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- Biceps brachii (1)
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Highlights
• Investigation of how the peripheral muscle system responds to imagination in interaction with proprioceptive information.
• Motor imagery altered time to contraction but not velocity and maximal displacement of the muscle belly.
• Findings indicate that MI might impact on the initiation of contraction.
Abstract
Many studies have investigated the activation of cortical areas and corticospinal excitability during motor imagery (MI) in relation to motor execution. Similar activation of cortical areas during imagined and executed bodily movements and increased corticospinal excitability while imagining movements has been demonstrated. Despite these similarities on the central nervous system level, there is no overt movement during MI. This suggests that centrally generated signals must be inhibited at some level. Second, even in the absence of movement, some studies find behavioral effects of MI interventions. Most of the studies have investigated the role of MI on the cortical or spinal level, but less is known about the peripheral level, such as the muscle system. Testing muscular excitability during MI will give further hints whether and how low-threshold motor commands during MI reach the muscular system. Furthermore, the extent of the shown effects during imagery depends considerably on type of imagery, available proprioceptive information, and imagery ability. Therefore, this study investigates muscular excitability of the biceps brachii muscle manipulating imagery mode (MI vs. visual imagery) and proprioceptive information (with or without muscle effort). 40 participants were included in the analysis. The mechanical response of the muscle after a single electrical stimulus was assessed via tensiomyography. The corresponding variables maximal displacement, delay time, and contraction velocity were used to calculate 2 × 2 ANOVAs with repeated measurements. The absence of interaction effects shows that possible imagery effects on the muscle system are not increased by effort. MI altered time to contraction with lower delay time compared to control condition. Velocity and maximal displacement of the muscle belly during contraction did not differ between imagery conditions. This indicates that MI might impact on the initiation of muscle contraction but does not change the contraction itself. Thus, neuronal factors are moving further into focus in the context of MI research.
Reifarth, René ; Altstadt, Sebastian ; Göbel, Kathrin ; Heftrich, Tanja ; Heil, Michael ; Koloczek, Alexander ; Langer, Christoph ; Plag, Ralf ; Pohl, M. ; Sonnabend, Kerstin ; Weigand, Mario ; Adachi, T. ; Aksouh, Farouk ; Al-Khalili, J. ; AlGarawi, M. ; AlGhamdi, S. ; Alkhazov, G. ; Alkhomashi, N. ; Alvarez-Pol, Héctor ; Alvarez-Rodriguez, R. ; Andreev, V. ; Andrei, B. ; Atar, Leyla ; Aumann, Thomas ; Avdeichikov, Vladimir ; Bacri, C. ; Bagchi, S. ; Barbieri, Carlo ; Beceiro, Saul ; Beck, C. ; Beinrucker, Clemens ; Belier, Gilbert ; Bemmerer, Daniel ; Bendel, M. ; Benlliure Anaya, Jose Fernando ; Benzoni, G. ; Berjillos, R. ; Bertini, D. ; Bertulani, Carlos A. ; Bishop, S. ; Blasi, N. ; Bloch, T. ; Blumenfeld, Y. ; Bonaccorso, A. ; Boretzky, Konstanze ; Botvina, Alexander ; Boudard, A. ; Boutachkov, P. ; Boztosun, I. ; Bracco, A. ; Brambilla, S. ; Monago, J.Briz ; Caamano, Manuel ; Caesar, Christoph ; Camera, F. ; Casarejos Ruiz, Enrique ; Catford, Wilton N. ; Cederkäll, Joakim ; Cederwall, B. ; Chartier, Marielle ; Chatillon, Audrey ; Cherciu, M. ; Chulkov, Leonid V. ; Coleman-Smith, P. ; Cortina Gil, Dolores ; Crespi, F. ; Crespo, Raquel ; Cresswell, J. ; Csatlós, Margit ; Déchery, F. ; Davids, B. ; Davinson, Thomas ; Derya, Vera ; Detistov, P. ; Díaz Fernández, Paloma ; DiJulio, D. ; Dmitry, S. ; Doré, D. ; Dueñas, J. ; Dupont, Emmeric ; Egelhof, Peter ; Egorova, I. ; Elekes, Zoltán ; Enders, Joachim ; Endres, Janis ; Ershov, S. ; Ershova, Olga ; Fernández Domínguez, Beatriz ; Fetisov, A. ; Fiori, Enrico ; Fomichev, A. ; Fonseca, M. ; Fraile, L. ; Freer, Martin ; Friese, Jürgen ; Garcia Borge, Maria José ; Galaviz Redondo, Daniel ; Gannon, S. ; Garg, U. ; Gašparić, Igor ; Gasques, L. ; Gastineau, B. ; Geissel, Hans ; Gernhäuser, Roman ; Ghosh, T. ; Gilbert, M. ; Glorius, Jan ; Golubev, Pavel ; Gorshkov, Alexander ; Gourishetty, A. ; Grigorenko, Leonid V. ; Gulyas, J. ; Haiduc, Maria ; Hammache, F. ; Harakeh, Muhsin N. ; Hass, M. ; Heine, Marcel ; Hennig, Andreas ; Henriques, Ana ; Herzberg, Rolf-Dietmar ; Holl, Matthias ; Ignatov, Alexander ; Ignatyuk, A. ; Ilieva, Stoyanka ; Ivanov, Marian ; Iwasa, N. ; Jakobsson, B. ; Johansson, Håkan T. ; Jonson, Björn ; Joshi, P. ; Junghans, Arnd Rudolf ; Jurado Apruzzese, Beatriz ; Körner, G. ; Kalantar, N. ; Kanungo, Rituparna ; Kelic-Heil, Aleksandra ; Kezzar, K. ; Khan, E. ; Khanzadeev, Alexei ; Kiselev, Oleg A. ; Kogimtzis, M. ; Körper, D. ; Kräckmann, S. ; Kröll, Thorsten ; Krücken, Reiner ; Krasznahorkay, Attila ; Kratz, Jens-Volker ; Kresan, Dmytro ; Krings, Thomas ; Krumbholz, A. ; Krupko, S. ; Kulessa, Reinhard ; Kumar, Shyam ; Kurz, Nikolaus ; Kuzmin, E. ; Labiche, Marc ; Langanke, Karlheinz ; Lazarus, I. ; Bleis, T.Le ; Lederer, Claudia ; Lemasson, A. ; Lemmon, Roy Crawford ; Liberati, V. ; Litvinov, Yuri A. ; Löher, Bastian ; Herraiz, J.Lopez ; Münzenberg, G. ; Machado, Jorge ; Maev, E. ; Mahata, Kripamay ; Mancusi, D. ; Marganiec, Justyna ; Perez, M.Martinez ; Marusov, V. ; Mengoni, D. ; Million, B. ; Morcelle, V. ; Moreno, O. ; Movsesyan, Alina ; Nácher González, Enrique ; Najafi, Mohammad Ali ; Nakamura, T. ; Naqvi, F. ; Nikolski, E. ; Nilsson, Thomas ; Nociforo, Chiara ; Nolan, P. ; Novatsky, B. ; Nyman, Göran Hugo ; Ornelas, A. ; Palit, R. ; Pandit, S. ; Panin, Valerii ; Paradela Dobarro, Carlos ; Parkar, V. ; Paschalis, Stefanos ; Pawłowski, P. ; Perea Martinez, Angel ; Pereira, J. ; Petrache, C. ; Petri, Marina ; Pickstone, Simon Glynn ; Pietralla, Norbert ; Pietri, Stephane ; Pivovarov, Y. ; Potlog, P. ; Prokofiev, Andrey ; Rastrepina, G. ; Rauscher, Thomas ; Ribeiro Jimenez, Guillermo ; Ricciardi, Maria Valentina ; Richter, Achim ; Rigollet, Catherine ; Riisager, Karsten ; Rios, A. ; Ritter, C. ; Rodríguez Frutos, Tomás Raúl ; Rodríguez Vignote, Javier ; Röder, Marko ; Romig, Christopher ; Rossi, Dominic M. ; Roussel-Chomaz, P. ; Rout, Prakash Chandra ; Roy, S. ; Söderström, P. ; Saha Sarkar, Maitreyee ; Sakuta, S. ; Salsac, M. ; Sampson, J. ; Sanchez, J. ; Saez, del Rio ; Rosado, J.Sanchez ; Sanjari, Mohammad Shahab ; Sarriguren, P. ; Sauerwein, Anne ; Savran, Deniz ; Scheidenberger, Christoph ; Scheit, Heiko ; Schmidt, Stefan ; Schmitt, C. ; Schnorrenberger, Linda ; Schrock, P. ; Schwengner, R. ; Seddon, D. ; Sherrill, B. ; Shrivastava, A. ; Sidorchuk, S. ; Silva, Joel ; Simon, Haik ; Simpson, E. ; Singh, P. ; Slobodan, D. ; Sohler, D. ; Spieker, Mark-Christoph ; Stach, D. ; Stan, E. ; Stanoiu, M. ; Stepantsov, S. ; Stevenson, P. ; Strieder, F. ; Stuhl, László ; Suda, T. ; Sümmerer, Klaus ; Streicher, Branislav ; Taieb, Julien ; Takechi, M. ; Tanihata, I. ; Taylor, J. ; Tengblad, Olof ; Ter-Akopian, G. ; Terashima, S. ; Teubig, P. ; Thies, Ronja ; Thoennessen, M. ; Thomas, T. ; Thornhill, J. ; Thungstrom, G. ; Timar, J. ; Togano, Yasuhiro ; Tomohiro, U. ; Tornyi, T. ; Tostevin, J. ; Townsley, C. ; Trautmann, Wolfgang ; Trivedi, T. ; Typel, Stefan ; Uberseder, E. ; Udias, J. ; Uesaka, T. ; Uvarov, L. ; Vajta, Z. ; Velho, Paulo ; Vikhrov, V. ; Volknandt, Meiko ; Volkov, Vasily ; Neumann-Cosel, Peter von ; Schmid, Mirko von ; Wagner, A. ; Wamers, Felix ; Weick, Helmut ; Wells, D. ; Westerberg, L. ; Wieland, Oliver ; Wiescher, Michael ; Wimmer, Christine ; Wimmer, K. ; Winfield, John S. ; Winkel, M. ; Woods, Philip John ; Wyss, R. ; Yakorev, Dmitry ; Yavor, M. ; Zamora Cardona, Juan Carlos ; Zartova, I. ; Zerguerras, T. ; Zgura, M. ; Zhdanov, A. ; Zhukov, Mikhail V. ; Zieblinski, M. ; Zilges, Andreas ; Zuber, Kai
The nucleosynthesis of elements beyond iron is dominated by neutron captures in the s and r processes. However, 32 stable, proton-rich isotopes cannot be formed during those processes, because they are shielded from the s-process flow and r-process β-decay chains. These nuclei are attributed to the p and rp process.
For all those processes, current research in nuclear astrophysics addresses the need for more precise reaction data involving radioactive isotopes. Depending on the particular reaction, direct or inverse kinematics, forward or time-reversed direction are investigated to determine or at least to constrain the desired reaction cross sections.
The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) will offer unique, unprecedented opportunities to investigate many of the important reactions. The high yield of radioactive isotopes, even far away from the valley of stability, allows the investigation of isotopes involved in processes as exotic as the r or rp processes.
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