oxidase nicht um ein konsekutiv-aktives Enzym, sondern eher um eine durch Agonisten–induzierte Aktivität der Oxidase handelt.
Simple Summary: In patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) and in patients with kidney dysfunction, a higher rate of thrombosis has been reported compared with the general population. Furthermore, MPN patients are more prone to develop kidney dysfunction. In our study, we assessed the importance of specific risk factors for kidney dysfunction and thrombosis in MPN patients. We found that the rate of thrombosis is correlated with the degree of kidney dysfunction, especially in myelofibrosis. Significant associations for kidney dysfunction included arterial hypertension, MPN treatment, and increased inflammation, and those for thrombosis comprised arterial hypertension, non-excessive platelet counts, and antithrombotic therapy. The identified risk factor associations varied between MPN subtypes. Our data suggest that kidney dysfunction in MPN patients is associated with an increased risk of thrombosis, mandating closer monitoring, and, possibly, early thromboprophylaxis.
Abstract: Inflammation-induced thrombosis represents a severe complication in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) and in those with kidney dysfunction. Overlapping disease-specific attributes suggest common mechanisms involved in MPN pathogenesis, kidney dysfunction, and thrombosis. Data from 1420 patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET, 33.7%), polycythemia vera (PV, 38.5%), and myelofibrosis (MF, 27.9%) were extracted from the bioregistry of the German Study Group for MPN. The total cohort was subdivided according to the calculated estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, (mL/min/1.73 m2)) into eGFR1 (≥90, 21%), eGFR2 (60–89, 56%), and eGFR3 (<60, 22%). A total of 29% of the patients had a history of thrombosis. A higher rate of thrombosis and longer MPN duration was observed in eGFR3 than in eGFR2 and eGFR1. Kidney dysfunction occurred earlier in ET than in PV or MF. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified arterial hypertension, MPN treatment, increased uric acid, and lactate dehydrogenase levels as risk factors for kidney dysfunction in MPN patients. Risk factors for thrombosis included arterial hypertension, non-excessive platelet counts, and antithrombotic therapy. The risk factors for kidney dysfunction and thrombosis varied between MPN subtypes. Physicians should be aware of the increased risk for kidney disease in MPN patients, which warrants closer monitoring and, possibly, early thromboprophylaxis.
Background: Patients with Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), such as polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), are at increased risk for thrombosis/thromboembolism and major bleeding. Due to the morbidity and mortality of these events, antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant agents are commonly employed as primary and/or secondary prophylaxis. On the other hand, disease-related bleeding complications (i.e., from esophageal varices) are common in patients with MPN. This analysis was performed to define the frequency of such events, identify risk factors, and assess antiplatelet/anticoagulant therapy in a cohort of patients with MPN.
Methods: The MPN registry of the Study Alliance Leukemia is a non-interventional prospective study including adult patients with an MPN according to WHO criteria (2008). For statistical analysis, descriptive methods and tests for significant differences as well as contingency tables were used to identify the odds of potential risk factors for vascular events.
Results: MPN subgroups significantly differed in sex distribution, age at diagnosis, blood counts, LDH levels, JAK2V617F positivity, and spleen size (length). While most thromboembolic events occurred around the time of MPN diagnosis, one third of these events occurred after that date. Splanchnic vein thrombosis was most frequent in post-PV-MF and MPN-U patients. The chance of developing a thromboembolic event was significantly elevated if patients suffered from post-PV-MF (OR 3.43; 95 % CI = 1.39–8.48) and splenomegaly (OR 1.76; 95 % CI = 1.15–2.71). Significant odds for major bleeding were previous thromboembolic events (OR = 2.71; 95 % CI = 1.36–5.40), splenomegaly (OR = 2.22; 95 % CI 1.01–4.89), and the administration of heparin (OR = 5.64; 95 % CI = 1.84–17.34). Major bleeding episodes were significantly less frequent in ET patients compared to other MPN subgroups.
Conclusions: Together, this report on an unselected "real-world" cohort of German MPN patients reveals important data on the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of thromboembolic and major bleeding complications of MPN.