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Plant parasitic species of Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota, Fungi) are inconspicuous foliicolous fungi with a mainly tropical distribution. They form black colonies on the surface of living leaves. Members of Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae are characterized by shield-shaped, flat ascomata (thyriothecia) which grow completely superficially on the leaf cuticle. Microthyriaceae, Asterinaceae and other families of thyriothecia-forming ascomycetes belong to the class Dothideomycetes due to the presence of bitunicate asci. However, until today no consistent taxonomic concept nor molecular phylogenetic studies exist for the families of thyriothecioid ascomycetes. In the present thesis, 42 species belonging to 13 different anamorphic and teleomorphic genera of Asterinaceae, Microthyriaceae and ‘Pycnothyriales’ recently collected in Western Panama, are identified, described in detail and illustrated with drawings, transmission and scanning electron microscopical photographs. Among the 42 species, 37 species belong to the Asterinaceae, four species to the Microthyriaceae and one species to the from group ‘Pycnothyriales’. Two species of Asterinaceae are new to sience: Asterina gaiadendricola with an Asterostomella anamorph and Asterina schlegeliae with a Mahanteshamyces anamorph. Among the remaining species of Asterinaceae, 28 species represent new records for Panama: Asterina cestricola, A. ciferriana, A. consobrina, A. corallopoda, A. davillae with anamorph, A. diplocarpa, A. diplopoda, A. ekmanii, A. fuchsiae, A. manihotis, A. phenacis, A. radiofissilis with anamorph, A. siphocampyli, A. sponiae, A. stipitipodia with anamorph, A. styracina, A. tonduzii with anamorph, A. weinmanniae, A. zanthoxyli, Asterostomella dilleniicola, Asterolibertia licaniicola, Asterolibertia nodulosa, Cirsosia splendida with its Homalopeltis chrysobalani anamorph and Prillieuxina winteriana with its Leprieurina winteriana anamorph. The remaining 11 species of Asterinaceae probably respresent new species: Asterina spp. 1-8, Asterolibertia sp., Halbanina sp. and Mahanteshamyces sp. The four species of Microthyriaceae are new records for Panama: Maublanica uleana, Platypeltella irregularis, Platypeltella smilacis and Xenostomella tovarensis. The species Hemisphaeropsis magnoliae in the form group ‘Pycnothyriales’ is a new record for Panama. During this study, voucher material of 44 additional species of plant parasitic thyriothecioid ascomycetes was examined. Thereby, the number of species of Asterinaceae known for Panama since 2006 raises from four to 30, for Microthyriaceae respectively from zero to four and for ‘Pycnothyriales’ from zero to one. 21 of the presented species are new records for Central America and two species are new records for the American Continent. The presented 42 species parasitize 47 host plant species in 39 genera belonging to 28 plant families. For 23 fungal species, new host plant species are discovered. From those, seven belong to host plant genera not reported before to be parasitized by a member of Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae: Burmeistera (Campanulaceae), Curatella and Davilla (Dilleniaceae), Greigia (Bromeliaceae), Hirtella (Chrysobalanaceae), Oxandra and Xylopia (Annonaceae). In this study, the first molecular phylogenetic approach in Asterinaceae is provided. For the first time, DNA was isolated from fresh material of Asterina spp. and their respective anamorphic stages on leaves in Panama. The hypothesis derived from SSU and LSU rDNA neighbour-joining analysis supports the monophyly of the Asterinaceae and suggests a close relationship to Venturiaceae within the class Dothideomycetes. The data obtained from the ppMP project (plant parasitic microfungi of Panama) indicate a constant but low abundance of plant parasitic thyriothecioid ascomycetes in natural plant communities in Panama, with Asterinaceae as the most species-rich and diverse family. Further collection activities in tropical regions worldwide will certainly increase our knowledge about species diversity and ecology of tropical plant parasitic thyriothecioid ascomycetes.