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Barucca, Gianni ; Davì, F. ; Lancioni, G. ; Mengucci, P. ; Montalto, L. ; Natali, P. P. ; Paone, N. ; Rinaldi, D. ; Scalise, L. ; Erni, W. ; Krusche, B. ; Steinacher, M. ; Walford, N. ; Cao, N. ; Liu, Z. ; Liu, C. ; Liu, B. ; Shen, X. ; Sun, S. ; Tao, J. ; Xiong, X. A. ; Zhao, G. ; Zhao, J. ; Albrecht, Malte ; Alkakhi, W. ; Bökelmann, S. ; Coen, S. ; Feldbauer, Florian ; Fink, M. ; Frech, J. ; Freudenreich, V. ; Fritsch, Miriam ; Grochowski, J. ; Hagdorn, R. ; Heinsius, Fritz-Herbert ; Held, T. ; Holtmann, Tobias ; Keshk, Iman ; Koch, H. ; Kopf, Bertram ; Kuhlmann, M. ; Kümmel, M. ; Küßner, M. ; Li, J. ; Linzen, L. ; Maldaner, Stephan ; Oppotsch, J. ; Pankonin, S. ; Pelizäus, Marc ; Pflüger, S. ; Pitka, A. ; Reher, J. ; Reicherz, G. ; Schnier, Claudius ; Steinke, M. ; Triffterer, T. ; Wenzel, C. ; Wiedner, Ulrich ; Denizli, H. ; Er, N. ; Keskin, U. ; Olgun, A. T. ; Yerlikaya, S. ; Yilmaz, A. ; Beck, R. ; Hammann, C. ; Hartmann, J. ; Ketzer, Bernhard ; Müllers, J. ; Rossbach, M. ; Salisbury, B. ; Schmidt, Christian Joachim ; Thoma, U. ; Urban, M. ; Bianconi, A. ; Bragadireanu, Mario ; Pantea, D. ; Domagala, M. ; Filo, G. ; Lisowski, E. ; Lisowski, F. ; Michałek, M. ; Poznański, P. ; Płażek, J. ; Korcyl, K. ; Kozela, A. ; Lebiedowicz, P. ; Pysz, K. ; Schäfer, W. ; Szczurek, A. ; Firlej, M. ; Fiutowski, T. ; Idzik, M. ; Moron, J. ; Swientek, K. ; Terlecki, P. ; Korcyl, G. ; Lalik, R. ; Malige, A. ; Moskal, P. ; Nowakowski, K. ; Przygoda, W. ; Rathod, N. ; Rudy, Z. ; Salabura, P. ; Smyrski, J. ; Augustin, I. ; Böhm, R. ; Lehmann, I. ; Schmitt, L. ; Varentsov, V. ; Al-Turany, Mohammad ; Belias, A. ; Deppe, H. ; Dzhygadlo, R. ; Flemming, H. ; Gerhardt, A. ; Götzen, Klaus ; Heinz, Andreas ; Jiang, P. ; Karabowicz, R. ; Koch, S. ; Kurilla, U. ; Lehmann, D. ; Lühning, J. ; Lynen, U. ; Orth, H. ; Peters, Klaus ; Saito, T. ; Schepers, G. ; Schmidt, C. J. ; Schwarz, C. ; Schwiening, J. ; Täschner, Alexander ; Traxler, M. ; Voss, B. ; Wieczorek, P. ; Abazov, V. ; Alexeev, G. ; Arefiev, V. A. ; Astakhov, V. ; Barabanov, M. Yu. ; Batyunya, B. V. ; Dodokhov, V. Kh. ; Efremov, A. ; Fechtchenko, A. ; Galoyan, A. ; Golovanov, G. ; Koshurnikov, E. K. ; Lobanov, Y. Yu. ; Olshevskiy, A. G. ; Piskun, A. A. ; Samartsev, A. ; Shimanski, S. ; Skachkov, N. B. ; Skachkova, A. N. ; Strokovsky, E. A. ; Tokmenin, V. ; Uzhinsky, V. ; Verkheev, A. ; Vodopianov, A. ; Zhuravlev, N. I. ; Branford, D. ; Watts, D. ; Böhm, M. ; Eyrich, W. ; Lehmann, A. ; Miehling, D. ; Pfaffinger, M. ; Quin, N. ; Robison, L. ; Seth, K. ; Xiao, T. ; Bettoni, Diego ; Ali, A. ; Hamdi, A. ; Himmelreich, Mathilde ; Krebs, M. ; Nakhoul, S. ; Nerling, Frank ; Belousov, A. ; Kisel, Ivan ; Kozlov, Grigory ; Pugach, M. ; Zyzak, Maksym ; Bianchi, Nicola ; Gianotti, Paola ; Lucherini, V. ; Bracco, G. ; Bettner, Y. ; Bodenschatz, S. ; Brinkmann, K. T. ; Brück, L. ; Diehl, S. ; Dormenev, V. ; Düren, M. ; Erlen, T. ; Föhl, K. ; Hahn, C. ; Hayrapetyan, A. ; Hofmann, J. ; Kegel, S. ; Kesselkaul, M. ; Köseoglu, I. ; Kripko, A. ; Kühn, Wolfgang ; Lange, Jens Sören ; Metag, V. ; Moritz, M. ; Nanova, M. ; Novotny, R. ; Orsich, P. ; Pereira-de-Lira, J. ; Peter, M. ; Sachs, M. ; Schmidt, M. ; Schubert, R. ; Stenzel, H. ; Straube, M. ; Strickert, M. ; Thöring, U. ; Wasem, T. ; Wohlfahrt, B. ; Zaunick, H. G. ; Tomasi-Gustafsson, E. ; Glazier, D. ; Ireland, D. ; Seitz, B. ; Deepak, P. N. ; Kulkarni, A. ; Kappert, R. ; Kavatsyuk, Myroslav O. ; Loehner, H. ; Messchendorp, Johannes Gerhardus ; Rodin, Viktor ; Schakel, P. ; Vejdani, S. ; Dutta, K. ; Kalita, K. ; Huang, G. ; Liu, D. ; Peng, H. ; Qi, H. ; Sun, Y. ; Zhou, X. ; Kunze, M. ; Azizi, K. ; Tavukoglu, Z. ; Derichs, A. ; Dosdall, R. ; Esmail, W. ; Gillitzer, A. ; Goldenbaum, F. ; Grunwald, D. ; Jokhovets, L. ; Kannika, J. ; Kulessa, P. ; Orfanitski, S. ; Pérez Andrade, G. ; Prasuhn, D. ; Prencipe, E. ; Pütz, J. ; Ritman, J. ; Rosenthal, E. ; Schadmand, S. ; Schmitz, R. ; Scholl, A. ; Sefzick, T. ; Serdyuk, V. ; Stockmanns, T. ; Veretennikov, D. ; Wintz, P. ; Wüstner, P. ; Xu, H. ; Zhou, Y. ; Cao, X. ; Hu, Q. ; Li, Z. ; Li, H. ; Liang, Y. ; Ma, X. ; Rigato, V. ; Isaksson, L. ; Achenbach, P. ; Corell, O. ; Denig, Achim ; Distler, M. ; Hoek, M. ; Lauth, W. ; Leithoff, H. H. ; Liu, Z. ; Merkel, H. ; Müller, U. ; Pochodzalla, J. ; Schlimme, S. ; Sfienti, C. ; Thiel, M. ; Zambrana, M. ; Ahmed, Samer ; Bleser, S. ; Bölting, M. ; Capozza, L. ; Dbeyssi, A. ; Ehret, A. ; Klasen, R. ; Kliemt, Ralf ; Maas, F. ; Motzko, C. ; Noll, O. ; Piñeiro, D. Rodríguez ; Schupp, F. ; Steinen, M. ; Wolff, S. ; Zimmermann, I. ; Fedorov, A. ; Kazlou, D. ; Korzhik, M. ; Missevitch, O. ; Balanutsa, P. ; Chernetsky, V. ; Demekhin, A. ; Dolgolenko, A. ; Fedorets, P. ; Gerasimov, A. ; Golubev, A. ; Goryachev, V. ; Kantsyrev, Alexey V. ; Kirin, D. Y. ; Kristi, N. ; Ladygina, E. ; Luschevskaya, E. ; Matveev, V. A. ; Panjushkin, V. ; Stavinskiy, A. V. ; Balashoff, A. ; Boukharov, A. ; Malyshev, O. ; Basant, K. N. ; Kumawat, H. ; Roy, B. ; Saxena, Alok ; Yogesh, S. ; Bonaventura, D. ; Brand, P. ; Fritzsch, C. ; Grieser, S. ; Hargens, C. ; Hergemöller, A. K. ; Hetz, B. ; Hüsken, Nils ; Kellers, J. ; Khoukaz, Alfons ; Mannweiler, C. ; Vestrick, S. ; Bumrungkoh, D. ; Herold, Christoph ; Khosonthongkee, K. ; Kobdaj, Chinorat ; Limphirat, A. ; Manasatitpong, K. ; Nasawad, T. ; Pongampai, S. ; Simantathammakul, T. ; Srisawad, P. ; Wongprachanukul, N. ; Yan, Y. ; Yu, C. ; Zhang, X. ; Zhu, W. ; Blinov, A. E. ; Kononov, S. ; Kravchenko, E. A. ; Antokhin, E. ; Barnyakov, A. Yu. ; Beloborodov, K. ; Blinov, V. E. ; Kuyanov, I. A. ; Pivovarov, S. ; Pyata, E. ; Tikhonov, Y. ; Hunter, G. ; Lattery, M. ; Pace, H. ; Boca, Gianluigi ; Duda, D. ; Finger, M. ; Finger, M. ; Kveton, A. ; Pesek, M. ; Peskova, M. ; Prochazka, I. ; Slunecka, M. ; Volf, M. ; Gallus, P. ; Jary, V. ; Korchak, O. ; Marcisovsky, M. ; Neue, G. ; Novy, J. ; Tomasek, L. ; Tomasek, M. ; Virius, M. ; Vrba, V. ; Abramov, V. ; Bukreeva, S. ; Chernichenko, S. ; Derevschikov, A. ; Ferapontov, V. ; Goncharenko, Y. ; Levin, A. ; Maslova, E. ; Melnik, Y. ; Meščanin, Aleksei P. ; Minaev, N. ; Mochalov, V. ; Moiseev, V. ; Morozov, D. ; Nogach, L. ; Poslavskiy, S. ; Ryazantsev, A. ; Ryzhikov, S. ; Semenov, P. ; Shein, I. ; Uzunian, A. ; Vasiliev, Andrey ; Yakutin, A. ; Roy, U. ; Yabsley, B. ; Belostotski, S. ; Fedotov, G. ; Gavrilov, G. ; Izotov, A. ; Manaenkov, S. ; Miklukho, O. ; Zhdanov, A. ; Atac, A. ; Bäck, T. ; Cederwall, B. ; Makonyi, K. ; Preston, M. ; Tegner, P. E. ; Wölbing, D. ; Gandhi, K. ; Rai, A. K. ; Godre, S. ; Crede, V. ; Dobbs, S. ; Eugenio, P. ; Lersch, D. ; Calvo, D. ; De Remigis, P. ; Filippi, A. ; Mazza, G. ; Rivetti, Angelo ; Wheadon, R. ; Bussa, M. P. ; Spataro, Stefano ; Iazzi, F. ; Lavagno, A. ; Martin, A. ; Akram, A. ; Calen, H. ; Ikegami Andersson, Walter ; Johansson, Tord ; Kupsc, Andrzej ; Marciniewski, P. ; Papenbrock, Michael ; Regina, J. ; Rieger, J. ; Schönning, K. ; Wolke, M. ; Pothodi Chackara, V. ; Chlopik, A. ; Kesik, G. ; Melnychuk, D. ; Tarasiuk, J. ; Wojciechowski, M. ; Wronka, S. ; Zwieglinski, B. ; Amsler, C. ; Bühler, Paul ; Marton, J. ; Nalti, W. ; Steinschaden, D. ; Widmann, Eberhard ; Zimmermann, S. ; Zmeskal, Johann
This paper reports on Monte Carlo simulation results for future measurements of the moduli of time-like proton electromagnetic form factors, |GE | and |GM|, using the ¯pp → μ+μ− reaction at PANDA (FAIR). The electromagnetic form factors are fundamental quantities parameterizing the electric and magnetic structure of hadrons. This work estimates the statistical and total accuracy with which the form factors can be measured at PANDA, using an analysis of simulated data within the PandaRoot software framework. The most crucial background channel is ¯pp → π+π−,due to the very similar behavior of muons and pions in the detector. The suppression factors are evaluated for this and all other relevant background channels at different values of antiproton beam momentum. The signal/background separation is based on a multivariate analysis, using the Boosted Decision Trees method. An expected background subtraction is included in this study, based on realistic angular distribuations of the background contribution. Systematic uncertainties are considered and the relative total uncertainties of the form factor measurements are presented.
O’Connell, Kevin S. ; Koromina, Maria ; van der Veen, Tracey ; Boltz, Toni ; David, Friederike S. ; Kay Yang, Jessica Mei ; Lin, Keng-Han ; Wang, Xin ; Coleman, Jonathan R. I. ; Mitchell, Brittany L. ; McGrouther, Caroline C. ; Rangan, Aaditya V. ; Lind, Penelope A. ; Koch, Elise ; Harder, Arvid ; Parker, Nadine ; Bendl, Jaroslav ; Adorjan, Kristina ; Agerbo, Esben ; Albani, Diego ; Alemany, Silvia ; Alliey-Rodriguez, Ney ; Als, Thomas D. ; Andlauer, Till F. M. ; Antoniou, Anastasia ; Ask, Helga ; Bass, Nicholas ; Bauer, Michael ; Beins, Eva C. ; Bigdeli, Tim B. ; Pedersen, Carsten Bøcker ; Boks, Marco P. ; Børte, Sigrid ; Bosch, Rosa ; Brum, Murielle ; Brumpton, Ben M. ; Brunkhorst-Kanaan, Nathalie ; Budde, Monika ; Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas ; Byerley, William ; Cabana-Domínguez, Judit ; Cairns, Murray J. ; Carpiniello, Bernardo ; Casas, Miquel ; Cervantes, Pablo ; Chatzinakos, Chris ; Chen, Hsi-Chung ; Clarence, Tereza ; Clarke, Toni-Kim ; Claus, Isabelle ; Coombes, Brandon ; Corfield, Elizabeth C. ; Cruceanu, Cristiana ; Cuellar-Barboza, Alfredo ; Czerski, Piotr M. ; Dafnas, Konstantinos ; Dale, Anders M. ; Dalkner, Nina ; Degenhardt, Franziska ; DePaulo, J. Raymond ; Djurovic, Srdjan ; Drange, Ole Kristian ; Escott-Price, Valentina ; Fanous, Ayman H. ; Fellendorf, Frederike T. ; Ferrier, I. Nicol ; Forty, Liz ; Frank, Josef ; Frei, Oleksandr ; Freimer, Nelson B. ; Fullard, John F. ; Garnham, Julie ; Gizer, Ian R. ; Gordon, Scott D. ; Gordon-Smith, Katherine ; Greenwood, Tiffany A. ; Grove, Jakob ; Guzman-Parra, José ; Ha, Tae Hyon ; Hahn, Tim ; Haraldsson, Magnus ; Hautzinger, Martin ; Havdahl, Alexandra ; Heilbronner, Urs ; Hellgren, Dennis ; Herms, Stefan ; Hickie, Ian B. ; Hoffmann, Per ; Holmans, Peter A. ; Huang, Ming-Chyi ; Ikeda, Masashi ; Jamain, Stéphane ; Johnson, Jessica S. ; Jonsson, Lina ; Kalman, Janos L. ; Kamatani, Yoichiro ; Kennedy, James L. ; Kim, Euitae ; Kim, Jaeyoung ; Kittel-Schneider, Sarah ; Knowles, James A. ; Kogevinas, Manolis ; Kranz, Thorsten M. ; Krebs, Kristi ; Kushner, Steven A. ; Lavebratt, Catharina ; Lawrence, Jacob ; Leber, Markus ; Lee, Heon-Jeong ; Liao, Calwing ; Lucae, Susanne ; Lundberg, Martin ; MacIntyre, Donald J. ; Maier, Wolfgang ; Maihofer, Adam X. ; Malaspina, Dolores ; Manchia, Mirko ; Maratou, Eirini ; Martinsson, Lina ; Mattheisen, Manuel ; McGregor, Nathaniel W. ; McInnis, Melvin G. ; McKay, James D. ; Medeiros, Helena ; Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas ; Millischer, Vincent ; Morris, Derek W. ; Moutsatsou, Paraskevi ; Mühleisen, Thomas W. ; O’Donovan, Claire ; Olsen, Catherine M. ; Panagiotaropoulou, Georgia ; Papiol, Sergi ; Pardiñas, Antonio F. ; Park, Hye Youn ; Perry, Amy ; Pfennig, Andrea ; Pisanu, Claudia ; Potash, James B. ; Quested, Digby ; Rapaport, Mark H. ; Regeer, Eline J. ; Rice, John P. ; Rivera, Margarita ; Schulte, Eva C. ; Senner, Fanny ; Shadrin, Alexey ; Shilling, Paul D. ; Sigurdsson, Engilbert ; Sindermann, Lisa ; Sirignano, Lea ; Siskind, Dan ; Slaney, Claire ; Sloofman, Laura G. ; Smeland, Olav B. ; Smith, Daniel J. ; Sobell, Janet L. ; Soler Artigas, Maria ; Stein, Dan J. ; Stein, Frederike ; Su, Mei-Hsin ; Sung, Heejong ; Świątkowska, Beata ; Terao, Chikashi ; Tesfaye, Markos ; Tesli, Martin ; Thorgeirsson, Thorgeir E. ; Thorp, Jackson G. ; Toma, Claudio ; Tondo, Leonardo ; Tooney, Paul A. ; Tsai, Shih-Jen ; Tsermpini, Evangelia Eirini ; Vawter, Marquis P. ; Vedder, Helmut ; Vreeker, Annabel ; Walters, James T. R. ; Winsvold, Bendik S. ; Witt, Stephanie H. ; Won, Hong-Hee ; Ye, Robert ; Young, Allan H. ; Zandi, Peter P. ; Zillich, Lea ; Adolfsson, Rolf ; Alda, Martin ; Alfredsson, Lars ; Backlund, Lena ; Baune, Bernhard T. ; Bellivier, Frank ; Bengesser, Susanne ; Berrettini, Wade H. ; Biernacka, Joanna M. ; Boehnke, Michael ; Børglum, Anders D. ; Breen, Gerome ; Carr, Vaughan J. ; Catts, Stanley ; Cichon, Sven ; Corvin, Aiden ; Craddock, Nicholas ; Dannlowski, Udo ; Dikeos, Dimitris ; Etain, Bruno ; Ferentinos, Panagiotis ; Frye, Mark ; Fullerton, Janice M. ; Gawlik, Micha ; Gershon, Elliot S. ; Goes, Fernando S. ; Green, Melissa J. ; Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Maria ; Hauser, Joanna ; Henskens, Frans A. ; Hjerling-Leffler, Jens ; Hougaard, David M. ; Hveem, Kristian ; Iwata, Nakao ; Jones, Ian ; Jones, Lisa A. ; Kahn, René S. ; Kelsoe, John R. ; Kircher, Tilo ; Kirov, George ; Kuo, Po-Hsiu ; Landén, Mikael ; Leboyer, Marion ; Li, Qingqin S. ; Lissowska, Jolanta ; Lochner, Christine ; Loughland, Carmel ; Luykx, Jurjen J. ; Martin, Nicholas G. ; Mathews, Carol A. ; Mayoral, Fermin ; McElroy, Susan L. ; McIntosh, Andrew M. ; McMahon, Francis J. ; Medland, Sarah E. ; Melle, Ingrid ; Milani, Lili ; Mitchell, Philip B. ; Morken, Gunnar ; Mors, Ole ; Mortensen, Preben Bo ; Müller-Myhsok, Bertram ; Myers, Richard M. ; Myung, Woojae ; Neale, Benjamin M. ; Nievergelt, Caroline M. ; Nordentoft, Merete ; Nöthen, Markus M. ; Nurnberger, John I. ; O’Donovan, Michael C. ; Oedegaard, Ketil J. ; Olsson, Tomas ; Owen, Michael J. ; Paciga, Sara A. ; Pantelis, Christos ; Pato, Carlos N. ; Pato, Michele T. ; Patrinos, George P. ; Pawlak, Joanna M. ; Ramos-Quiroga, Josep Antoni ; Reif, Andreas ; Reininghaus, Eva Z. ; Ribasés, Marta ; Rietschel, Marcella ; Ripke, Stephan ; Rouleau, Guy A. ; Roussos, Panos ; Saito, Takeo ; Schall, Ulrich ; Schalling, Martin ; Schofield, Peter R. ; Schulze, Thomas G. ; Scott, Laura J. ; Scott, Rodney J. ; Serretti, Alessandro ; Smoller, Jordan W. ; Squassina, Alessio ; Stahl, Eli A. ; Stefansson, Hreinn ; Stefansson, Kari ; Stordal, Eystein ; Streit, Fabian ; Sullivan, Patrick F. ; Turecki, Gustavo ; Vaaler, Arne E. ; Vieta, Eduard ; Vincent, John B. ; Waldman, Irwin D. ; Weickert, Cynthia S. ; Weickert, Thomas W. ; Werge, Thomas ; Whiteman, David C. ; Zwart, John-Anker ; Edenberg, Howard J. ; McQuillin, Andrew ; Forstner, Andreas J. ; Mullins, Niamh ; Di Florio, Arianna ; Ophoff, Roel A. ; Andreassen, Ole A.
Christian Thurn ; Eibisch, Paul ; Ata, Arif ; Winkler, Maximilian ; Lunkenheimer, Peter ; Kézsmárki, István ; Tutsch, Ulrich ; Saito, Yohei ; Hartmann, Steffi ; Zimmermann, Jan ; R. N. Hanna, Abanoub ; Islam, A. T. M. Nazmul ; Chillal, Shravani ; Lake, Bella ; Wolf, Bernd ; Lang, Michael
Geometrical frustration among interacting spins combined with strong quantum fluctuations destabilize long-range magnetic order in favor of more exotic states such as spin liquids. By following this guiding principle, a number of spin liquid candidate systems were identified in quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) systems. For 3D, however, the situation is less favorable as quantum fluctuations are reduced and competing states become more relevant. Here we report a comprehensive study of thermodynamic, magnetic and dielectric properties on single crystalline and pressed-powder samples of PbCuTe2O6, a candidate material for a 3D frustrated quantum spin liquid featuring a hyperkagome lattice. Whereas the low-temperature properties of the powder samples are consistent with the recently proposed quantum spin liquid state, an even more exotic behavior is revealed for the single crystals. These crystals show ferroelectric order at TFE ≈ 1 K, accompanied by strong lattice distortions, and a modified magnetic response—still consistent with a quantum spin liquid—but with clear indications for quantum critical behavior.
Hiranuma, Naruki ; Augustin-Bauditz, Stefanie ; Bingemer, Heinz ; Budke, Carsten ; Curtius, Joachim ; Danielczok, Anja ; Diehl, Karoline ; Dreischmeier, Katharina ; Ebert, Martin ; Frank, Fabian ; Hoffmann, Nadine ; Kandler, Konrad ; Kiselev, Alexei ; Koop, Thomas ; Leisner, Thomas ; Möhler, Ottmar ; Nillius, Björn ; Peckhaus, Andreas ; Rose, Diana ; Hader, John D. ; Hill, Thomas C. ; Kanji, Zamin A. ; Kulkarni, Gargi ; Levin, Ezra J. T. ; McCluskey, Christina S. ; Murakami, Masataka ; Murray, Benjamin J. ; Niedermeier, Dennis ; Petters, Markus D. ; O'Sullivan, Daniel ; Saito, Atsushi ; Schill, Gregory P. ; Tajiri, Takuya ; Tolbert, Margret A. ; Welti, André ; Whale, Thomas F. ; Wright, Timothy P. ; Yamashita, Katsuya
Immersion freezing is the most relevant heterogeneous ice nucleation mechanism through which ice crystals are formed in mixed-phase clouds. In recent years, an increasing number of laboratory experiments utilizing a variety of instruments have examined immersion freezing activity of atmospherically relevant ice-nucleating particles. However, an intercomparison of these laboratory results is a difficult task because investigators have used different ice nucleation (IN) measurement methods to produce these results. A remaining challenge is to explore the sensitivity and accuracy of these techniques and to understand how the IN results are potentially influenced or biased by experimental parameters associated with these techniques.
Within the framework of INUIT (Ice Nuclei Research Unit), we distributed an illite-rich sample (illite NX) as a representative surrogate for atmospheric mineral dust particles to investigators to perform immersion freezing experiments using different IN measurement methods and to obtain IN data as a function of particle concentration, temperature (T), cooling rate and nucleation time. A total of 17 measurement methods were involved in the data intercomparison. Experiments with seven instruments started with the test sample pre-suspended in water before cooling, while 10 other instruments employed water vapor condensation onto dry-dispersed particles followed by immersion freezing. The resulting comprehensive immersion freezing data set was evaluated using the ice nucleation active surface-site density, ns, to develop a representative ns(T) spectrum that spans a wide temperature range (−37 °C < T < −11 °C) and covers 9 orders of magnitude in ns.
In general, the 17 immersion freezing measurement techniques deviate, within a range of about 8 °C in terms of temperature, by 3 orders of magnitude with respect to ns. In addition, we show evidence that the immersion freezing efficiency expressed in ns of illite NX particles is relatively independent of droplet size, particle mass in suspension, particle size and cooling rate during freezing. A strong temperature dependence and weak time and size dependence of the immersion freezing efficiency of illite-rich clay mineral particles enabled the ns parameterization solely as a function of temperature. We also characterized the ns(T) spectra and identified a section with a steep slope between −20 and −27 °C, where a large fraction of active sites of our test dust may trigger immersion freezing. This slope was followed by a region with a gentler slope at temperatures below −27 °C. While the agreement between different instruments was reasonable below ~ −27 °C, there seemed to be a different trend in the temperature-dependent ice nucleation activity from the suspension and dry-dispersed particle measurements for this mineral dust, in particular at higher temperatures. For instance, the ice nucleation activity expressed in ns was smaller for the average of the wet suspended samples and higher for the average of the dry-dispersed aerosol samples between about −27 and −18 °C. Only instruments making measurements with wet suspended samples were able to measure ice nucleation above −18 °C. A possible explanation for the deviation between −27 and −18 °C is discussed. Multiple exponential distribution fits in both linear and log space for both specific surface area-based ns(T) and geometric surface area-based ns(T) are provided. These new fits, constrained by using identical reference samples, will help to compare IN measurement methods that are not included in the present study and IN data from future IN instruments.
Hiranuma, Naruki ; Augustin-Bauditz, Stefanie ; Bingemer, Heinz ; Budke, Carsten ; Curtius, Joachim ; Danielczok, Anja ; Diehl, Karoline ; Dreischmeier, Katharina ; Ebert, Martin ; Frank, Fabian ; Hoffmann, Nadine ; Kandler, Konrad ; Kiselev, Alexei ; Koop, Thomas ; Leisner, Thomas ; Möhler, Ottmar ; Nillius, Björn ; Peckhaus, Andreas ; Rose, Diana ; Weinbruch, Stephan ; Wex, Heike ; Boose, Yvonne ; DeMott, Paul J. ; Hader, John D. ; Hill, Thomas C. ; Kanji, Zamin A. ; Kulkarni, Gargi ; Levin, Ezra J. T. ; McCluskey, Christina S. ; Murakami, Masataka ; Murray, Benjamin J. ; Niedermeier, Dennis ; Petters, Markus D. ; O'Sullivan, Daniel ; Saito, Atsushi ; Schill, Gregory P. ; Tajiri, Takuya ; Tolbert, Margret A. ; Welti, André ; Whale, Thomas F. ; Wright, Timothy P. ; Yamashita, Katsuya
Immersion freezing is the most relevant heterogeneous ice nucleation mechanism through which ice crystals are formed in mixed-phase clouds. In recent years, an increasing number of laboratory experiments utilizing a variety of instruments have examined immersion freezing activity of atmospherically relevant ice nucleating particles (INPs). However, an inter-comparison of these laboratory results is a difficult task because investigators have used different ice nucleation (IN) measurement methods to produce these results. A remaining challenge is to explore the sensitivity and accuracy of these techniques and to understand how the IN results are potentially influenced or biased by experimental parameters associated with these techniques.
Within the framework of INUIT (Ice Nucleation research UnIT), we distributed an illite rich sample (illite NX) as a representative surrogate for atmospheric mineral dust particles to investigators to perform immersion freezing experiments using different IN measurement methods and to obtain IN data as a function of particle concentration, temperature (T), cooling rate and nucleation time. Seventeen measurement methods were involved in the data inter-comparison. Experiments with seven instruments started with the test sample pre-suspended in water before cooling, while ten other instruments employed water vapor condensation onto dry-dispersed particles followed by immersion freezing. The resulting comprehensive immersion freezing dataset was evaluated using the ice nucleation active surface-site density (ns) to develop a representative ns(T) spectrum that spans a wide temperature range (−37 °C < T < −11 °C) and covers nine orders of magnitude in ns.
Our inter-comparison results revealed a discrepancy between suspension and dry-dispersed particle measurements for this mineral dust. While the agreement was good below ~ −26 °C, the ice nucleation activity, expressed in ns, was smaller for the wet suspended samples and higher for the dry-dispersed aerosol samples between about −26 and −18 °C. Only instruments making measurement techniques with wet suspended samples were able to measure ice nucleation above −18 °C. A possible explanation for the deviation between −26 and −18 °C is discussed. In general, the seventeen immersion freezing measurement techniques deviate, within the range of about 7 °C in terms of temperature, by three orders of magnitude with respect to ns. In addition, we show evidence that the immersion freezing efficiency (i.e., ns) of illite NX particles is relatively independent on droplet size, particle mass in suspension, particle size and cooling rate during freezing. A strong temperature-dependence and weak time- and size-dependence of immersion freezing efficiency of illite-rich clay mineral particles enabled the ns parameterization solely as a function of temperature. We also characterized the ns (T) spectra, and identified a section with a steep slope between −20 and −27 °C, where a large fraction of active sites of our test dust may trigger immersion freezing. This slope was followed by a region with a gentler slope at temperatures below −27 °C. A multiple exponential distribution fit is expressed as ns(T) = exp(23.82 × exp(−exp(0.16 × (T + 17.49))) + 1.39) based on the specific surface area and ns(T) = exp(25.75 × exp(−exp(0.13 × (T + 17.17))) + 3.34) based on the geometric area (ns and T in m−2 and °C, respectively). These new fits, constrained by using an identical reference samples, will help to compare IN measurement methods that are not included in the present study and, thereby, IN data from future IN instruments.
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