Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (23)
Has Fulltext
- yes (23)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (23)
Keywords
- fungi (2)
- Amphisphaeriales (1)
- Pestalotia (1)
- Pestalotiopsis (1)
- Sahel ; Unkraut ; Pflanzensoziologie ; Burkina Faso (1)
- molecular phylogenetics (1)
- soil (1)
Institute
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zum ersten Mal die Ökologie, Morphologie und Systematik von Pilzen untersucht, die assoziiert mit Haut- und Nagelläsionen von ambulanten Patienten sowie von Patienten dermatologischer Praxen in der Provinz Chiriquí im Westen Panamas nachgewiesen wurden. Die Pilze werden klassifiziert nach dem klinischen D-H-SSystem von Rieth und entsprechend ihrer Position im phylogenetischen System der Pilze. Die Morphologie der verschiedenen Arten wird dokumentiert auf der Grundlage von Kulturen und lichtmikroskopischer Untersuchungen durch Beschreibungen sowie Zeichnungen und Fotographien charakteristischer Strukturen. Die Pathogenität der einzelnen Pilzstämme wurde nicht nachgewiesen, sondern auf der Grundlage von Angaben aus der Literatur diskutiert. Außerdem lieferte die Literatur Daten zum Vorkommen der Pilze an Pflanzen und anderen Substraten in der Natur.
In Panama wurden zahlreiche klinische Proben untersucht, von denen ca. 100 Pilzstämme nach Deutschland geschickt wurden. Dort konnten 80 Stämme weiter kultiviert und detailliert untersucht werden. Mehr als 22 verschiedene Arten wurden beobachtet, die 17 verschiedenen Gattungen angehören. Sie entsprechen drei verschiedenen Arten von Dermatophyten, mindestens drei Arten von Hefen und 16 verschiedenen Schimmel- oder sonstigen Pilzarten.
Mit Ausnahme von Hormographiella verticillata wurden ausschließlich imperfekte Stadien beobachtet, und zwar überwiegend von verschiedenen Vertretern der Ascomycota: Dothideales: Scytalidium dimidiatum (6 Stämme), Eurotiales: Aspergillus spp. (4), Paecilomyces lilacinus (2), Penicillium sp. (2), Hypocreales: Fusarium lichenicola (3), F. solani (4), F. subglutinans (1), Microascales: Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (2), Onygenales: Trichophyton mentagrophytes (2), T. rubrum (9), T. tonsurans (7), Ophiostomatales: Sporothrix schenckii (1), Pleosporales: Curvularia geniculata (1), Polystigmatales: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (1), Sordariales: Nigrospora sphaerica (1), Saccharomycetales: Candida spp. (12), Geotrichum candidum (8), incerte sedis: Pestalotiopsis cf. tecomicola (1), Tritirachium oryzae (1). Vertreter der Basidiomycota sind: Agaricales: Hormographiella verticillata bzw. Coprinellus domesticus (3), Polyporales: Unbekannter Basidiomycet (1), Trichosporonales: Trichosporon cutaneum (6).
Im Rahmen dieser Studie waren Schimmelpilze die am häufigsten bei Haut- und Nagelläsionen angetroffenen Pilze. Unter diesen waren Fusarium-Arten und Scytalidium dimidiatum besonders häufig vertreten. Candida-Arten wurden ebenfalls oft isoliert. Die wichtigste Art unter den Dermatophyten war Trichophyton rubrum. Die prozentualen Anteile der verschiedenen Gruppen entsprechen gut den von anderen Autoren aus anderen Regionen publizierten Ergebnissen. Dies erklärt sich aufgrund der ökologischen Tatsache, dass die Sporen der Schimmelpilze fast überall in der Natur vorhanden sind und diese Pilze viele verschiedene Substrate nutzen können. Candida-Arten gehören zur normalen Flora des Menschen, können aber bei immunodefizienten Patienten, Diabetikern u.a. schwere Haut- und Schleimhautinfektionen, sowie Organerkrankungen verursachen. Dermatophyten sind als Krankheitserreger oberflächlicher Hautmykosen bekannt.
Zum ersten Mal wird das Vorkommen von Hormographiella verticillata in Amerika nachgewiesen. Dieses imperfekte Stadium eines Basidiomyceten hat in Kultur Fruchtkörper gebildet, die als Coprinellus domesticus bestimmt wurden. Damit wurde zum ersten Mal die Anamorph-Teleomorph-Verbindung zwischen diesen beiden Arten festgestellt, die durch eine molekular-phylogenetische Analyse von LSU rDNA (große Untereinheit der ribosomalen DNA) unterstützt wird. Für diese Analyse wurden andere Stämme und Genbank-Daten zum Vergleich herangezogen.
In den Kulturen von H. verticillata entstehen vor der Entwicklung der Fruchtkörper asexuelle sterile Hyphen, die als Ozonium-Stadium bezeichnet werden können. Zum Vergleich wurden Herbarbelege von verschiedenen Arten dieser Gattung bearbeitet. Die Arten sind morphologisch nicht unterscheidbar, weshalb vorgeschlagen wird, nur den Gattungsnamen zur Bezeichnung des entsprechenden Entwicklungsstadiums zu benutzen.
Es war nicht möglich, aufgrund morphologischer Merkmale den Stamm des Unbekannten Basidiomyceten zu bestimmen. Erst eine molekular-phylogenetischer Analyse von LSU rDNA mit Vergleichssequenzen aus der Genbank zeigte, dass der Pilz nahe verwandt ist mit Vertretern der Polyporales.
Der Verzehr von radioaktiv belasteten Pilzfruchtkörpern stellt ein Gesundheitsrisiko für den Menschen dar und auch fast 35 Jahre nach der Reaktorkatastrophe von Tschernobyl im Jahr 1986 sind Pilze aus Waldökosystemen zum Teil noch stark durch das ausgetretene radioaktive 137Cs belastet. Die Einschätzung der Belastung und somit des Gesundheitsrisikos ist aufgrund einer Vielzahl von Einflussfaktoren, wie z. B. der Pilzart, der Tiefe des Myzels, der Bodenkontamination und der Feuchtigkeit des Bodens, schwierig. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es die Variabilität, den Einfluss verschiedener Faktoren sowie die effektive Halbwertszeit der 137Cs-Aktivität in Pilzfruchtkörpern zu ermitteln. Des Weiteren wurde überprüft, ob die Bodenkontamination für eine Abschätzung der 137Cs-Aktivität von Pilzfruchtkörpern herangezogen werden kann. Für die Untersuchungen wurden über mehrere Jahre Proben von Maronenröhrlingen (Imleria badia) und Steinpilzen (Boletus edulis) aus vier Waldgebieten in Mittel- und Süddeutschland mit unterschiedlichem Aktivitätseintrag nach der Reaktorkatastrophe von Tschernobyl im Jahr 1986 analysiert. Die Gebiete waren Eichenzell, Wülfersreuth, Oberschönenfeld und der Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald. Als Ergänzung dienten zugesendete Proben derselben Pilzarten von Mitgliedern aus Pilzvereinen aus ganz Deutschland. Zusätzlich zu den Pilzproben wurden Bodenproben gemessen, um zum einen die aktuelle Bodenkontamination zu bestimmen und zum anderen zu überprüfen, ob der Großteil des 137Cs weiterhin im Bereich des Pilzmyzels zu finden ist.
Für die Untersuchung der örtlichen Variabilität der 137Cs-Aktivität wurden Maronenröhrlinge (Imleria badia) aus dem Waldgebiet Eichenzell in den Jahren 2017 bis 2019 analysiert. Innerhalb eines Sammeltages variierten die Messwerte verschiedener Proben innerhalb des Waldgebietes teilweise um den Faktor sechs. Dabei ist die Variabilität innerhalb eines Teilgebietes größer als zwischen beiden Teilgebieten des Waldgebietes Eichenzell. Für ein repräsentatives Ergebnis eines Gebietes ist es aufgrund der Variabilität erforderlich, eine ausreichende Menge an Fruchtkörpern zu analysieren.
Um die effektive Halbwertszeit der 137Cs-Aktivität in Maronenröhrlingen (Imleria badia) zu ermitteln, wurden Proben aus drei Waldgebieten über fünf bis neun Jahre analysiert. Die Wahl der drei Waldgebiete erfolgte anhand des 137Cs-Aktivitätseintrags nach der Reaktorkatastrophe von Tschernobyl im Jahr 1986. Die Bodenkontaminationswerte variieren von 3.000 Bq/m² in Eichenzell über 12.500 Bq/m² in Wülfersreuth bis 35.000 Bq/m² in Oberschönenfeld. Die effektiven Halbwerts-zeiten liegen in einem engen Bereich von 5,2 bis 5,8 Jahre mit einem Mittelwert von 5,4 ± 0,3 Jahren. Damit reduziert sich die radioaktive Belastung der Pilzfruchtkörper in etwa fünfmal schneller als durch die rein physikalische Halbwertszeit des 137Cs von 30,08 Jahren. Durch die Hinzunahme von bereits im Jahr 1990 veröffentlichten Daten ergab sich eine längere effektive Halbwertszeit von 7,7 ± 0,6 Jahren.
Für die Untersuchung der zwei Einflussfaktoren Exposition des Sammelgebiets (Hangausrichtung nach Ost oder West) und Höhenlage wurden sowohl Maronenröhrlinge (Imleria badia) als auch Steinpilze (Boletus edulis) hinsichtlich der 137Cs-Aktivität gemessen, um die Auswirkung auf Pilzarten mit unterschiedlichem Akkumulationsvermögen zu analysieren. Als Untersuchungsgebiet diente der Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald, da dieser ein großes Gebiet umfasst und verschiedene Ausprägungen der beiden Faktoren abbildet. Zudem wurde das Gebiet in Folge der Reaktorkatastrophe von Tschernobyl stark kontaminiert und der Park ist ein beliebtes Pilzsammelgebiet. Anhand der 137Cs-Aktivität von Bodenproben konnte das Gebiet in zwei Regionen (Cluster) eingeteilt werden: eine Region mit hohem und eine mit niedrigem Aktivitätseintrag. Im Vergleich wiesen Maronenröhrlinge (Imleria badia) durchschnittlich eine um den Faktor fünf höhere 137Cs-Aktivität als Steinpilze (Boletus edulis) auf. Der Faktor Höhenlage zeigte im Gegensatz zur Exposition einen Einfluss auf die Kontamination der Pilzfruchtkörper. In Bezug auf die Höhenlage war der Einfluss nur im Falle eines hohen Aktivitätseintrags signifikant, wobei die Pilzproben aus der niedrigsten Höhenlage am höchsten belastet waren.
Zur Ermittlung der vertikalen Verteilung des 137Cs im Boden wurden in den Waldgebieten Eichenzell und Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald Proben bis zu einer Tiefe von 24 cm entnommen und anschließend in 2 cm Schichten analysiert. Alle Verteilungen konnten mit einem Gauß-Fit oder einem multiplen Gauß-Fit mit 2 bis 3 Maxima abgebildet werden. Das erste Maximum lag in allen Fällen in den organischen Horizonten oder im Übergangsbereich zum Ah-Horizont. Folglich befindet sich der Großteil des 137Cs fast 35 Jahre nach der Reaktorkatastrophe von Tschernobyl immer noch im Bereich des Pilzmyzels und kann somit von den Pilzen aufgenommen und in den Fruchtkörpern angereichert werden.
Der Vergleich der 137Cs-Aktivität der Pilz- und Bodenproben aus dem Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald ergab sowohl für Maronenröhrlinge (Imleria badia) als auch für Steinpilze (Boletus edulis) eine positive Korrelation. Nach Unterteilung der Proben anhand der Höhenlage zeigte sich eine noch stärkere Korrelation. Dies zeigt, dass neben der Bodenkontamination auch die Höhenlage einen Einfluss auf die 137Cs-Aktivität der Fruchtkörper hat.
...
Anthropogenic interventions have altered all ecosystems around the world. One of those ecosystems are forests, the main resource for timber. They have been strongly transformed in their structure with large consequences on forest biodiversity. Especially the decrease in dead-wood volume due to the timber extraction and alternation of natural forest structures with even-aged stands of less diverse tree species composition has put especially saproxylic, i.e., dead-wood dependent species, under threat, which comprise about 20% of all forest species. Beetles, fungi and bacteria are three functional important groups for decomposition processes but we still lack much information about their sampling and the drivers of their diversity, thus it is difficult to comprehensively protect their diversity. Saproxylic fungi are a highly diverse species group and the main drivers of dead-wood decomposition; hence they play a major role in the global carbon cycle. Due to their cryptic lifestyle, many species are still unknown, but the recent advances in environmental DNA barcoding methods (metabarcoding) shed light on the formerly underestimated diversity. Yet, this method's accuracy and suitability in detecting specific species have not been assessed so far, limiting its current usefulness for species conservation. On the other hand, these methods are a convenient tool to study highly diverse areas with high numbers of unknown species, enabling the study of global diversity and its drivers, which are unknown for saproxylic fungi, but important to assess to predict the future impacts of global change. Since nature conservation concepts are usually not applied on a global scale, the drivers of diversity must also be assessed on smaller scales. Besides understanding the drivers of diversity, to identify focus scales to create comprehensive, evidence-based conservation concepts must utilize multi-taxonomic studies since saproxylic species are differently sensitive towards environmental variables and closely interact with each other. Filling these knowledge gaps is utterly needed to protect the high saproxylic diversity and ensure the functional continuity of decomposition processes, especially regarding the global change.
To address the usefulness of metabarcoding for fungal species conservation, I compared the traditional method of fruit body sampling with metabarcoding and their efficiency in detecting threatened fungal species in the first chapter of this thesis. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages. Their ability to detect threatened saproxylic fungal species and their dependencies on detecting specific fungal groups have not been compared, albeit they are important to inform species conservation like Red Lists properly. I found metabarcoding to generally detect more threatened fungal species than fruit body sampling with a higher frequency than fruit body sampling. Moreover, fruit body sampling detected a unique set of species, while fruit body sampling missed large parts of fungal diversity due to species-specific fruiting characteristics. Metabarcoding with high sampling intensity is thus a viable method to assess threatened saproxylic fungal diversity and inform nature conservation like Red Lists about distribution and abundances. Nevertheless, a complementary approach with fruit body sampling is indispensable for assessing all threatened fungal species.
In order to analyse the global diversity of saproxylic fungi and its drivers, I examined whether fungal species richness increases from the poles towards the equator and thus follows the latitudinal diversity gradient already found in many other species groups. I further investigated whether such an increase is caused by increasing ecological specialisation, i.e., niche partitioning, or local tree diversity, i.e., niche space. Gamma diversity per biome increased from the boreal, over the temperate to the tropics and thus confirmed the latitudinal diversity for saproxylic fungi. Contrastingly, alpha diversity at the log level did not significantly increase towards the tropics, suggesting a grain size dependency of the observed pattern and an equal niche space within dead-wood across latitudes. Ecological specialisation on the plot level was globally on a high level but did not increase significantly towards the equator. Additionally, I found local tree species richness to drive plot-based fungal diversity. Further analysis of gamma diversity against the total number of sampled tree species strengthened the assumption that tree species diversity and not increased ecological specialisation was the main driver of the latitudinal diversity gradient, as there was no significant difference between the gamma diversity of the temperate and tropical biome. Nonetheless, as the gamma diversity of the boreal biome was still significantly smaller, my results do not allow a complete neglection of the ecological specialisation hypothesis. The overall results indicate a strong dependency of saproxylic fungi diversity with host tree species diversity and that the global loss of tree species threatens saproxylic fungi with an unpredictable impact on carbon and nutrient cycling.
To support saproxylic conservation, I conducted two analyses. First, I compared the beta diversity of the three main decomposer groups (beetles, fungal fruit bodies, mycelial fungi (metabarcoding), and bacteria (metabarcoding)) across different scales to assess the impact of different environmental variables on their overall diversity. I used an experimental design to disentangle two different spatial scales, influenced by differences in macroclimate, forest microclimate and spatial distance, and two host scales, driven by differences between tree lineages and tree species. I set these beta diversities in relation to the gamma diversity of the three main decomposer groups to identify whether a unified conservation concept could be applied to one scale to optimally protect the diversity of all three species groups. Second, I identified whether diversity and community composition of fungi and bacteria differed among climate and land use gradients. Further I explored whether specialisation and niche packing could explain the expected pattern. To do so I used an experimental design disentangling climate and land use across a large gradient in Germany. The results differed among the species groups, denying a unified conservation concept focusing on one scale. Saproxylic beetle and fruit body beta diversity was equally high on each scale, as they are more sensitive towards environmental factors like macro- and microclimate. On the other hand, mycelial fungi and bacteria beta diversity was highest on the host scale, especially the host tree scale, indicating a high host specificity of the two groups. The second study also identified tree species as the main driver of diversity and community composition of these two study groups. Specialisation of fungi was not influenced by land use or climate. Bacterial specialisation and diversity were under a strong influence of mean precipitation. Comprehensive conservation of multi-taxonomic diversity across regions thus requires the integration of several scales. Within different macroclimatic regions, forests of varying microclimates, i.e., forest management, must be implemented. In these forests, dead-wood of different tree lineages, i.e., angio- and gymnosperms and tree species, must be provided.
Taken together, I could demonstrate that metabarcoding is an efficient method to sample threatened fungal species and identify differing drivers of fungal diversity present as fruit bodies or mycelium. Its usefulness will further increase due to the ongoing improvement of sequencing databases and thus better inform conservation concepts. Using metabarcoding, I could demonstrate that high host specialisation of saproxylic fungi is not a European but a global phenomenon and identify tree species loss under global change as one major concern for saproxylic diversity. My dissertation further highlighted the importance of multi-taxonomic studies for evidence-based nature conservation, as different species groups require varying concepts. These results were especially important for saproxylic bacteria as the drivers of their diversity are still largely unknown. Howbeit, large research gaps still exist regarding the impacts of global change on species and processes. Moreover, the spatial coverage of studies is needed to confirm or neglect the generality of current research especially concerning the highly diverse tropical areas. An increased focus on the drivers of diversity in these areas is crucial to ensure a globally comprehensive saproxylic conservation and the various ecosystem functions they control.
Tulasnella species (Tulasnellaceae, Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) form inconspicuous basidiomata on rotten branches or trunks of trees, difficult to find and recognize in nature. However, according to ultrastrucural and molecular data, species of Tulasnellaceae are the most frequent mycorrhriza forming fungi (mycobionts) of green, photosynthetic orchids worldwide. Species of Tulasnellaceae were also found as prominent mycobionts of the extraordinary diverse orchids in tropical montane rainforest of Southern Ecuador. Orchids obligately depend on mycobionts during the juvenile stage when the fungi have to deliver carbon to the non-photosynthetic protocorm and thus the fungi substantially influence the establishment of orchids in the wild. Species of Tulasnellaceae can acquire carbon from decaying bark or wood by specific saprotrophic capabilities as was recently proven through comparative genomics that included data on decay enzymes from Tulasnella cf. calospora isolated from orchid mycorrhizae (Anacamptis laxiflora, Italy). Thus, species of Tulasnellaceae can be saprotrophs and symbionts simultaneously.
It is currently under discussion, whether specific species of Tulasnella are required for seed germination and establishment of distinct terrestrial and epiphytic orchids in nature or if species of Tulasnella are generalists concerning their association with orchids. The inconsistences in species concepts and taxonomy of Tulasnella spp., however, strongly impede progress in this field of research. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to revise the species concepts by combining, for the first time, morphological and molecular data from basidiomata.
Specimens were collected in tropical Andean forest in Southern Ecuador and in temperate forests in Germany. Additional specimens were loaned from fungaria. In total, 205 specimens, corresponding to 16 own samples and 189 specimens from fungaria were analyzed. The mycobiont relationships of Tulasnella spp. with orchids from the sampling area in Ecuador were studied in populations of Epidendrum rhopalostele. The basis for molecular-phylogenetic analysis was completed by data obtained from own previous investigations on mycobionts from the investigation area and Tulasnella isolates from Australia.
30 morphospecies are illustrated and delimited by a morphological key based on traditional species concepts. Tulasnella andina from Ecuador and Tulasnella kirschneri from China are presented as species new to science. Tulasnella cruciata is described from herbarium material for the first time. Tulasnella aff. eichleriana and T. violea are reported for the first time from Ecuador. Molecular sequences of two Tulasnella spp. isolated from mycobionts of Epidendrum rhopalostele cannot be related to any morphological species concept. Statistical analyses suggest that conventional diagnostic using morphological characteristics is ambiguous for delimiting morphologically similar species.
For the first time sequences of the ITS-5.8S rDNA region were obtained after cloning from fresh basidiomata. Extraction of DNA from herbarium specimens was, however, unsuccessful. Sequences from 16 fresh basidiomata, six pure cultures, and sequences of orchids mycorrhizae (e.g. from Epidendrum rhopalostele) available in the database GenBank were analyzed. Proportional
variability of ITS-5.8S rDNA sequences within and among cultures and within and among specimens were used to designate morphospecies. Results suggest an intragenomic variation of less than 2 %, an intraspecific variation of up to 4 % and an interspecific divergence of more than 9 % for Tulasnella spp.
Four percent of intraspecific divergence was defined as a minimum threshold for delimiting phylogenetic species. This threshold corroborates the so far used 3 % to 5 % divergence in delimitation of operational taxonomic units of Tulasnella mycobionts.
Quite a number of sequences of Tulasnella are available in GenBank, mostly obtained from direct PCR amplification from orchid mycorrhizae. By including closely related sequences in the phylogenetic analysis, several morphological cryptic species of Tulasnella, mostly from Ecuador, were found. Arguments are given for molecular support of the new species Tulasnella andina and the established species Tulasnella albida, T. asymmetrica, T. eichleriana, T. tomaculum, and T. violea. Thus, by combining molecular and morphological data species concepts in Tulasnella are improved. The definitions of Tulasnella calospora and T. deliquescens, however, remain phylogenetically inconsistent.
The present investigation is a first step to expand our knowledge on the intraand interspecific morphological and molecular variability of Tulasnella spp. and to delimit species relevant for studies on ecology and communities of orchids and Tulasnellaceae.
The division Ascomycota(Fungi) contains a large number of taxa known to reproduce only asexually by the formation of conidia or other non-motile propagules produced by mitotic cellular devisions. They are called anamorphic, mitosporic, asexual or conidial fungi and ecologically, they are often found associated with plant debris in different stages of decay. In general, saprobic anamorphs of ascomycetous affinities are poorly studied and their outstanding diversity is currently underexplored. Phylogenetic relationships are unknown for many of them and they are still largely underrepresented in the current phylogenetic classification system of Fungi, with many morphologically defined anamorphic taxa still awaiting taxonomic reassessment in the light of molecular approaches. The increasing usage of molecular markers combined with robust statistical methods has allowed their phylogenetic affinities to be revealed and to gradually incorporate many of them into the different taxonomic groups of the division Ascomycota. However, the phylogenetic placement and taxonomic status of a large number of saprobic taxa remain unresolved due to the lack of DNA sequence data.
The present dissertation aims to explore the rich but understudied diversity of those anamorphic fungi traditionally known as hyphomycetes that inhabit dead plant debris. It consists of five publications in which a polyphasic approach integrating morphological, developmental, cultural and molecular data was used to incorporate novel or incertae sedis taxa within Ascomycota and to make more sound decisions regarding their taxonomic status. Specific objectives include: 1. the collection, isolation and morphological characterization of selected anamorphic fungi representing putative new or interesting taxa of uncertain phylogenetic placement; 2. the generation of novel DNA sequence data to infer their phylogenetic relationships and to resolve their taxonomic affinities within Ascomycota; 3. the testing of any previously available morphologically based hypotheses on their putative position, generic placement or relationships with teleomorphic, pleomorphic or other anamorphic taxa; and 4. the determination of their generic validity, monophyly and taxonomic boundaries using molecular data and phylogenetic analyses methods.
Materials studied in these five projects consisted of specimens collected during field work carried out by the author or collaborators in different countries including USA, the Czech Republic and Panama between the years 2014 and 2017. The target substrates were dead leaves of different palm trees, dead wood and bark of pines and twigs or stems of unknown shrubs and woody vines that are all known to harbor a rich saprobic mycobiota. Putative novelties or anamorphic taxa with unknown or poorly studied phylogenetic affinities were selected for further morphological and molecular investigation. Micromorphological studies were based on fungal structures observed on natural substrate, herbarium specimens and in culture. DNA was extracted from cultures and PCR amplification followed by Sanger sequencing was carried out using relevant molecular markers employed in fungal phylogenetic studies. Newly obtained DNA sequence data were analyzed following a standard phylogenetic analysis pipeline and phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed using character-based methods such as Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference.
Conclusion is that anamorphic Ascomycota inhabiting dead plant debris represents a largely untapped source of biodiversity and information still in need of further exploration. A new capnodiaceous genus Castanedospora, seven new species named Taeniolella sabalicola, Hermatomyces bifurcatus, H. constrictus, H. megasporus, H. sphaericoides, H. verrucosus and Septonema lohmanii, and two new combinations, Castanedospora pachyanthicola and H. reticulatus, are proposed based on morphological and DNA sequence data. Molecular phylogenetics was confirmed as the tool of choice for the inference of relationships in novel or incertae sedis anamorphic fungi that are otherwise difficult to assess in the absence of a teleomorphic state. They were first resolved or revisited for several saprobic species such as Ernakulamia cochinensis, H. sphaericus, H. tucumanensis or Septonema fasciculare in a suitable framework for phylogenetic hypothesis testing. Molecular data allowed to fully incorporate all these taxa in Ascomycota, particularly within the classes Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes, and to provide a foundation for better taxonomic decisions on their classification. Large and polyphyletic genera such as Taeniolella, Sporidesmium and Septonema, partially treated in this work and containing mostly saprobic species of obscure affinities, remained in need of further investigation.
The fungal genus Pestalotiopsis s.l. contains approximately 300 described species and is globally distributed. The monotypic genus Pestalotia is considered the closest relative of Pestalotiopsis s.l. This study aims to investigate the diversity and systematics within Pestalotiopsis s.l. and its relation to Pestalotia. Therefore, an integrative approach is used considering molecular phylogeny methods as well as examination of morphological characters.
Recently, Pestalotiopsis s.l. was split into three genera with the addition of the newly erected Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis. The species of these genera are usually saprotrophic, phytoparasitic, or endophytic, and have been isolated from soil, air, and many kinds of anorganic material. The asexual fruiting bodies appear on infected plant material as black acervuli that release conidia. The conidia are important to examine for morphological taxon recognition. The number of conidial cells is the feature that distinguishes Pestalotiopsis s.l. spp. with five celled conidia, from Pestalotia pezizoides with six celled conidia. However, the significance of morphological characters is controversially discussed among mycologists. In recent years, 55 new species were described based on minor genetic distances and marginal or no morphological differences. Thus, the value of certain morphological characters and genetic markers need to be reconsidered.
In this study, 102 herbarium specimens of 26 described species, with an emphasis on plant pathogenic species from North America, have been morphologically examined and documented through drawings and photographs. Morphological examination was complemented with a comprehensive molecular dataset obtained from 191 cultures representing the genera Neopestalotiopsis, Pestalotia, Pestalotiopsis, Pseudopestalotiopsis, and Truncatella. One novelty of this work is that, besides the well-established markers ITS, TEF1, and ß-tubulin, the protein-coding genes MCM7 and TSR1 were successfully sequenced and included in the analyses. Phylogenies using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference methods of single loci and the combined dataset were calculated. By comparison of these phylogenies, MCM7 was identified as the most powerful one in terms of phylogenetic resolution and statistical support of nodes and is proposed as an additional barcoding marker in Pestalotiopsis s.l.
In Pestalotiopsis, species delimitation was tested using the Baysian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography (BP&P) program that tests an existing species scenario against Bayesian inference methods under a multispecies coalescent model. The program supported only ten species out of the predetermined 19 species scenario. Measurements of conidia for species detected by BP&P were explored using a TukeyHSD-Test in the program R to find means that are significantly different from each other. This test revealed that combinations of morphological characters are required to distinguish between the ten species found by BP&P.
Another purpose of this work was to clarify the status of Pestalotia with regard to Pestalotiopsis s.l. Therefore, fresh epitypic material of Pestalotia pezizoides, was collected, isolated, and cultivated. The molecular analysis of a combined dataset of the gene regions ITS and LSU for species of Amphisphaeriales nested P. pezizoides in the genus Seiridium. Thus, synonymy of Pestalotia with Seiridium is proposed here. This is supported by morphology of the conidia. Further, an epitype is proposed for the type species of Pestalotiopsis, P. maculans. On the other hand, the recently proposed epitype of P. adusta is rejected here as it conflicts with the taxonomic hypothesis obtained in this study and its introduction is inconsistent with the formal requirements for epitypification. A new topotypic specimen is proposed instead. Additionally, several nomenclatural changes become necessary in many species examined. These include three new combinations and six synonyms of species of Pestalotiopsis s.l.
The conclusion of this work is that morphological data have potential as a valuable, inexpensive and easy way to recognize species. However, it is not the best method for species discovery and delimitation bearing in mind that in microfungi and many other organisms, individual plasticity and analogous structures are inadequately investigated. By phylogenetic analyses of molecular sequence data, it is possible to compare a great amount of equivalent characters and to delimit species that are morphologically cryptic. This is especially important since species of Pestalotiopsis s.l. mostly lack sexual structures that are helpful for morphological species delimitation in other groups of fungi. Thus, the Genealogical Concordance Species Concept (GCSC) finds its application in many fungal taxa. Conflicts in the genealogy between phylogenetic trees of different markers are interpreted as recombination of the genetic material within a linage. Accordingly, the change from conflict to congruence in a set of different phylogenetic trees can be seen as the species limit. It can be expected that increased application of the GCSC will lead to further approximation of described species numbers to the real number of species, especially in complicated groups like asexual microfungi.
Zusammenfassung (in German) Rostpilze sind obligate Parasiten auf vielen holzigen und krautigen Pflanzen und führen weltweit zu ernsten ökonomischen Schäden in der Landwirtschaft. Weltweit sind zurzeit sind ca. 100 Gattungen und 9000 Arten von Rostpilzen (Pucciniales, Basidiomycota) bekannt. Es gibt fünf verschiedene Entwicklungsstadien mit je eigener Morphologie: Spermogonium, Aecidium, Uredosporenlager, Teleutosporenlager und Basidium. Bei vielen Rostpilzen kommt es im Entwicklungsgang zu einem Wechsel zwischen zwei verschiedenen Wirtsarten. Die Spermogonien werden auf einem haploiden Myzel erzeugt, das sich nach der Infektion des Pflanzengewebes durch Basidiosporen entwickelt. In den Spermogonien entwickeln sich einzellige, monokaryotische, hyaline Spermatien, die in einem süßlichen Exudat ausgeschieden werden. Das Aecidium bildet einzellige, dikaryotische Aecidiosporen in Ketten. Bei der Keimung entwickeln sie dikaryotische Hyphen, welche entweder Uredosporen- oder Teleutosporenlager, aber nicht wieder Aecidien erzeugen. Die Uredosporen der Uredosporenlager dienen der Massenausbreitung, Infektion derselben Wirtsart und wiederholten Bildung neuer Uredosporenlager. Das Ornament der Uredosporen ist variabel: echinulat, verrucos, gestreift verrucos, zerfurcht, runzelig, labyrinthisch, pseudoreticulat oder reticulat. Teleutosporenlager und Teleutosporen sind das wichtigste Stadium für allgemeine Unterscheidungen und die Nomenklatur von Rostpilzen, da sie das sexuelle Stadium repräsentieren. Teleutosporen erzeugen Basidien und Basidiosporen. Teleutosporen sind morphologisch sehr variabel und präsentieren deshalb die nützlichsten zuverlässigen Eigenschaften zur Unterscheidung der Arten. Die Basidien entstehen größtenteils am distalen Ende der Teleutosporenzelle und sind transversal septiert. Die Basidiosporen sitzen auf Sterigmen auf den Basidienzellen und sind globos oder subglobos. Durch die hoch spezifische Abhängigkeit der Rostpilz-Arten von ihren Wirtspflanzen ist die Verbreitung der Rostpilze an die Verbreitung ihrer Wirte gebunden. Jedoch sind vollständige Lebens-Zyklen der Rostarten, mikromorphologische Details der oben genannten Stadien, Spektren der Wirtspflanzen und geographische Verbreitung unvollständig bekannt. Einige dieser offenen Fragen am Beispiel der Rostpilze Panamas zu beantworten ist das Ziel dieser Arbeit. Da für das relativ kleine Land Panama 9.500 Pflanzenarten bekannt sind, wird eine hohe Zahl an Rostpilzarten vermutet. Die Rostpilze Panamas wurden sporadisch von verschiedenen Mykologen studiert. Bis 2007 waren in Panama jedoch lediglich 25 Gattungen und 101 Arten von Rostpilzen bekannt. Für die vorliegende Arbeit wurden in den Jahren 2004 bis 2007 Rostpilze in Panama gesammelt, hauptsächlich in der Provinz Chiriquí im Westen Panamas. Insgesamt wurden 468 Belege geprüft, die 150 verschiedenen Arten von Rostpilzen entsprechen. 233 Belege wurden zwischen 2005 und 2007 im ppMP-Projekt (pflanzenparasitische Mikropilze Panamas) von M. Piepenbring, O. Perdomo, R. Mangelsdorff, T. Trampe und T. Hofmann gesammelt. 76 Belege wurden von M. Piepenbring zwischen 1998 und 2007 gesammelt. 1 Beleg wurde von R. Kirschner (2003) gesammelt. Zusätzlich wurden Belege aus Herbarien konsultiert, 30 Belege aus dem New York Botanical Garden (NYBG), 93 Belege aus den U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI) und 35 Belege aus der Purdue University (PUR). In dieser Arbeit werden 30 Arten von Rostpilzen aus dem Westen Panamas detailliert beschrieben und durch rasterelektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen und Zeichnungen illustriert. Zwei davon sind neue Arten: Puccinia urochloae auf Urochloa decumbes (Poaceae) und Uromyces melampodii auf Melampodium costaricense (Asteraceae). Puccinia urochloae unterscheidet sich von den bekannten Puccinia-Arten durch diorchidioide Teleutosporen, Teleutosporenmaße sowie Paraphysen und Uromyces melampodii von anderen Uromyces-Arten durch die Teleutosporenmaße und Wirtsgattung. 28 Arten werden erstmalig für Panama dokumentiert: für Aecidium psychotriae auf Psychotria cf. carthagenensis (Rubiaceae), für Coleosporium verbesinae auf Verbesina gigantea (Asteraceae), für Crossopsora byrsonimatis auf Byrsonima crassifolia (Malphigiaceae), für Crossopsora uleana auf Solanum trizygum (Solanaceae), für Puccinia cordiae auf Cordia alliodora (Boraginaceae), für Puccinia cyperi-tagetiformis auf Cyperus odoratus (Cyperaceae), für Puccinia enixa auf Baccharis cf. pedunculata, für Puccinia inaudita auf Wedelia inconstans (Asteraceae), für Puccinia psidii auf Syzygium jambos (Myrtaceae), für Puccinia sp. 1 auf Aulonemia patriae (Poaceae), für Puccinia sp. 2 auf Carex longii (Cyperaceae), für Pucciniosira dorata auf Triumfetta bogotensis (Malvaceae), für Uredo ficina auf Ficus sp. (Moraceae), für Uredo hydrocotyles auf Hydrocotyle mexicana (Apiaceae), für Uredo incomposita auf Eleocharis sp. (Cyperaceae), für Uredo jatrophicola auf Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae), für Uredo kyllingiae auf Kyllinga cf. odorata (Cyperaceae), für Uredo melinidis auf Melinis minutiflora (Poaceae), für Uredo notata auf Byrsonima crassifolia (Malpighiaceae), für Uredo peperomiae auf Peperomia glabella (Piperaceae), für Uredo proeminens auf Euphorbia heterophylla and E. hyssopifolia (Euphorbiaceae), für Uredo rubescens auf Dorstenia contrajerva (Moraceae), für Uredo yucatanensis auf Mimosa albida (Fabaceae), für Uromyces bidenticola auf Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae), für Uromyces ictericus auf Iresine celosiae (Amaranthaceae), für Uromyces sp. 1 auf Struthanthus sp. (Loranthaceae) und für Uromyces trifolii-repentis auf Trifolium repens (Fabaceae). Die Zahl der für Panama bekannten Rostpilze erhöht sich mit dieser Arbeit von 101 auf 131 Arten. Für fünf andere Rostpilze werden weltweit neue Wirtsarten genannt: Cordia spinescens als Wirt von Alveolaria cordiae, Eupatorium odoratum als Wirt von Cionothrix praelonga, Xylopia grandiflora als Wirt von Dasyspora gregaria, Cyperus diffusus als Wirt von Puccinia subcoronata, und Calathea indecora als Wirt von Puccinia thaliae. Die Artenvielfalt von Pflanzen in den Tropen ist noch nicht vollständig bekannt, und man kann keine Voraussagen machen oder feststellen, ob ein Gebiet artenreicher ist als andere. Die bescheidene Dokumentation von Rost-Pilzen in Panama beruht auf einem Mangel an Inventuren im Gebiet. Die in Panama am häufigsten vertretenen Wirts-Familien sind die Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae und Poaceae. Die Asteraceae, mit 303 Arten die sechstgrößte Pflanzenfamilie in Panama, haben die größte Zahl der Wirtsarten von Rost-Pilzen in Panama mit 24 Rostarten, nämlich in den Gattungen Cionothrix, Coleosporium, Dietelia, Endophyllum, Puccinia und Uromyces. Die Fabaceae jedoch präsentieren die höchste Zahl der Rost-Gattungen in Panama (Ateloucada, Dicheirinia, Phakopsora, Puccinia, Uraecium, Uredo, Uromyces und Uropyxis) mit 23 Rostarten. Die Fabaceae sind mit einer Gesamtzahl von 487 Arten in Panama die zweitgrößte Pflanzenfamilie. In dieser Studie wurden rasterelektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen der Morphologie und Ornamentierung von Sporen durchgeführt. Echinulate und verrucose Ornamentierung sind mit dem Lichtmikroskop bei gewissen Arten von Pilzen schwierig zu unterscheiden. Das beobachtete Ornament ist jeweils spezifisch für die Art. Die asexuell gebildeten Uredosporenlager und Uredosporen sind in der Regel das zahlenmäßig am häufigsten anzutreffende Entwicklungsstadium und seine Merkmale sind genügend unveränderlich und unterschieden, um sie taxonomisch zu verwenden. Die taxonomisch nützlichsten Eigenschaften von Uredosporen sind: die Form und Größe der Spore, die Farbe und Stärke der Sporen-Wand, ihre Oberflächenornamentierung, die Zahl und Verteilung der Keimporen. Die Anwesenheit von Paraphysen ist bei Rost-Pilzen taxonomisch nicht wichtig. In den beobachteten Belegen sind Paraphysen sowohl in Uredo- als auch in Teleutosporenlagern vorhanden, allerdings am häufigsten in Uredosporenlagern. Bestimmte Merkmale der Paraphysen können jedoch taxonomisch wichtig sein. In unserer Analyse fanden wir Arten mit pigmentierten Paraphysen bei Crossopsora uleana, Puccinia sp. 1, Uredo jatrophicola, Uredo yucatanensis und Uromyces melampodii. Crossopsora uleana hat verzweigte Paraphysen. Für die Identifikation der Rostpilze ist es notwendig und wesentlich, die Wirtspflanzen zu identifizieren. Dennoch können viele Pflanzenproben nicht leicht identifiziert werden, da viele steril sind, und in den meisten Fällen sind blühende oder fruchtenden Teile für die Pflanzenbestimmung wesentlich. Viele Rostpilzarten wurden in der Vergangenheit sehr knapp und unvollständig, mit irreführenden Angaben und ungenauen Wirtsdaten beschrieben. Rostpilze können im Feld leicht erkannt werden. Es gibt wenige Ausnahmen, die mit anderen pathogenen Pilzen verwechselt werden können. Solch ein Beispiel ist Stigmina anacardii, ein imperfekter Pilz mit oberflächlich ähnlicher Morphologie wie Rostpilze, aber mit Beziehung zu den Ascomycota. Basidien und Basidiosporen von Alveolaria cordiae werden erstmals illustriert und dokumentiert. Am Beispiel von Dasyspora gregaria konnte erstmals eine fein warzige Ornamentierung der Basidiosporen bei Rostpilzen aufgezeigt werden. Resumen (in Spanish) Especies de Pucciniales son hongos parásitos de plantas del grupo Basidiomycota. En esta tesis 30 especies de Pucciniales recientemente colectadas en el Oeste de Panama se presentan con descripciones detalladas, microscopia electrónica de barrido y dibujos. De estas, 2 son nuevas especies: Puccinia urochloae y Uromyces melampodii. Además, 28 especies se citan por primera vez para Panama: Aecidium psychotriae, Coleosporium verbesinae, Crossopsora byrsonimatis, Crossopsora uleana, Puccinia cordiae, Puccinia cyperi-tagetiformis, Puccinia enixa, Puccinia inaudita, Puccinia paupercula, Puccinia psidii, Puccinia sp. 1, Puccinia sp. 2, Pucciniosira dorata, Uredo ficina, Uredo hydrocotyles, Uredo incomposita, Uredo jatrophicola, Uredo kyllingiae, Uredo melinidis, Uredo notata, Uredo peperomiae, Uredo proeminens, Uredo rubescens, Uredo yucatanensis, Uromyces bidenticola, Uromyces ictericus, Uromyces sp. 1 y Uromyces trifolii-repentis. Asi el numero de especies de Pucciniales conocidas para Panama aumenta de 101 a 131. En 5 especies diferentes de hongos se descubrieron nuevas especies en plantas hospederas: Cordia spinescens para Alveolaria cordiae, Eupatorium odoratum para Cionothrix praelonga, Xylopia gradiflora para Dasyspora gregaria, Cyperus diffusus para Puccinia subcoronata, y Calathea indecora para Puccinia thaliae. La especie Dasyspora gregaria es reportada con basidiosporas finamente verrucosas por primera vez en royas y la especie Alveolaria cordiae, una especie pobremente conocida es reportada, descrita e ilustrada con detalles por primera vez sobre Cordia spinescens en Panama.
Fungi belonging to the Rhytismatales (Ascomycota) are parasites or endophytes of plants, some are saprophytes. Their fruiting bodies are localized in different organs of the host plants belonging to many different families of gymnosperms and angiosperms. Many species of Rhytismatales are known on species of Pinaceae, Ericaceae, and Poaceae. These fungi usually have ascomata that are more or less embedded in host tissue and open by longitudinal or radial splits. They have a more or less carbonized covering stroma, thin-walled, iodine negative asci, and ascospores usually covered by gelatinous sheaths.
In the present study, two lists of species of Rhytismatales in China are presented. One is based on literature and includes 103 species in 15 genera. The second one contains the names of the species in the present study, 57 species in 20 genera based on 90 specimens I collected in the Yunnan and Anhui province in China during July to August in 2001. 31 species in the second list are new species or new records for China, so we presently know 134 species in 22 genera of Rhytismatales for China. 28 new species of Rhytismatales are proposed, 21 species from the Yunnan province and seven from the Anhui province. Among them, three new species are proposed in three new genera, Nematococcomyces, New Genus 1, and New Genus 2, respectively. The 28 new species are Cerion sp., Coccomyces spp. 1-2, Colpoma spp. 1-2, Hypoderma spp. 1-6, Lirula sp., Lophodermella sp., Lophodermium spp. 1-5, Nematococcomyces rhododendri C.-L. Hou, M. Piepenbr. & Oberw., Neococcomyces sp., New Genus 1 sp., New Genus 2 sp., Rhytisma spp. 1-2, Soleella sp., Terriera spp. 1-2, and Therrya sp. The genus Davisomycella is proposed as a synonym of Lophodermella based on observations of the morphology, ecology, and the infected organ. The four genera Cerion, Naemacyclus, Terriera, and Therrya, and three species, Hypoderma rubi, Lophodermium uncinatum, and Naemacyclus pinastri, are reported for the first time for China. All the new taxa, the newly recorded ones, as well as six species which had not been illustrated in detail before, are carefully described and illustrated by line drawings in the present study.
The results show that species of Rhytismatales are highly diverse especially in the natural vegetation in high mountainous areas in China. Most species of Rhytismatales are conspicuously host specific. The diversity of Rhytismatales is closely related to that of the preferred hosts, which are members of Pinaceae, Ericaceae, and Cupressaceae. Based on the detailed morphological observations, the significance of different morphological characteristics for a natural classification of Rhytismatales is discussed. Genera are traditionally defined by character states of a few characteristics, namely the opening patterns of ascomata, the depth of ascomata in the host tissue, and asci and ascospore shape. Data from collections in the field, detailed morphological investigation, and molecular data show, however, that the ecology, the infected organ, the host relationship, and many other characteristics have to be combined to circumscribe natural groups.
The discussion of the systematic significance of morphological characteristics is complemented by molecular data. In the present study, partial nuclear large subunit rDNA sequences of 52 specimens representing 38 species are used to analyse phylogenetic relationships for members of Rhytismatales.
Most species of Rhytismatales are placed in a monophyletic group corresponding to the Rhytismatales in the Maximum Parsimony analysis. The delimitation of the Rhytismatales from the Helotiales is, however, difficult. Cyclaneusma minus should be transferred from the Rhytismatales to the Helotiales, and Cudonia circinans and Spathularia flavida from the Helotiales to the Rhytismatales. These tranfers have previously been proposed based on SSU rDNA analysis by other authors. New Genus 1 sp. has morphological characteristics typical for species of Rhytismatales. In the LSU rDNA analysis, however, it is more closely related to Helotiales rather than toRhytismatales. Therefore New Genus 1 sp. is placed in the Helotiales.
Tryblidiopsis pinastri is morphologically intermediate between members of Rhytismataceae and Cudoniaceae. LSU rDNA sequences in the present study show that T. pinastri is more closely related to species of Cudoniaceae. Therefore, this species is removed from the Rhytismataceae to the Cudoniaceae. The delimitation of further families could not be resolved in the present analysis.
Though many new morphological, ecological, and molecular phylogenetic findings are contributed for the first time, the systematic conclusions at generic, family, and order level can only be fragmentary in the present study. With more collections and more molecular data of the worldwide 450 known and many more unknown species of Rhytismatales at hand, a natural system combining morphological and molecular analysis can be elaborated.
This study comprises a survey on ecology, morphology and taxonomy of parasitic fungi infecting Pteridophytes and Orchidaceae found by the author on several field trips to Western Panama as part of the project plant parasitic micro-fungi of Western Panama (ppMP). In Panama, approximately 9500 species of vascular plants are found. Of these, Orchidaceae are with ca. 1150 (ca. 12%) species by far the most speciose family. The Pteridophytes in Panama comprise ca. 940 species in 31 families. Most fungal pathogens on Orchidaceae in tropical regions were described from plants in culture or from material intercepted at borders by plant quarantine services and not from their natural habitats. Therefore, little is known about distribution and ecology of these pathogens in their natural range. The author determined and classified several hundred Orchidaceae-species and Pteridophytes at the sites selected in the context of the project. This work facilitated the identification of many host plants (at least to genus-level) even in sterile condition in the field. About 65 species of Pucciniales are known to infest Orchidaceae and ca. 38% of them are described from tropical America. All available types of Pucciniales on Orchidaceae in tropical America were studied and compared with 91 specimens of rust fungi on orchids collected by the author in Panama. Several hundred additional specimens housed in the BPI, almost all intercepted from plant quarantine services, were used for comparison. As result of this work, it is suggested to combine Uromyces stenorrhynchi Henn. to Sphenospora and, as this is the oldest epithet, to synonymize S. kevorkianii Linder, S. mera Cumm. and S. saphena Cumm. with it. Further, it could be demonstrated that Uredo aurantiaca Montemartini, U. cyrtopodii Syd. & P. Syd., U. epidendri Henn., U. guacae Mayor, U. gynandrearum Corda, U. lynchii (Berk.) Plowr., U. neopustulata Cumm. (≡U. pustulata Henn.), U. nigropuncta Henn., U. oncidii Henn., U. ornithidii F. Kern., Cif. & Thurst., and presumably U. scabies Cke., are anamorphs of this variable species. U. gynandrearum is the oldest anamorph-name for all these taxa. Therefore, it can be established that this rust infects more than 80 species of Orchidaceae in three subfamilies. In total, the anamorph of this species was collected by the author on 17 different species of Orchidaceae in Panama which, apart from one species, are all new hosts to science. The molecular data obtained by the author confirm this view, although more data, especially from material from the whole range of distribution of U. gynandrearum, are necessary. Puccinia spiranthicola Cumm. was found to be a synonym of P. cinnamomea Diet. & Holw. and was found by the author on three different Orchidaceae in two subfamilies. Uredo pleurothallidis Keissl. is now considered a synonym of U. wittmackiana Henn. and the latter as the anamorph of Puccinia oncidii Cumm. In the anamorph genus Uredo, a new species was found infecting at least five different species of Sobralia and Elleanthus (Sobraliinae) at different localities. Molecular data indicate it to be related to the currently polyphyletic Phakopsoraceae. For the rusts with suprastomatal sori on Orchidaceae, now separated from Hemileia and placed in the genus Desmosorus (nom. inval.), the current concept with only one taxon is rejected and the establishment of three subspecies is suggested. The complicated taxonomy is discussed and makes it necessary to validate the genus-name and make a new combination. Another Hemileia-anamorph species was found by the author and is considered to be new to science. This is the first species of this alliance in America on Orchidaceae. Molecular data obtained by the author confirm the separation of Desmosorus from Hemileia and the position of the new species. For rusts on Pteridophytes, a new species of Milesia, (teleomorph: Milesina) and a new anamorphic species of Uredinopsis was found, both on hosts hitherto not known. In Calidion, the presumable anamorph-genus of Uncol, the species C. cf. cenicafeae Salazar & Buriticá was found on several new hosts. Further, the teleomorph was found. Morphologically, this teleomorph did not agree with the description of Uncol by the author of the genus, although the anamorph characteristics left no doubt that it is Calidion. Apparently, the description of Uncol is inadequate, but cannot be improved, as the type is unavailable. Molecular data obtained by the author show this species to be closest to Desmosorus. For Uredo superficialis Speg., the anamorph of Desmella, nine new hosts in eight different fern families were found by the author and the collaborators of the ppMP-project. Ecological data indicate that this species includes different host specific races, which, however could not be distinguished morphologically. For all these rusts, a thorough discussion of the ecology in their habitats is given. In total, 21 LSU rDNA sequences from 6 different rust species on Orchidaceae and Pteridophytes were obtained and analyzed with the Maximum Parsimony and Minimum Evolution method. Here, the position of several groups could be confirmed, and some anamorphs could be assigned to different teleomorphic relationships. Within the Ascomycota and their anamorphs, several hitherto unknown species and species not known from these hosts or not known from Panama were found and analyzed. On Orchidaceae, the following fungi belonging to the Ascomycota are described, illustrated and discussed: In the Phyllachorales, a hitherto not known Phyllachora sp. was found on Oncidium warszewiczii Rchb. f. and was compared with the other species of this order currently known from Orchidaceae. In the Asterinaceae s. l. Lembosia cf. epidendri Meir. Silva & O. R. Pereia was found on Maxillaria crassifolia (Lindl.) Rchb. f., which is a new host and new host alliance for this fungus hitherto only known from Brazil. The fungus is described and compared with all species of Asterinaceae currently known on Orchidaceae. In the Meliolaceae, Meliola orchidacearum Cif. was found on Camaridium biolleyi (Schltr.) Schltr. and an Epidendrum sp. which are new hosts and new host alliances of this fungus which was hitherto only known from the Caribbean Islands. It is described, illustrated and compared with the type. In the Glomerellaceae, Glomerella cingulata and its anamorph Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were found on several hosts. The species is illustrated, described and compared with data from literature. In the anamorphic Mycosphaerellaceae, Pseudocercospora odontoglossii (Prill. & Delacr.) U. Braun, a species currently only known from culture, was found on the new host Pleurothallis imraei Lindl. It is illustrated, described and compared with data from literature. On ferns, the following other fungi are described, illustrated and discussed: A conspicuous undescribed form of Polycyclus was found by the author on Elaphoglossum ciliatum (C. Presl.) T. Moore (Dryopteridaceae) and Serpocaulon loriceum (L.) A. R. Sm. (Polypodiaceae). A conspectus of Parmulariaceae infecting ferns is given and demonstrated that Polycyclina should be synonymized under Polycyclus. Summing up, it can be assessed, especially for the Pucciniales, that the most speciose plant family in Panama carries remarkable few species of specific parasites, and that many of them seem to be distributed over a wide range of species which often are not closely related. One reason amongst others seems to be that parasites need a minimum density of host plants in a habitat to survive. As orchid species often occur with only few (and often small) individual plants at a given locality, the probability for a specific pathogen to infect a plant gets too low, hence high diversity by low abundance of hosts might be an impediment for specific pathogens. In this case, unspecific parasites, or such which are infecting larger alliances, are in advantage. Other reasons could be specific traits of orchids, like succulence and mycotrophy which might hamper fungal infections.
Plant parasitic species of Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota, Fungi) are inconspicuous foliicolous fungi with a mainly tropical distribution. They form black colonies on the surface of living leaves. Members of Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae are characterized by shield-shaped, flat ascomata (thyriothecia) which grow completely superficially on the leaf cuticle. Microthyriaceae, Asterinaceae and other families of thyriothecia-forming ascomycetes belong to the class Dothideomycetes due to the presence of bitunicate asci. However, until today no consistent taxonomic concept nor molecular phylogenetic studies exist for the families of thyriothecioid ascomycetes. In the present thesis, 42 species belonging to 13 different anamorphic and teleomorphic genera of Asterinaceae, Microthyriaceae and ‘Pycnothyriales’ recently collected in Western Panama, are identified, described in detail and illustrated with drawings, transmission and scanning electron microscopical photographs. Among the 42 species, 37 species belong to the Asterinaceae, four species to the Microthyriaceae and one species to the from group ‘Pycnothyriales’. Two species of Asterinaceae are new to sience: Asterina gaiadendricola with an Asterostomella anamorph and Asterina schlegeliae with a Mahanteshamyces anamorph. Among the remaining species of Asterinaceae, 28 species represent new records for Panama: Asterina cestricola, A. ciferriana, A. consobrina, A. corallopoda, A. davillae with anamorph, A. diplocarpa, A. diplopoda, A. ekmanii, A. fuchsiae, A. manihotis, A. phenacis, A. radiofissilis with anamorph, A. siphocampyli, A. sponiae, A. stipitipodia with anamorph, A. styracina, A. tonduzii with anamorph, A. weinmanniae, A. zanthoxyli, Asterostomella dilleniicola, Asterolibertia licaniicola, Asterolibertia nodulosa, Cirsosia splendida with its Homalopeltis chrysobalani anamorph and Prillieuxina winteriana with its Leprieurina winteriana anamorph. The remaining 11 species of Asterinaceae probably respresent new species: Asterina spp. 1-8, Asterolibertia sp., Halbanina sp. and Mahanteshamyces sp. The four species of Microthyriaceae are new records for Panama: Maublanica uleana, Platypeltella irregularis, Platypeltella smilacis and Xenostomella tovarensis. The species Hemisphaeropsis magnoliae in the form group ‘Pycnothyriales’ is a new record for Panama. During this study, voucher material of 44 additional species of plant parasitic thyriothecioid ascomycetes was examined. Thereby, the number of species of Asterinaceae known for Panama since 2006 raises from four to 30, for Microthyriaceae respectively from zero to four and for ‘Pycnothyriales’ from zero to one. 21 of the presented species are new records for Central America and two species are new records for the American Continent. The presented 42 species parasitize 47 host plant species in 39 genera belonging to 28 plant families. For 23 fungal species, new host plant species are discovered. From those, seven belong to host plant genera not reported before to be parasitized by a member of Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae: Burmeistera (Campanulaceae), Curatella and Davilla (Dilleniaceae), Greigia (Bromeliaceae), Hirtella (Chrysobalanaceae), Oxandra and Xylopia (Annonaceae). In this study, the first molecular phylogenetic approach in Asterinaceae is provided. For the first time, DNA was isolated from fresh material of Asterina spp. and their respective anamorphic stages on leaves in Panama. The hypothesis derived from SSU and LSU rDNA neighbour-joining analysis supports the monophyly of the Asterinaceae and suggests a close relationship to Venturiaceae within the class Dothideomycetes. The data obtained from the ppMP project (plant parasitic microfungi of Panama) indicate a constant but low abundance of plant parasitic thyriothecioid ascomycetes in natural plant communities in Panama, with Asterinaceae as the most species-rich and diverse family. Further collection activities in tropical regions worldwide will certainly increase our knowledge about species diversity and ecology of tropical plant parasitic thyriothecioid ascomycetes.