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Die vorliegende Arbeit betrachtet aus der Perspektive der Kulturanthropologie, auf welchen Wissensprozessen die Erklärungsmodelle von Psychiatern im Bezug auf die klinische Depressionstherapie beruhen. Die Elemente, aus denen das Wissenskonzept eines Arztes zusammengesetzt ist, müssen sich im praktischen Handeln, also in der therapeutischen Situation mit dem Patienten, bewähren. Dabei ist weitaus mehr notwendig als das Verordnen einer Pille, die das chemische Ungleichgewicht im Gehirn reguliert. Anhand derklinischen Depressionstherapie soll deutlich werden, auf welche Weise Psychiater in ihrer Praxis auf explizites und implizites Wissen zurückgreifen und dieses in ihr Erklärungsmodell integrieren, wann ihr Erfahrungswissen relevant wird und wie damit Handeln auch angesichts von Unsicherheiten oder widersprüchlichen Diskursen in der psychiatrischen Profession möglich ist.
Dialog im Dunkeln : über ein "blindes Erlebnis" im Museum ; Inszenierung, Vermittlung und Rezeption
(2008)
Zentrale Fragestellung der Arbeit ist es, wie der Besuch von Dialog im Dunkeln als „Erlebnis“ durch die Besucher konstruiert wird und wie dieser Konstruktionsprozess durch die museale Inszenierung der Ausstellungsmacher und die kommunikativen Vermittlungsstrategien insbesondere der sog. Guides ermöglicht und beeinflusst wird. Daraus sind drei forschungsleitende Fragestellungen -nach den Inszenierungsstrategien der Museumsmacher, nach der Art und Weise, wie das inszenierte Erlebnis Dialog im Dunkeln konsumiert wird und schliesslich nach der alltäglichen Arbeitspraxis der Guides- entwickelt worden, die äußerst interessante Erkenntnisse hervorgebracht haben.
The dissertation, ”Coping with emergent hearing loss”, is written in English and is based on the diversity of problems connected to hearing loss and the adaptation of hearing aids. The research was carried out in Denmark and involves adults with an emergent hearing loss, who have decided to become hearing aid users. The data is analyzed through methods of cultural anthropology with focus on the following topics: How do the new users cope with the status passage towards being hearing aid users, how do they integrate the hearing aids into their lives, and what are the involved learning processes. What are the consequences of the provision by the state of free hearing aids, their free adaptation as well as free batteries, and does the state take part in the construction of the social group of new hearing aid users? The method is based on qualitative field work. Two public hospitals were helpful in identifying 24 new users, who acquired a free hearing aid through the hearing health care system. Through ENTs and private dispensers 17 further respondents joined the study – these acquired their hearing aids with a considerable state subsidy but mostly they themselves contributed financially as well. The 41 respondents between the ages of 42 to 92 years of age came from a wide range of professions and were followed throughout 2003 und 2004. After an in-depth qualitative interview, the contact to the respondents was maintained in order to follow the process of integration into their lives. When possible, the respondents were accompanied to their appointments in the private or public clinics. Moreover, interviews with experts from the public hearing health care system, politicians and user organisations were carried out, and the general public debate on the hard of hearing and hearing loss was followed and recorded. The second chapter gives an overview of the position of audiology in Denmark, of epidemiological information on hearing loss in the Danish society and statistics to the use of hearing aids. Moreover, basic information is given about the functioning of the human ear, the auditive perception and diagnosis and classification of hearing loss as well as a short introduction to the hearing aid technology. The structure of the further thesis divides the material into three pillars that make the discussion of the interaction processes possible. (1) The user’s interaction with the lifeworld concerns the meaning of hearing in relation to social participation. For some of the users, a good sense of hearing was essential to communicate freely and uphold their position in relation to others, whereas other respondents paid less attention to the information they acquired through their sense of hearing. A number of the respondents were selective and only used their hearing aids in specific situations, whereas another group discontinued the use of their hearing aids for various reasons. Status passages that hold specific challenges like a new work place or a new marriage motivate the continued everyday use. On the whole, the thesis illustrates that hearing loss is a socially dividing factor that complicates the interaction with others. In comparison to other bodily impairments or diseases, the hearing loss is rarely used as occasion to unite with fellow sufferers, join patient organisations or form self help groups. (2) The users’ interaction with the institutions The medical anthropologist Arthur Kleinman conceptualises health care as a moral process in which essential issues are at stake for the users. Different factors interact in the process: the training of the experts, allocation of funds, the quality of the technology, the dispensing procedures and the motivation and individual characteristics of the new users. The integration of the hearing aid into the lifeworld can be compared to a learning process, for which reason the learning theory of the anthropologist Gregory Bateson is outlined. Susanne Bisgaard’s own theory lists the meaning creating elements that serve as motivation for the users to counteract contingency (occurrences that influence the adaptation negatively). In the interaction between individual and society, the individual can apply strategies in order to eliminate stumbling blocks. (3) The users’ interaction with the technology A number of theorists from Anthropology as well as Science and Technology Studies are discussed in order to question their validity with regard to human action autonomy vs. technological determination and test the theoretical models with regard to their usability for the thesis. Hearing aids have a supporting function in everyday life and have the capability of moderating the user’s perception of sound. The alienating experience of hearing one’s own voice amplified, of wearing a foreign body in the ear and the different strategies that emerge from the more or less successful handling of the technology is reported by way of case stories and quotes from the interviews.
Forschungsfeld ist die moderne Stadtgesellschaft der andinen Großstadt Quito/Ecuador, die Feldforschung findet im Milieu der urbanen Mittelschicht statt, um Veränderungen von Lebensmittelpräferenzen, Zubereitungsformen, Mahlzeitsituationen und Konsumpraktiken auf die Spur zu kommen. Zentrale These der Arbeit ist, dass sich für diese Bevölkerungsgruppe eine steigende Optionalisierung der Nahrungskultur nachweisen lässt, die sowohl im Zusammenhang mit binnengesellschaftlichen Modernisierungsprozessen als auch mit der zunehmenden Verfügbarkeit transnationaler Konsumgüter steht.