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Vortrag gehalten bei der 34. Jahrestagung des Fachverbandes Medien und Technik im Bildungsbereich (MTB) am 25. September 2003 in Göttingen: "Sehr verehrte Damen und Herren, „Video goes online“ ist ganz allgemein etwas, das auch ohne unser Zutun passieren wird. Wie weit und wie schnell es in die praktische Lehre eindringen wird, wage ich angesichts des heutigen Einsatzes sehr viel älterer Medientechnologien im deutschen Hochschulunterricht nicht abzuschätzen. Damit wäre ich eigentlich am Ende meines Vortrags. Dennoch möchte ich sie mit einigen Gedanken konfrontieren, die um die Frage kreisen: Gibt es für einen künftigen, Internet basierten Einsatz hinreichend geeignete Videos und wie müssen die beschaffen sein?.."
Bei der Vorführung eines Films wirkt die ablaufende Zeit auf den Zuschauer in zweierlei Weise. Zum einen als die Zeit, in der die Filmhandlung stattfindet und die als gelebte Zeit empfunden wird. Zum anderen, sehr viel indirekter, als Vehikel zur Darstellung von Raumtiefe durch Kamerafahrten und Objektbewegungen senkrecht zur Bildebene. An dieser Verknüpfung von Raum und Zeit setzt die hier vorgestellte Methode „Zeitkippen“ an. Beim Zeitkippen einer Filmszene wird eine der Raumdimensionen (hier die Horizontale der Bildebene) mit der Zeitachse vertauscht: Im ersten Schritt digitalisiert man die Szene. Dann fügt man die Bildpunkte (Pixel) aller Szenen bilder in ein dreidimensionales Datenfeld. Schließlich liest man entlang einer der beiden ehemaligen Bildfeldachsen eine neue Bildserie aus, die man als Bewegtbild-Szene vorführt. Dabei entstehen einerseits ästhetisch ansprechende und andererseits filmanalytisch auf schlussreiche optische Phänomene. Erste Beispiele zeigen, wie sich das Verfahren auf grundlegende Bewegungen im Raum sowie Kamerafahrten im Raum auswirkt.
If we see a film, we experience the passing time in two ways. On the one hand, it is conveyed as the time in which the film action takes place – felt as “lived” time. On the other hand, via camera travels and movements of objects vertically to the picture plane, time is perceived – in a much more indirect way – as a vehicle for representation of spatial depth. It is this link between space and time where the method of “time tilting” introduced here sets in. When a film scene is “time-tilted”, one of the spatial dimensions (here the horizontal direction of the picture plane) is interchanged with the time dimension: In a first step, the pictures of the scene are digitalized. Then, the thus gained pixels of all pictures of the scene are arranged into a three-dimensional data field. Finally, a new series of pictures is read out, along one of the two former picture axes, which is then shown as a scene of moving pictures. The resulting film will present optical phenomena which are, on the one hand, aesthetically appealing and, on the other hand, informative for film analysis. First examples demonstrate how the procedure operates on basic movements in space as well as on camera travels in space.
S. 1 Camera obscura (vom Höhlenmenschen zum Realismus der Aufklärung) S. 2 Laterna magica (von der Zauberlaterne zum Beamer) S. 3 Photographie (vom Unikat zum Massenmedium) S. 4 Stereographie (von Großvaters Aktfoto zur 3D-Virtualität) S. 6 Phasenbilder (von Bewegungsphasen zur Kinematographie) S. 7 Film (von den Lumieres zur Video-DVD) S. 8 Weltbild (das Raum-Zeit-Kontinuum als 4D-Bild)
The first measurement of two-pion Bose–Einstein correlations in central Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider is presented. We observe a growing trend with energy now not only for the longitudinal and the outward but also for the sideward pion source radius. The pion homogeneity volume and the decoupling time are significantly larger than those measured at RHIC.
Inclusive transverse momentum spectra of primary charged particles in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV have been measured by the ALICE Collaboration at the LHC. The data are presented for central and peripheral collisions, corresponding to 0–5% and 70–80% of the hadronic Pb–Pb cross section. The measured charged particle spectra in |η|<0.8 and 0.3<pT<20 GeV/c are compared to the expectation in pp collisions at the same sNN, scaled by the number of underlying nucleon–nucleon collisions. The comparison is expressed in terms of the nuclear modification factor RAA. The result indicates only weak medium effects (RAA≈0.7) in peripheral collisions. In central collisions, RAA reaches a minimum of about 0.14 at pT=6–7 GeV/c and increases significantly at larger pT. The measured suppression of high-pT particles is stronger than that observed at lower collision energies, indicating that a very dense medium is formed in central Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC.
The inclusive charged particle transverse momentum distribution is measured in proton–proton collisions at s=900 GeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The measurement is performed in the central pseudorapidity region (|η|<0.8) over the transverse momentum range 0.15<pT<10 GeV/c. The correlation between transverse momentum and particle multiplicity is also studied. Results are presented for inelastic (INEL) and non-single-diffractive (NSD) events. The average transverse momentum for |η|<0.8 is 〈pT〉INEL=0.483±0.001 (stat.)±0.007 (syst.) GeV/c and 〈pT〉NSD=0.489±0.001 (stat.)±0.007 (syst.) GeV/c, respectively. The data exhibit a slightly larger 〈pT〉 than measurements in wider pseudorapidity intervals. The results are compared to simulations with the Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA and PHOJET.
Rapidity and transverse momentum dependence of inclusive J/ψ production in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV
(2011)
The ALICE experiment at the LHC has studied inclusive J/ψ production at central and forward rapidities in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV. In this Letter, we report on the first results obtained detecting the J/ψ through the dilepton decay into e+e− and μ+μ− pairs in the rapidity ranges |y|<0.9 and 2.5<y<4, respectively, and with acceptance down to zero pT. In the dielectron channel the analysis was carried out on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity Lint=5.6 nb−1 and the number of signal events is NJ/ψ=352±32(stat.)±28(syst.); the corresponding figures in the dimuon channel are Lint=15.6 nb−1 and NJ/ψ=1924±77(stat.)±144(syst.). The measured production cross sections are σJ/ψ(|y|<0.9)=10.7±1.0(stat.)±1.6(syst.)−2.3+1.6(syst.pol.)μb and σJ/ψ(2.5<y<4)=6.31±0.25(stat.)±0.76(syst.)−1.96+0.95(syst.pol.)μb. The differential cross sections, in transverse momentum and rapidity, of the J/ψ were also measured.
The pT-differential inclusive production cross section of the prompt charm-strange meson Ds+ in the rapidity range |y|<0.5 was measured in proton–proton collisions at s=7 TeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The analysis was performed on a data sample of 2.98×108 events collected with a minimum-bias trigger. The corresponding integrated luminosity is Lint=4.8 nb−1. Reconstructing the decay Ds+→ϕπ+, with ϕ→K−K+, and its charge conjugate, about 480 Ds± mesons were counted, after selection cuts, in the transverse momentum range 2<pT<12 GeV/c. The results are compared with predictions from models based on perturbative QCD. The ratios of the cross sections of four D meson species (namely D0, D+, D⁎+ and Ds+) were determined both as a function of pT and integrated over pT after extrapolating to full pT range, together with the strangeness suppression factor in charm fragmentation. The obtained values are found to be compatible within uncertainties with those measured by other experiments in e+e−, ep and pp interactions at various centre-of-mass energies.
he first measurements of the invariant differential cross sections of inclusive π0 and η meson production at mid-rapidity in proton–proton collisions at s=0.9 TeV and s=7 TeV are reported. The π0 measurement covers the ranges 0.4<pT<7 GeV/c and 0.3<pT<25 GeV/c for these two energies, respectively. The production of η mesons was measured at s=√7 TeV in the range 0.4<pT<15 GeV/c. Next-to-Leading Order perturbative QCD calculations, which are consistent with the π0 spectrum at s=0.9 TeV, overestimate those of π0 and η mesons at s=√7 TeV, but agree with the measured η/π0 ratio at s=√7 TeV.