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Ecological networks are more sensitive to plant than to animal extinction under climate change
(2016)
Impacts of climate change on individual species are increasingly well documented, but we lack understanding of how these effects propagate through ecological communities. Here we combine species distribution models with ecological network analyses to test potential impacts of climate change on >700 plant and animal species in pollination and seed-dispersal networks from central Europe. We discover that animal species that interact with a low diversity of plant species have narrow climatic niches and are most vulnerable to climate change. In contrast, biotic specialization of plants is not related to climatic niche breadth and vulnerability. A simulation model incorporating different scenarios of species coextinction and capacities for partner switches shows that projected plant extinctions under climate change are more likely to trigger animal coextinctions than vice versa. This result demonstrates that impacts of climate change on biodiversity can be amplified via extinction cascades from plants to animals in ecological networks.
From July 2002 to March 2004 the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) aboard the European Space Agency´s Environmental Satellite (Envisat) measured nearly continuously mid infrared limb radiance spectra. These measurements are utilised to retrieve the global distribution of the chlorofluorocarbon CFC-11 by applying a new fast forward model for Envisat MIPAS and an accompanying optimal estimation retrieval processor. A detailed analysis shows that the total retrieval errors of the individual CFC-11 volume mixing ratios are typically below 10% in the altitude range 10 to 25 km and that the systematic components dominate. Contribution of a priori information to the retrieval results are less than 5 to 10% and the vertical resolution of the observations is about 3 to 4 km in the same vertical range. The data are successfully validated by comparison with several other space experiments, an air-borne in-situ instrument, measurements from ground-based networks, and independent Envisat MIPAS analyses. The retrieval results from 425 000 Envisat MIPAS limb scans are compiled to provide a new climatological data set of CFC-11. The climatology shows significantly lower CFC-11 abundances in the lower stratosphere compared with the Reference Atmospheres for MIPAS (RAMstan V3.1) climatology. Depending on the atmospheric conditions the differences between the climatologies are up to 30 to 110 ppt (45 to 150%) at 19 to 27 km altitude. Additionally, time series of CFC-11 mean abundance and variability for five latitudinal bands are presented. The observed CFC-11 distributions can be explained by the residual mean circulation and large-scale eddy-transports in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The new CFC-11 data set is well suited for further scientific studies.
Background: The most frequent therapy of hydrocephalus is the implantation of ventriculoperitoneal shunts for diverting cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles into the peritoneum. We compared two adjustable valves, the proGAV and proGAV 2.0, for complications which resulted in revision operations.
Methods: Four hundred patients who underwent primary shunt implantation between 2014 and 2020 were analyzed for overall revision rate, one-year revision rate, revision free survival and overall survival observing patient age group, gender, etiology of hydrocephalus, implantation site, prior diversion of cerebrospinal fluid and cause of revision.
Results: All data were available of all 400 patients (female/male 208/192). Overall, 99 patients underwent revision surgery after primary implantation. ProGAV valve was implanted in 283 patients, proGAV 2.0 in 117 patients. There was no significant difference between the two shunt valves concerning revision rate (p=0.8069), one-year revision rate (p=0.9077), revision free survival (p=0.6921) and overall survival (p=0.3232). Furthermore, regarding one-year revision rate, we observed no significant difference between the two shunt valves in pediatric patients (40.7% vs 27.6%; p=0.2247). Revision operation had to be performed more frequently in pediatric patients (46.6% vs 24.8%; p=0.0093) with a significant higher number of total revisions with proGAV than proGAV 2.0 (55.9% vs. 27.6%; p=0.0110) most likely due to longer follow up in the proGAV -group.
Conclusion: According to the target variables we analyzed, aside from lifetime revision rate in pediatric patients there is no significant difference between the two shunt valves. From our subjective point of view, implantation of the newer proGAV 2.0 valve is preferable due to higher adjustment comfort for both patients and physicians.
This paper uses unique administrative data and a quasi-field experiment of exogenous allocation in Sweden to estimate medium- and longer-run effects on financial behavior from exposure to financially literate neighbors. It contributes evidence of causal impact of exposure and of a social multiplier of financial knowledge, but also of unfavorable distributional aspects of externalities. Exposure promotes saving in private retirement accounts and stockholding, especially when neighbors have economics or business education, but only for educated households and when interaction possibilities are substantial. Findings point to transfer of knowledge rather than mere imitation or effects through labor, education, or mobility channels.
The authors present evidence of a new propagation mechanism for wealth inequality, based on differential responses, by education, to greater inequality at the start of economic life. The paper is motivated by a novel positive cross-country relationship between wealth inequality and perceptions of opportunity and fairness, which holds only for the more educated. Using unique administrative micro data and a quasi-field experiment of exogenous allocation of households, the authors find that exposure to a greater top 10% wealth share at the start of economic life in the country leads only the more educated placed in locations with above-median wealth mobility to attain higher wealth levels and position in the cohort-specific wealth distribution later on. Underlying this effect is greater participation in risky financial and real assets and in self-employment, with no evidence for a labor income, unemployment risk, or human capital investment channel. This differential response is robust to controlling for initial exposure to fixed or other time-varying local features, including income inequality, and consistent with self-fulfilling responses of the more educated to perceived opportunities, without evidence of imitation or learning from those at the top.
The Eurozone fiscal crisis has created pressure for institutional harmonization, but skeptics argue that cultural predispositions can prevent convergence in behavior. Our paper derives a robust cultural classification of European countries and utilizes unique data on natives and immigrants to Sweden. Classification based on genetic distance or on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions fails to identify a single ‘southern’ culture but points to a ‘northern’ culture. Significant differences in financial behavior are found across cultural groups, controlling for household characteristics. Financial behavior tends to converge with longer exposure to common institutions, but is slowed down by longer exposure to original institutions.
Background: The potential anti-cancer effects of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are being intensively studied. To date, however, few randomised clinical trials (RCT) have been performed to demonstrate anti-neoplastic effects in the pure oncology setting, and at present, no oncology endpoint-directed RCT has been reported in the high-malignancy risk population of immunosuppressed transplant recipients. Interestingly, since mTOR inhibitors have both immunosuppressive and anti-cancer effects, they have the potential to simultaneously protect against immunologic graft loss and tumour development. Therefore, we designed a prospective RCT to determine if the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus can improve hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-free patient survival in liver transplant (LT) recipients with a pre-transplant diagnosis of HCC. Methods: The study is an open-labelled, randomised, RCT comparing sirolimus-containing versus mTOR-inhibitor-free immunosuppression in patients undergoing LT for HCC. Patients with a histologically confirmed HCC diagnosis are randomised into 2 groups within 4-6 weeks after LT; one arm is maintained on a centre-specific mTOR-inhibitor-free immunosuppressive protocol and the second arm is maintained on a centre-specific mTOR-inhibitor-free immunosuppressive protocol for the first 4-6 weeks, at which time sirolimus is initiated. A 3-year recruitment phase is planned with a 5-year follow-up, testing HCC-free survival as the primary endpoint. Our hypothesis is that sirolimus use in the second arm of the study will improve HCC-free survival. The study is a non-commercial investigator-initiated trial (IIT) sponsored by the University Hospital Regensburg and is endorsed by the European Liver and Intestine Transplant Association; 13 countries within Europe, Canada and Australia are participating. Discussion: If our hypothesis is correct that mTOR inhibition can reduce HCC tumour growth while simultaneously providing immunosuppression to protect the liver allograft from rejection, patients should experience less post-transplant problems with HCC recurrence, and therefore could expect a longer and better quality of life. A positive outcome will likely change the standard of posttransplant immunosuppressive care for LT patients with HCC. (trial registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00355862) (EudraCT Number: 2005-005362-36)
The New World genus Dysmerus Casey, currently with one valid species, is revised. Lectotypes are designated for two species, Dysmerus caseyi (Grouvelle), new status, and Dysmerus sulcicollis Grouvelle, new status. Both are revived from synonymy with D. basalis Casey. Twelve new species are described: Dysmerus boliviensis Thomas, new species, Dysmerus curvicornis Thomas, new species, Dysmerus genaspinosus Thomas, new species, Dysmerus hamaticornis Thomas, new species, Dysmerus impolitus Thomas, new species, Dysmerus skelleyi Thomas, new species, Dysmerus mexicanus Thomas, new species, Dysmerus monstrosus Thomas, new species, Dysmerus politus Thomas, new species, Dysmerus rondoniensis Thomas, new species, Dysmerus symphilus Thomas, new species, and Dysmerus trinidadensis Thomas, new species. A key to adults of the species and illustrations are provided.
Australophanus, new genus, is described and illustrated for Cryptamorpha redtenbacheri (Reitter). Platamus Erichson is synonymized under Telephanus Erichson, new synonymy. Euplatamus Sharp, new status, replaces Platamus Erichson as the genus name. Type species are designated for Aplatamus Grouvelle and Euplatamus Sharp. Telephanus velox (Haldeman) is synonymized under Telephanus atricapillus Erichson. A diagnosis of the tribe Telephanini, a key to the described telephanine genera of the world is presented, and a phylogeny of the family Silvanidae is proposed.
This article outlines changes in procedures and production policies for the journal Insecta Mundi. Background data and discussions leading to these necessary changes are explained. Updated instructions for authors are presented. A full current version of author instructions will be posted on the latest Center for Systematic Entomology URL.
The species of the genus Lathropus Erichson are reviewed for Florida and the West Indies, excluding the Lesser Antilles. Seven species are recorded from this region, three of which are described as new: Lathropus chickcharnie Thomas, new species, Lathropus jamaicensis Thomas, new species, and Lathropus rhabdophloeoides Thomas, new species. A lectotype is designated for Lathropus vernalis Casey, and Lathropus striatus Casey is synonymized under Lathropus vernalis Casey, new synonymy. Illustrations and a key to the species of this geographgic region are provided.
The key description and illustrations of mouthparts, ocelli, and terminal abdominal segments by Bovinq & Craighead (1931) have been the only information on the larval stages of the genus Hemipeplus Latreille, except for the observation by van Emden (1942) that individuals of the genus would not key properly in Boving & Craighead's key. Their example was of an undescribed species from Cuba. The semidiagrammatic illustrations make it difficult to identify the species illustrated, although it may be H. marginipennis (LeConte). This paper is based on larvae collected by the authors, in each case associated with adults. From the family diagnosis of larval Mycteridae (Crowson & Viedma 1964). Hemipeplus larvae differ noticeably in the form of the sensorium, which Crowson & Viedma describe as “very short, dome-shaped”; in Hemipeplus it is elongate and conical. From the larva of Mycterus (described by Crowson & Viedma 1964) those of Hemipeplus also differ in having five ocelli on each side (cf. two), mala with an uncus and medial pit (cf. without uncus or medial pit), mola ridged (cf. not ridged), cardines not divided (cf. distinctly divided, labial palpi with only one distinct palpomere (cf. with two palpomeres), abdominal asperities absent (cf. asperities present), and different form of spiracle (compare fig. 13 with fig. 4 in Crowson & Viedma 1964). Larvae of Hemipeplus are more similar to that of Eurypus muelleri Seldlitz (described by Costa & Vanin 1977) than to that of Mycterus. As in Hemipeplus, Eurypus larvae possess five ocelli arranged in rows of three and two on each side; two pairs of tubercles at posterior margin of abdominal sternite IX; mala with an uncus, and cardines divided. Hemipeplus larvae differ from those of Mycterus most notably in the form of abdominal tergite IX (see Costa & Vanin 1977:fig. 2 ) . The uncus is located on the mesal margin of the mala in Hemipeplus, whereas it is located on the ventral aspect of the mala in Eurypus.
The New World species of Cryptolestes Ganglbauer are revised and keys, diagnoses, descriptions, and illustrations are provided for the 13 non-economic species. Six stored products species of the genus are also keyed and illustrated. Two species, Laemophloeus pubescens Casey and L. bicolor Chevrolat, are reassigned to Cryptolestes. Eight new species are described: C. dissimulatus (southwestern United States); C. dybasi (Florida); C. mexicanus (Mexico and Guatemala); C. capillulus (Brazil); C. spatulifer (Argentina); C. trinidadensis (Trinidad); C. ampiyacus (Peru); and C. calabozus (Venezuela). Cryptolestes uncicornis (Reitter) is revived from synonymy under C. punctatus (LeConte), C. schwarzi (Casey) is revived from synonymy under C. weisei (Reitter), and four specific names are synonymized: C. quadratus (Casey) [ = C. uncicornis (Reitter)]; C. extricatus (Casey) and C. adumbratus Casey [ = C. punctatus (LeConte)]; and Laemophloeus concavus (Reitter) [ = C. bicolor (Chevrolat)]. Cyptolestes horni (Casey) and C. disseptus Casey are removed from Cryptolestes and reassigned to Rhabdophloeus Sharp. Lectotypes are designated for Laemophloeus geminatus LeConte, Cryptolestes adumbratus Casey, and Laemophloeus quadratus Casey.
A specimen of Rhizophagus sayi Schaeffer collected in a flight trap at 29°34½'N82°29'W in Alachua County, Florida, on 23-1-1993, by R.W. Lundgren prompted a search of unidentified specimens in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods. The search resulted in the discovery of seven additional Florida specimens with the following data: "FLA., Dixie Co. 3.5mi. N. Old Town 13-1-1980 Coll. M.C. Thomas", 2; "FLORIDA: Alachua Co. Gainesville 3-XII-1983 Coll. M.C. Thomas", 1; "FLORIDA: Alachua Co. San Felasco Hammock 4-11-1983 M.C. Thomasn, 3; same, except date is 12-II-1983. These specimens comprise a new state record for R. sayi, which Bousquet (1990) recorded from most of the eastern United States except for Florida and Georgia.
One of the rarest U.S. cerambycids, Romulus globosus, was described by Knull in 1948 based on four specimens collected in peninsular Florida. No new records have been reported in the literature since. Linsley (1963) apparently saw no specimens, since he merely quoted the original description, and gave the distribution as "Southern Florida."
Neoma, a new genus of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Prioninae: Macrotomini) is described for Mallodonopsis corrosus Bates, 1879, compared to related genera (Aplagiognathus Thomson, 1861; Archodontes Lameere, 1903; and Mallodonopsis Thomson, 1861), and its tribal position discussed. A lectotype for Mallodonopsis corrosus is here designated with the species redescribed and figured.
Several Coleopterists have been asked to revise the family sections, working from diskettes modified and provided from the original "Beetles of the United States." They will rewrite these sections, and will be recognized as the author of the section. They are asked to sign a writing contract with the publisher. Other Coleopterists have been asked to review the family sections of the new book. These persons are acknowledged in the family section text.
The Mesoamerican species of Telephanus distinguished by the presence eight lateral pronotal spines
and long temples are reviewed. The group includes T. serratus Nevermann and two previously undescribed species
that are described herein: T. bellus Thomas, new species, from Costa Rica, and the flightless T. monstrosus
Thomas, new species, from Mexico.
The Guadeloupe Archipelago, the French overseas Département de Guadeloupe, is a geographically associated group of islands and a natural biogeographic unit. The islands have been available for terrestrial colonization since the late Tertiary. From the viewpoint of beetle systematics and biodiversity, this is the most important set of islands of the Lesser Antilles because more species have been described or recorded from Guadeloupe than any other island or group in the Lesser Antilles. We present a summary of the 1338 beetle species recorded in the literature from the archipelago, in 60 families, and 719 genera. The families with the largest numbers of species are Curculionidae (420), Staphylinidae (153), Chrysomelidae (75), Cerambycidae (69), Scarabaeidae (64), and Tenebrionidae (59). Four hundred eighty two species are known only from one or more islands of the Guadeloupe group and likely speciated there. Guadeloupe is the type locality for an additional 59 species. At least 61 species have been accidentally introduced by human activities. A total of 261 species are known only from the Lesser Antilles including Guadeloupe. The remaining species are naturally more widespread in the Lesser Antilles, or the West Indies, and elsewhere in the New World. The actual number of species on the Guadeloupe Archipelago is estimated to be around 1850 or more species.
The genus Pediacus Shuckard is revised for America north of Mexico. Seven species are recorded: P. andrewsi Thomas, n. sp.; P. fuscus Erichson; P. gracilis Thomas, n. sp.; P. hesperoglaber Thomas, n. sp.; P. ommatodon Thomas, n. sp.; P. stephani Thomas, n. sp.; and P. subglaber LeConte, new status. The species are described and illustrated, and a key is presented for their identification. The described European and Neotropical species are reviewed and illustrated.
The following new species of Cryptolestes Ganglbauer are described and illustrated: Cryptolestes obesus Thomas, new species, Brazil; Cryptolestes turnbowi Thomas, new species, Honduras and Mexico; Cryptolestes inyoensis Thomas, new species, California; Cryptolestes spectabilis Thomas, new species, Ecuador. A revised key to the New World species is provided. The male genitalia are illustrated and the female of C. calabozus Thomas is characterized, and new distribution records are provided for it, C. cornutus Thomas and Zimmerman, C. trinidadensis Thomas, C. curus Lefkovitch, and C. hlapperichi Lefkovitch.
Four species of Anchonus Schonherr occur in Florida: A. flol'idanus Schwarz, A. dul'yi Blatchley, A. blatchleyi Sleeper, and A. suillus (Fabricius), which is recorded from Florida and the continental United States for the first time. The species are distinguished in a key and illustrated. A lectotype is selected for A. floridanus.
New distribution records for two species of Cryptolestes Ganglbauer (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae)
(2005)
The nine Nearctic species of Laemophloeus Dejean (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) are reviewed, keyed, and illustrated. One species, L. apache Thomas, n. sp., is described as new. Two previously described species are synonymized: L. californicus Casey (= L. biguttatus (Say), n. syn.) and L. woodruffi Thomas (= L. fervidus Casey, n. syn.). A neotype is designated for L. biguttatus (Say), and lectotypes are designated for L. terminalis Casey and L. fervidus Casey. A checklist of the described world species is provided.
Eleven Neotropical species of Laemophloeus Dejean with antennal clubs composed of three antennomeres are reviewed, diagnosed, and illustrated. Six of the species are described as new: L. capitesculptus Thomas, n. sp., L. corporeflavus Thomas, n. sp., L. dozieri Thomas, n. sp., L. insulatestudinorum Thomas, n. sp., L. planaclavatus Thomas, n. sp., and L. taurus Thomas, n. sp. Four new synonymies are proposed: L. catharinensis Kessel (=L. incisus Sharp), new synonym; L. similans Kessel (=L. incisus Sharp), new synonym; L. distinguendus Sharp (=L. megacephalus Grouvelle), new synonym, and L. chevrolati Grouvelle (=L. lecontei Grouvelle), new synonym. A key to the species is provided.
A new species, Chrysobothris cerceripraeda Westcott and Thomas (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is described from prey specimens found in nests of the ground-nesting wasp, Cerceris fumipennis Say (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae), near Jacksonville, Florida, USA. A listing for all species of Buprestidae taken as prey of the wasp in that state is provided, four of which, including the species described herein, are new. Notes are also given for
four new state records for Buprestidae.
The Brontini of the world : a generic review of the tribe (Coleoptera: Silvanidae: Brontinae)
(2003)
The genera of the tribe Brontini (Silvanidae: Brontinae) are reviewed. The tribe is considered here to be composed of 12 genera, Uleiota Latreille, Brontopriscus Sharp, and Dendrophagus Schönherr, plus nine new genera: Australodendrophagus, Australohyliota, Brontoliota, Dendrophagella, Macrohyliota, Megahyliota, Microhyliota, Parahyliota, and Protodendrophagus. Aplatamus Grouvelle is removed from the Brontini and placed in the Telephanini. Four new species are described: Protodendrophagus antipodes Thomas; Brontoliota indivisipennis Thomas; Brontoliota intermedius Thomas; and Brontoliota monteithi Thomas. Described species are assigned to genera with the following new combinations resulting: Australodendrophagus australis (Erichson); Australohyliota chilensis (Blanchard); Australohyliota macleayi (Olliff); Denrophagella capito (Pascoe); Macrohyliota truncatipennis (Heller); Macrohyliota bicolor Arrow; Macrohyliotagracilicornis (Arrow); Macrohyliota lucius (Pascoe); Macrohyliota militaris (Erichson); Macrohyliota spinicollis (Gory); Megahyliota feae (Grouvelle); Microhyliota integricollis (Fairmaire); Parahyliota africanus Grouvelle; Parahyliota alticola (Pal, Sen Gupta, and Crowson); Parahyliota atratus (Grouvelle); Parahyliota brevicollis (Arrow); Parahyliota cinamomeus (Fairmaire); Parahyliota costicollis (Reitter); Parahyliota fallax (Grouvelle); Parahyliota indicus (Arrow); Parahyliota pallidus (Arrow); Parahyliota puberulus (Reitter); Parahyliota serratus (Smith); Parahyliota serricollis (Candeze); Parahyliota siamensis (Arrow). Two new synonymies are proposed: Uleiota crenicollis Grouvelle (=Uleiota costicollis Grouvelle) and Uleiota texana Dajoz (=Uleiota dubius (Fabricius)). Uleiota truncatus Motschulsky, formerly treated as a subspecies of U. dubius (Fabricius), is elevated to a full species, new status.
Five Neotropical species of Laemophloeus Dejean (s. str.) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) with antennal clubs of more than three antennomeres are reviewed: L. buenavista Thomas, n.sp.; L. concinnus Thomas, n.sp.; L. germaini Grouvelle; L. macrognathus Reitter; and L. sexarticulatus Kessel. Diagnoses, descriptions of the new species, illustrations, and a key are provided. Laemophloeus prominens Hetschko, proposed as a replacement name for Laemophloeus notabilis Kessel, is synonymized under L. germaini, new synonymy.
Species descriptions, keys to genera and species, and geographical distributions are presented for 43 species of the family Bruchidae (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea) for Chile. Of these species, seven are described as new:
Acanthoscelides aricae sp. nov., Lithraeus chillan sp. nov., L. comptus sp. nov., L. elguetai sp. nov., L. limari sp. nov., L. lonquimay sp. nov., and L. penai sp. nov. Eight species are endemic to Chile. A list of true host plants and floral records for those with known host associations is presented. Habitus photographs and drawings of pertinent body parts, including male genitalia, are provided. References pertaining to the previously described species are listed.
This report provides a brief review of the 20th annual meeting of the German Language Branch of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC GLB) held from September 7th to 10th 2015 at ETH (Swiss Technical University) in Zurich, Switzerland. The event was chaired by Inge Werner, Director of the Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology (Ecotox Centre) Eawag-EPFL, and organized by a team from Ecotox Centre, Eawag, Federal Office of the Environment, Federal Office of Agriculture, and Mesocosm GmbH (Germany). Over 200 delegates from academia, public agencies and private industry of Germany, Switzerland and Austria attended and discussed the current state of science and its application presented in 75 talks and 83 posters. In addition, three invited keynote speakers provided new insights into scientific knowledge ‘brokering’, and—as it was the International Year of Soil—the important role of healthy soil ecosystems. Awards were presented to young scientists for best oral and poster presentations, and for best 2014 master and doctoral theses. Program and abstracts of the meeting (mostly in German) are provided as Additional file 1.
The Iranian fauna of Cucujidae, Laemophloeidae, and Silvanidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) are summarized in this paper. In total 2 species of Cucujidae (1 genus: Pediacus Shuckard), 6 species of Laemophloeidae (3 genera: Cryptolestes Ganglbauer, Laemophloeus Dejean, and Placonotus MacLeay) and 7 species of Silvanidae (6 genera: Uleiota Latreille, Psammoecus Latreille, Ahasverus Gozis, Nausibius Lentz, Oryzaephilus Ganglbauer, Psammoecus Latreille, and Silvanus Latreille) are listed in this paper. Synonymies and distribution data are given.
The genus Paraphloeolaemus Thomas (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Laemophloeidae) is described for two new Neotropical species, P. vorticosus Thomas, new species, and P. pterosiagon Thomas, new species. Diagnoses and illustrations are provided.
The following 16 species are transferred from Laemophloeus Dejean (s. l.) to Phloeolaemus Casey: Phloeolaemus anticus (Sharp, 1899: 518) [= Laemophloeus anticus Sharp, 1899], new combination; Phloeolaemus boops (Sharp, 1899: 517) [= Laemophloeus boops Sharp, 1899], new combination; Phloeolaemus castaneipennis (Grouvelle, 1876: 494) [= Laemophloeus castaneipennis Grouvelle, 1876: 494], new combination; Phloeolaemus championi (Sharp, 1899: 516) [= Laemophloeus championi Sharp, 1899], new combination; Phloeolaemus curtus (Grouvelle, 1876: xxxiii) [= Laemophloeus curtus Grouvelle, 1876], new combination; Phloeolaemus endomychus (Sharp, 1899: 519) [= Laemophloeus endomychus Sharp, 1899], new combination; Phloeolaemus hoplites (Sharp, 1899: 517) [= Laemophloeus hoplites Sharp, 1899], new combination; Phloeolaemus ignobilis (Sharp, 1899: 518) [= Laemophloeus ignobilis Sharp, 1899], new combination; Phloeolaemus impressus (Grouvelle, 1876: xxxiii) [= Laemophloeus impressus Grouvelle, 1876], new combination; Phloeolaemus lacerdae (Grouvelle, 1877: 211) [= Laemophloeus lacerdae Grouvelle, 1877], new combination; Phloeolaemus macrocephalus (Schaeffer, 1910: 214) [= Laemophloeus macrocephalus Schaeffer, 1910], new combination; Phloeolaemus punctulaticollis (Hetschko, 1929: 94) [= Laemophloeus punctulaticollis Hetschko, 1929], new combination; Phloeolaemus reitteri (Grouvelle, 1877: 210) [= Laemophloeus reitteri Grouvelle, 1877], new combination; Phloeolaemus semiflavus (Grouvelle, 1876: 497) [= Laemophloeus semiflavus Grouvelle, 1876], new combination; Phloeolaemus sharpi (Hetschko, 1929: 41) [= Laemophloeus sharpi Hetschko, 1929], new combination; Phloeolaemus straminipennis (Reitter, 1876: 47) [= Laemophloeus straminipennis Reitter, 1876], new combination; Phloeolaemus teapensis (Grouvelle, 1876: 494) [= Laemophloeus teapensis Grouvelle, 1876], new combination.
The genus Rhinolaemus Steel is revised. A new island and a new country record are presented for the type species, R. maculatus Steel. A new species, R. niueensis Thomas, new species, is described from Niue, and Rhinolaemus tuberculatus (Grouvelle), new combination, is transferred from Laemophloeus (sens. lat.). The members of the genus are illustrated and a key to their identification is presented.
The ENVISAT validation programme for the atmospheric instruments MIPAS, SCIAMACHY and GOMOS is based on a number of balloon-borne, aircraft, satellite and ground-based correlative measurements. In particular the activities of validation scientists were coordinated by ESA within the ENVISAT Stratospheric Aircraft and Balloon Campaign or ESABC. As part of a series of similar papers on other species [this issue] and in parallel to the contribution of the individual validation teams, the present paper provides a synthesis of comparisons performed between MIPAS CH4 and N2O profiles produced by the current ESA operational software (Instrument Processing Facility version 4.61 or IPF v4.61, full resolution MIPAS data covering the period 9 July 2002 to 26 March 2004) and correlative measurements obtained from balloon and aircraft experiments as well as from satellite sensors or from ground-based instruments. In the middle stratosphere, no significant bias is observed between MIPAS and correlative measurements, and MIPAS is providing a very consistent and global picture of the distribution of CH4 and N2O in this region. In average, the MIPAS CH4 values show a small positive bias in the lower stratosphere of about 5%. A similar situation is observed for N2O with a positive bias of 4%. In the lower stratosphere/upper troposphere (UT/LS) the individual used MIPAS data version 4.61 still exhibits some unphysical oscillations in individual CH4 and N2O profiles caused by the processing algorithm (with almost no regularization). Taking these problems into account, the MIPAS CH4 and N2O profiles are behaving as expected from the internal error estimation of IPF v4.61 and the estimated errors of the correlative measurements.
Estimates of the recovery time of stratospheric ozone heavily rely on the exact knowledge of the processes that lead to the decomposition of the relevant halogenated source gases. Crucial parameters in this context are Fractional Release Factors (FRFs) as well as stratospheric lifetimes and Ozone Depletion Potentials (ODPs). We here present data from the analysis of air samples collected between 2009 and 2011 on board research aircraft flying in the mid- and high latitudinal stratosphere and infer the above-mentioned parameters for ten major source gases:CFCl3 (CFC-11), CF2Cl2 (CFC-12), CF2ClCFCl2(CFC-113), CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride),CH3CCl3 (methyl chloroform), CHF2Cl (HCFC-22), CH3CFCl2 (HCFC-141b), CH3CF2Cl (HCFC-142b), CF2ClBr (H-1211), and CF3Br (H-1301). The inferred correlations of their FRFs with mean ages of air reveal less decomposition as compared to previous studies for most compounds. When using the calculated set of FRFs to infer equivalent stratospheric chlorine we find a reduction of more than 20% as compared to the values inferred in the most recent Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO, 2011). We also note that FRFs and their correlations with mean age are not generally time-independent as often assumed. The stratospheric lifetimes were calculated relative to that of CFC-11. Within our uncertainties the inferred ratios between lifetimes agree with those between stratospheric lifetimes from recent WMO reports except for CFC-11, CFC-12 and CH3CCl3. Finally we calculate lower ODPs than WMO for six out of ten compounds with changes most pronounced for the three HCFCs. Collectively these newly calculated values may have important implications for the severity and recovery time of stratospheric ozone loss.