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Multiplicity (Nch) distributions and transverse momentum (pT) spectra of inclusive primary charged particles in the kinematic range of |η|<0.8 and 0.15 GeV/c <pT< 10 GeV/c are reported for pp, p-Pb, Xe-Xe and Pb-Pb collisions at centre-of-mass energies per nucleon pair ranging from sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV up to 13 TeV. A sequential two-dimensional unfolding procedure is used to extract the correlation between the transverse momentum of primary charged particles and the charged-particle multiplicity of the corresponding collision. This correlation sharply characterises important features of the final state of a collision and, therefore, can be used as a stringent test of theoretical models. The multiplicity distributions as well as the mean and standard deviation derived from the pT spectra are compared to state-of-the-art model predictions. Providing these fundamental observables of bulk particle production consistently across a wide range of collision energies and system sizes can serve as an important input for tuning Monte Carlo event generators.
The study of the production of nuclei and antinuclei in pp collisions has proven to be a powerful tool to investigate the formation mechanism of loosely bound states in high-energy hadronic collisions. In this paper, the production of protons, deuterons and 3He and their charge conjugates at midrapidity is studied as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity in inelastic pp collisions at s√=5.02 TeV using the ALICE detector. Within the uncertainties, the yields of nuclei in pp collisions at s√=5.02 TeV are compatible with those in pp collisions at different energies and to those in p-Pb collisions when compared at similar multiplicities. The measurements are compared with the expectations of coalescence and Statistical Hadronisation Models. The results suggest a common formation mechanism behind the production of light nuclei in hadronic interactions and confirm that they do not depend on the collision energy but on the number of produced particles.
The study of the production of nuclei and antinuclei in pp collisions has proven to be a powerful tool to investigate the formation mechanism of loosely bound states in high-energy hadronic collisions. In this paper, the production of protons, deuterons and 3He and their charge conjugates at midrapidity is studied as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity in inelastic pp collisions at s√=5.02 TeV using the ALICE detector. Within the uncertainties, the yields of nuclei in pp collisions at s√=5.02 TeV are compatible with those in pp collisions at different energies and to those in p-Pb collisions when compared at similar multiplicities. The measurements are compared with the expectations of coalescence and Statistical Hadronisation Models. The results suggest a common formation mechanism behind the production of light nuclei in hadronic interactions and confirm that they do not depend on the collision energy but on the number of produced particles.
Femtoscopic correlations with the particle pair combinations K0SK0S and K0SK± are studied in pp collisions at s√=5.02 and 13 TeV by the ALICE experiment. At both energies, boson source parameters are extracted for both pair combinations, by fitting models based on Gaussian size distributions of the sources, to the measured two-particle correlation functions. The interaction model used for the K0SK0S analysis includes quantum statistics and strong final-state interactions through the f0(980) and a0(980) resonances. The model used for the K0SK± analysis includes only the final-state interaction through the a0 resonance. Source parameters extracted in the present work are compared with published values from pp collisions at s√= 7 TeV and the different pair combinations are found to be consistent. From the finding that the strength of the K0SK0S correlations is significantly greater than the strength of the K0SK± correlations, the new results are compatible with the a0 resonance being a tetraquark state of the form (q1,q2¯¯¯¯¯,s,s¯¯¯), where q1 and q2 are u or d quarks.
Correlations between mean transverse momentum [pT] and anisotropic flow coefficients v2 or v3 are measured as a function of centrality in Pb−Pb and Xe−Xe collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV and 5.44 TeV, respectively, with ALICE. In addition, the recently proposed higher-order correlation between [pT], v2, and v3 is measured for the first time, which shows an anticorrelation for the presented centrality ranges. These measurements are compared with hydrodynamic calculations using IP-Glasma and TRENTo initial-state shapes, the former based on the Color Glass Condensate effective theory with gluon saturation, and the latter a parameterized model with nucleons as the relevant degrees of freedom. The data are better described by the IP-Glasma rather than the TRENTo based calculations. In particular, Trajectum and JETSCAPE predictions, both based on the TRENTo initial state model but with different parameter settings, fail to describe the measurements. As the correlations between [pT] and vn are mainly driven by the correlations of the size and the shape of the system in the initial state, these new studies pave a novel way to characterize the initial state and help pin down the uncertainty of the extracted properties of the quark−gluon plasma recreated in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
Correlations between mean transverse momentum [pT] and anisotropic flow coefficients v2 or v3 are measured as a function of centrality in Pb-Pb and Xe-Xe collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV and 5.44 TeV, respectively, with ALICE. In addition, the recently proposed higher-order correlation between [pT], v2, and v3 is measured for the first time, which shows an anticorrelation for the presented centrality ranges. These measurements are compared with hydrodynamic calculations using IP-Glasma and TRENTo initial-state shapes, the former based on the Color Glass Condensate effective theory with gluon saturation, and the latter a parameterized model with nucleons as the relevant degrees of freedom. The data are better described by the IP-Glasma rather than the TRENTo based calculations. In particular, Trajectum and JETSCAPE predictions, both based on the TRENTo initial state model but with different parameter settings, fail to describe the measurements. As the correlations between [pT] and vn are mainly driven by the correlations of the size and the shape of the system in the initial state, these new studies pave a novel way to characterize the initial state in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
Femtoscopic correlations with the particle pair combinations K0SK0S and K0SK± are studied in pp collisions at s√=5.02 and 13 TeV by the ALICE experiment. At both energies, boson source parameters are extracted for both pair combinations, by fitting models based on Gaussian size distributions of the sources, to the measured two-particle correlation functions. The interaction model used for the K0SK0S analysis includes quantum statistics and strong final-state interactions through the f0(980) and a0(980) resonances. The model used for the K0SK± analysis includes only the final-state interaction through the a0 resonance. Source parameters extracted in the present work are compared with published values from pp collisions at s√= 7 TeV and the different pair combinations are found to be consistent. From the observation that the strength of the K0SK0S correlations is significantly greater than the strength of the K0SK± correlations, the new results are compatible with the a0 resonance being a tetraquark state of the form (q1,q2¯¯¯¯¯,s,s¯¯¯), where q1 and q2 are u or d quarks.
The production of prompt D0, D+, and D∗+ mesons was measured at midrapidity (|y|< 0.5) in Pb-Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon-nucleon pair sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The D mesons were reconstructed via their hadronic decay channels and their production yields were measured in central (0-10%) and semicentral (30-50%) collisions. The measurement was performed up to a transverse momentum (pT) of 36 or 50 GeV/c depending on the D meson species and the centrality interval. For the first time in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC, the yield of D0 mesons was measured down to pT = 0, which allowed a model-independent determination of the pT-integrated yield per unit of rapidity (dN=dy). A maximum suppression by a factor 5 and 2.5 was observed with the nuclear modification factor (RAA) of prompt D mesons at pT = 6-8 GeV/c for the 0-10% and 30-50% centrality classes, respectively. The D-meson RAA is compared with that of charged pions, charged hadrons, and J/ψ mesons as well as with theoretical predictions. The analysis of the agreement between the measured RAA, elliptic (v2) and triangular (v3) flow, and the model predictions allowed us to constrain the charm spatial diffusion coefficient Ds. Furthermore the comparison of RAA and v2 with different implementations of the same models provides an important insight into the role of radiative energy loss as well as charm quark recombination in the hadronisation mechanisms.
The production of J/ψ is measured as a function of charged-particle multiplicity at forward rapidity in proton−proton (pp) collisions at center-of-mass energies s√= 5.02 and 13 TeV. The J/ψ mesons are reconstructed via their decay into dimuons in the rapidity interval (2.5 <y< 4.0), whereas the charged-particle multiplicity density (\dnchdeta) is measured at midrapidity (|η|<1). The production rate as a function of multiplicity is reported as the ratio of the yield in a given multiplicity interval to the multiplicity-integrated one. This observable shows a linear increase with charged-particle multiplicity normalized to the corresponding average value for inelastic events (dNch/dη/⟨dNch/dη⟩), at both the colliding energies. Measurements are compared with available ALICE results at midrapidity and theoretical model calculations. First measurement of the mean transverse momentum (⟨pT⟩) of J/ψ in pp collisions exhibits an increasing trend as a function of dNch/dη/⟨dNch/dη⟩ showing a saturation towards high charged-particle multiplicities.
The production of J/ψ is measured as a function of charged-particle multiplicity at forward rapidity in proton−proton (pp) collisions at center-of-mass energies s√= 5.02 and 13 TeV. The J/ψ mesons are reconstructed via their decay into dimuons in the rapidity interval (2.5 <y< 4.0), whereas the charged-particle multiplicity density (dNch/dη) is measured at midrapidity (|η|<1). The production rate as a function of multiplicity is reported as the ratio of the yield in a given multiplicity interval to the multiplicity-integrated one. This observable shows a linear increase with charged-particle multiplicity normalized to the corresponding average value for inelastic events (dNch/dη/⟨dNch/dη⟩), at both the colliding energies. Measurements are compared with available ALICE results at midrapidity and theoretical model calculations. First measurement of the mean transverse momentum (⟨pT⟩) of J/ψ in pp collisions exhibits an increasing trend as a function of dNch/dη/⟨dNch/dη⟩ showing a saturation towards high charged-particle multiplicities.