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Propagandafilme der NSDAP
(2005)
Dass dokumentarische Filme auch Propagandazwecken dienen können, war in den 20er und 30er Jahren international akzeptierter Konsens. Der nationalsozialistische Propagandafilm war, so gesehen, keine ausgesprochene dokumentarische Entgleisung. Wie die nationalsozialistische Partei und später der NS-Staat den Dokumentarfilm nutzten, um ihre Ideologie und Ziele zu verbreiten, untersucht Peter Zimmermann in diesem Beitrag. Er behandelt den nationalsozialistischen Propagandafilm von den Anfängen der Wahlwerbung über die Parteitagsfilme bis zur Verbreitung der arischen Rassenideologie. Besonderes Augenmerk legt er auf die Ästhetik der Riefenstahl-Filme mit ihrer idealisierenden Verklärung Hitlers und der NSDAP und auf die filmische Konstruktion von Feindbildern wie in Hipplers Propagandafilm "Der ewige Jude". Die einzelnen Kapitel sind Auszüge aus Band 3 des Sammelwerks "Geschichte des dokumentarischen Films in Deutschland".
Aus Anlass des Fernseh-Sendebeginns in West- und Ostdeutschland vor 50 Jahren fand im Hans-Bredow-Institut in Hamburg am 5. und 6. Dezember 2002 ein Symposion unter dem Titel "Fernsehgeschichte als Zeitgeschichte - Zeitgeschichte als Fernsehgeschichte" statt. In einem kritischen Beitrag untersuchte Peter Zimmermann vor allem die "Feindbildkonstruktionen" des westlichen Fernsehens, die sich nach Aufffassung des Referenten auch bis nach dem Fall der Mauer nachweisen lassen. Zimmermann: "Im freudetrunkenen Monat November des Jahres 1989 schien das deutsche Wintermärchen mit dem Fall der Mauer endlich ein glückliches Ende zu finden. Ganz ungetrübt verlief die Wiedervereinigung der 'deutschen Brüder und Schwestern' allerdings auch in medialer Hinsicht nicht. Mit der sogenannten Abwicklung des DDR-Fernsehens und der DEFA übernahm das Fernsehen der Bundesrepublik auch die ostdeutsche 'Bilderhoheit'. Die in Film und Fernsehen der DDR bislang dominanten positiven Selbstbilder wurden fortan durch die im Westen dominierenden negativen Fremdbilder ersetzt. Es ist daher wenig verwunderlich, dass seit der Wiedervereinigung in den Fernsehdokumentationen zur deutschen Geschichte fast ausnahmslos der westdeutsche Blick dominiert und die Geschichte der DDR marginalisiert, abgewertet oder karikiert wird."
Der Aufsatz "Zwischen Sachlichkeit, Idylle und Propaganda. Der Kulturfilm im Dritten Reich" von Peter Zimmermann beschäftigt sich mit der Nazi-Propaganda in den Filmen des Dritten Reiches. Dabei analysiert er typische Kulturfilme dieser Zeit und stellt die These auf, dass der Kulturfilm des Dritten Reichs vielfältiger, widersprüchlicher und in weiten Teilen weniger propagandistisch gewesen zu sein scheint, als es das kritische Stereotyp wahrhaben möchte.
The aim of our study was to reveal the differences in the species composition and soil properties of open sandy grasslands dominated by different Festuca species, Festuca vaginata and F. pseudovaginata. Due to the arid conditions, sandy grasslands are generally covered by xerothermic vegetation in which F. vaginata is a typical dominant species. Festuca pseudovaginata, a species newly described by the authors, can also gain dominance in sandy grasslands. However, species composition and soil properties of grasslands dominated by this recently discovered species are still undiscovered. Based on previous coenological studies, we hypothesised that the grasslands characterised by the endemic F. vaginata are more species-rich than those with F.pseudovaginata.
Coenological sampling was carried out in May 2009 at two study sites using the Braun-Blanquet method in quadrats of 2 m × 2 m. Five relevés were sampled in stands dominated by F. vaginata and F. pseudovaginata respectively at two study sites in Central Hungary, resulting in a total of twenty relevés. Analyses were based on the cover scores of vascular plant species and cryptogam crust and values of seven soil properties (pH [KCl], pH [H2O], humus, total N, Ca, P2O5 and K2O) measured in the 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil layers. Soil properties of the grasslands dominated by F. pseudovaginata and F. vaginata (dependent variables) were compared by linear mixed models, where ‘grassland type’ was the fixed factor and ‘site nested in grassland type’ was considered as random factor. Data were analysed by cluster analysis, fusion algorithm was a combinatorial method (minimising increase of variance), and the correlation was used as comparative function. We compared the cover of subordinate species by Mann-Whitney U test. We found that F. pseudovaginata and F. vaginata samples were well separated, and grasslands dominated by F. pseudovaginata had nearly two times more species than those dominated by F. vaginata. Based on the cluster analyses using plant cover and upper 0–15 cm soil layer data, F. pseudovaginata and F. vaginata groups could be well separated. Linear mixed models revealed that F. vaginata grasslands were typical on soils with higher pH, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium contents compared to F. pseudovaginata grasslands, which indicates a tight connection between the properties of the upper soil layer and the vegetation in sandy grasslands.
Kaum eine andere Industrie wurde in den vergangenen beiden Jahrzehnten so massiv durch den Einzug der Informationstechnologie geprägt wie der Wertpapierhandel. Traditionelle Geschäftsmodelle haben sich grundlegend verändert. Das klassische Börsenparkett ist nahezu vollständig elektronischen Handelsplattformen gewichen.
The large conductance voltage- and Ca2+-activated potassium (BK) channel has been suggested to play an important role in the signal transduction process of cochlear inner hair cells. BK channels have been shown to be composed of the pore-forming alpha-subunit coexpressed with the auxiliary beta-1-subunit. Analyzing the hearing function and cochlear phenotype of BK channel alpha-(BKalpha–/–) and beta-1-subunit (BKbeta-1–/–) knockout mice, we demonstrate normal hearing function and cochlear structure of BKbeta-1–/– mice. During the first 4 postnatal weeks also, BKalpha–/– mice most surprisingly did not show any obvious hearing deficits. High-frequency hearing loss developed in BKalpha–/– mice only from ca. 8 weeks postnatally onward and was accompanied by a lack of distortion product otoacoustic emissions, suggesting outer hair cell (OHC) dysfunction. Hearing loss was linked to a loss of the KCNQ4 potassium channel in membranes of OHCs in the basal and midbasal cochlear turn, preceding hair cell degeneration and leading to a similar phenotype as elicited by pharmacologic blockade of KCNQ4 channels. Although the actual link between BK gene deletion, loss of KCNQ4 in OHCs, and OHC degeneration requires further investigation, data already suggest human BK-coding slo1 gene mutation as a susceptibility factor for progressive deafness, similar to KCNQ4 potassium channel mutations. © 2004, The National Academy of Sciences. Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development stresses the fundamental role science should play in implementing the 17 Sustainable Development Goals endorsed by the global community. But how can and should researchers respond to this societal demand on science? We argue that answering this question requires systematic engagement with the fundamental normative dimensions of the 2030 Agenda and those of the scientific community—and with the implications these dimensions have for research and practice. We suggest that the production of knowledge relevant to sustainable development entails analytic engagement with norms and values through four tasks. First, to unravel and critically reflect on the ethical values involved in sustainability, values should increasingly become an empirical and theoretical object of sustainability research. Second, to ensure that research on social–ecological systems is related to sustainability values, researchers should reflect on and spell out what sustainability values guide their research, taking into account possible interdependencies, synergies, and trade-offs. Third, to find common ground on what sustainability means for specific situations, scientists should engage in deliberative learning processes with societal actors, with a view to jointly reflecting on existing development visions and creating new, contextualized ones. Fourth, this implies that researchers and scientific disciplines must clarify their own ethical and epistemic values, as this defines accountability and shapes identification of problems, research questions, and results. We believe that ignoring these tasks, whether one is in favor or critical of the 2030 Agenda, will undermine the credibility and relevance of scientific contributions for sustainable development.
Am 27. und 28. September 2005 tagten Historiker und Philosophen der Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften in Frankfurt a.M. im Gebäude des Physikalischen Vereins. Eine Besonderheit des Internationalen Symposiums war der Dialog mit Vertretern der aktuellen Grundlagendebatte der Basiswissenschaft Physik. In zwölf Vorträgen wurden an zwei Tagen Raum- und Zeitkonzeptionen bedeutender Naturphilosophen der letzten 400 Jahre vorgestellt. Naturwissenschaftshistoriker rekonstruierten die Entwürfe von Giordano Bruno, Marin Mersenne, René Descartes, Otto von Guericke, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Isaac Newton und Leonhard Euler, während Grundlagentheoretiker der Physik einen Überblick über eigene Konzeptionen mit einem systematischen Anschluss an die Denktraditionen vorführten. Die Tagung wurde von der Fritz Thyssen Stiftung gefördert sowie vom Förderverein des Frankfurter Institutes für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften "Arbor Scientiarum" und dem Physikalischen Verein finanziell unterstützt. ...
Background: Cytokine-induced-killer (CIK) cells are a promising immunotherapeutic approach for impending relapse following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, there is a high risk for treatment failure associated with severe graft versus host disease (GvHD) necessitating pharmaceutical intervention post-transplant. Whether immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or Ciclosporin A (CsA) influences the cytotoxic effect of CIK cell immunotherapy is still an open issue.
Methods: CIK cells were generated from PBMC as previously described followed by co-incubation with mycophenolic acid (MPA) or CsA. Proliferation, cytotoxicity and receptor expression were investigated following short- (24 h), intermediate- (3 days) and long-term (7 days) MPA incubation with the intention to simulate the in vivo situation when CIK cells were given to a patient with relevant MPA/CsA plasma levels.
Results: Short-term MPA treatment led to unchanged proliferation capacity and barely had any effect on viability and cytotoxic capability in vitro. The composition of CIK cells with respect to T-, NK-like T- and NK cells remained stable. Intermediate MPA treatment lacked effects on NKG2D, FasL and TRAIL receptor expression, while an influence on proliferation and viability was detectable. Furthermore, long-term treatment significantly impaired proliferation, restricted viability and drastically reduced migration-relevant receptors accompanied by an alteration in the CD4/CD8 ratio. CD3+CD56+ cells upregulated receptors relevant for CIK cell killing and migration, whereas T cells showed the most interference through significant reductions in receptor expression. Interestingly, CsA treatment had no significant influence on CIK cell viability and the cytotoxic potential against K562.
Conclusions: Our data indicate that if immunosuppressant therapy is indispensable, efficacy of CIK cells is maintained at least short-term, although more frequent dosing might be necessary.
Geometrical frustration among interacting spins combined with strong quantum fluctuations destabilize long-range magnetic order in favor of more exotic states such as spin liquids. By following this guiding principle, a number of spin liquid candidate systems were identified in quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) systems. For 3D, however, the situation is less favorable as quantum fluctuations are reduced and competing states become more relevant. Here we report a comprehensive study of thermodynamic, magnetic and dielectric properties on single crystalline and pressed-powder samples of PbCuTe2O6, a candidate material for a 3D frustrated quantum spin liquid featuring a hyperkagome lattice. Whereas the low-temperature properties of the powder samples are consistent with the recently proposed quantum spin liquid state, an even more exotic behavior is revealed for the single crystals. These crystals show ferroelectric order at TFE ≈ 1 K, accompanied by strong lattice distortions, and a modified magnetic response—still consistent with a quantum spin liquid—but with clear indications for quantum critical behavior.
Angiogenesis, the process by which endothelial cells (ECs) form new blood vessels from existing ones, is intimately linked to the tissue’s metabolic milieu and often occurs at nutrient-deficient sites. However, ECs rely on sufficient metabolic resources to support growth and proliferation. How endothelial nutrient acquisition and usage are regulated is unknown. Here we show that these processes are instructed by Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP)/WW domain-containing transcription regulator 1 (WWTR1/TAZ)-transcriptional enhanced associate domain (TEAD): a transcriptional module whose function is highly responsive to changes in the tissue environment. ECs lacking YAP/TAZ or their transcriptional partners, TEAD1, 2 and 4 fail to divide, resulting in stunted vascular growth in mice. Conversely, activation of TAZ, the more abundant paralogue in ECs, boosts proliferation, leading to vascular hyperplasia. We find that YAP/TAZ promote angiogenesis by fuelling nutrient-dependent mTORC1 signalling. By orchestrating the transcription of a repertoire of cell-surface transporters, including the large neutral amino acid transporter SLC7A5, YAP/TAZ-TEAD stimulate the import of amino acids and other essential nutrients, thereby enabling mTORC1 activation. Dissociating mTORC1 from these nutrient inputs—elicited by the loss of Rag GTPases—inhibits mTORC1 activity and prevents YAP/TAZ-dependent vascular growth. Together, these findings define a pivotal role for YAP/TAZ-TEAD in controlling endothelial mTORC1 and illustrate the essentiality of coordinated nutrient fluxes in the vasculature.
Securities transaction tax in France: impact on market quality and inter-market price coordination
(2014)
The general concept of a Securities Transaction Tax is controversial among academics and politicians. While theoretical research is quite advanced, the empirical guidance in a fragmented market context is still scarce. Possible negative effects for market liquidity and market efficiency are theoretically predicted, but have not been empirically tested yet. In light of the agreement of eleven European member states to implement an STT, this study aims to give a comprehensive overview of the effects of the STT, introduced in France in 2012, on liquidity demand, liquidity supply, volatility and inter-market information transmission. The results show that the STT has led to a decline in liquidity demand, has had a detrimental effect on liquidity supply and negatively influences the inter-market information transmission efficiency. However, no effect on volatility can be observed.
The ALICE experimentatthe LHC (CERN)iscurrently developinganew software framework designed for Run3: detector and software will havetocope with Pb–Pb collision rates 100 times higher than today, leadingtothe combinationofcore Online-Offline operations intoasingle framework called O2. The analysis code is expectedtorunonafew large Analysis Facilities counting 20k cores and sustaining a 100 GB/s throughput: this requiresaconjoint effort between the definitionofthe data format, the configurationofthe Analysis Facilities and the developmentofthe Analysis Framework. Wepresent the prototypeofanew Analysis Object Data format basedontimeframes and optimized for continuous readout. Such formatisdesigned tobeextensible and transported efficiently over the network. Wealso present the first iterationofthe Analysis Framework, basedonthe O2 Data Processing Layer and leveraging message passing acrossatopologyofprocesses. Wewill also illustrate the implementation and benchmarkingofacompatibility layer designedtomitigate the transition from the current event-oriented analysis modeltothe new time-oriented one. Finally,wewill giveastatus reportonthe integrationofthe Analysis Framework and Analysis Facilities for Run3into the current organized analysis model in ALICE.
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) provides unrestricted access to the genome, but it produces ‘big data’ exceeding in amount and complexity the classical analytical approaches. We introduce a bioinformatics-based classifying biomarker that uses emergent properties in genetics to separate pain patients requiring extremely high opioid doses from controls. Following precisely calculated selection of the 34 most informative markers in the OPRM1, OPRK1, OPRD1 and SIGMAR1 genes, pattern of genotypes belonging to either patient group could be derived using a k-nearest neighbor (kNN) classifier that provided a diagnostic accuracy of 80.6±4%. This outperformed alternative classifiers such as reportedly functional opioid receptor gene variants or complex biomarkers obtained via multiple regression or decision tree analysis. The accumulation of several genetic variants with only minor functional influences may result in a qualitative consequence affecting complex phenotypes, pointing at emergent properties in genetics.
Background: Since sorafenib has shown activity in different tumour types and gemcitabine regimens improved the outcome for biliary tract cancer (BTC) patients, we evaluated first-line gemcitabine plus sorafenib in a double-blind phase II study.
Patients and methods: 102 unresectable or metastatic BTC patients with histologically proven adenocarcinoma of gallbladder or intrahepatic bile ducts, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 0–2 were randomised to gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2 once weekly, first 7-weeks + 1-week rest followed by once 3-weeks + 1-week rest) plus sorafenib (400 mg twice daily) or placebo. Treatment continued until progression or unacceptable toxicity. Tumour samples were prospectively stained for sorafenib targets and potential biomarkers. Serum samples (first two cycles) were measured for vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1)α by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Results: Gemcitabine plus sorafenib was generally well tolerated. Four and three patients achieved partial responses in the sorafenib and placebo groups, respectively. There was no difference in the primary end-point, median progression-free survival (PFS) for gemcitabine plus sorafenib versus gemcitabine plus placebo (3.0 versus 4.9 months, P = 0.859), and no difference for median overall survival (OS) (8.4 versus 11.2 months, P = 0.775). Patients with liver metastasis after resection of primary BTC survived longer with sorafenib (P = 0.019) compared to placebo. Patients who developed hand-foot syndrome (HFS) showed longer PFS and OS than patients without HFS. Two sorafenib targets, VEGFR-2 and c-kit, were not expressed in BTC samples. VEGFR-3 and Hif1α were associated with lymph node metastases and T stage. Absence of PDGFRβ expression correlated with longer PFS.
Conclusion: The addition of sorafenib to gemcitabine did not demonstrate improved efficacy in advanced BTC patients. Biomarker subgroup analysis suggested that some patients might benefit from combined treatment.