Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (21)
- Bachelor Thesis (1)
- Master's Thesis (1)
Has Fulltext
- yes (23)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (23)
Keywords
Institute
- Physik (23) (remove)
This thesis contains three theoretical works about certain aspects of the interplay of electronic correlations and topology in the Hubbard model.
In the first part of this thesis, the applicability of elementary band representations (EBRs) to diagnose interacting topological phases, that are protected by spatial symmetries and time-reversal-symmetry, in terms of their single-particle Matsubara Green’s functions is investigated. EBRs for the Matsubara Green’s function in the zero-temperature limit can be defined via the topological Hamiltonian. It is found that the Green’s function EBR classification can only change by (i) a gap closing in the spectral function at zero frequency, (ii) the Green’s function becoming singular i.e. having a zero eigenvalue at zero frequency or (iii) the Green’s function breaking a protecting symmetry. As an example, the use of the EBRs for Matsubara Green’s functions is demonstrated on the Su-Schriefer-Heeger model with exact diagonalization.
In the second part the Two-Particle Self-Consistent approach (TPSC) is extended to include spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Time-reversal symmetry, that is preserved in the presence of SOC, is used to derive new TPSC self-consistency equations including SOC. SOC breaks spin rotation symmetry which leads to a coupling of spin and charge channel. The local and constant TPSC vertex then consists of three spin vertices and one charge vertex. As a test case to study the interplay of Hubbard interaction and SOC, the Kane-Mele-Hubbard model is studied. The antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations are the leading instability which confirms that the Kane-Mele-Hubbard model is an XY antiferromagnet at zero temperature. Mixed spin-charge fluctuations are found to be small. Moreover, it is found that the transversal spin vertices are more strongly renormalized than the longitudinal spin vertex, SOC leads to a decrease of antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations and the self-energy shows dispersion and sharp features in momentum space close to the phase transition.
In the third part TPSC with SOC is used to calculate the spin Hall conductivity in the Kane-Mele-Hubbard model at finite temperature. The spin Hall conductivity is calculated once using the conductivity bubble and once including vertex corrections. Vertex corrections for the spin Hall conductivity within TPSC corresponds to the analogues of the Maki-Thompson contributions which physically correspond to the excitation and reabsorption of a spin, a charge or a mixed spin-charge excitation by an electron. At all temperatures, the vertex corrections show a large contribution in the vicinity of the phase transition to the XY antiferromagnet where antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations are large. It is found that vertex corrections are crucial to recover the quantized value of −2e^2/h in the zero-temperature limit. Further, at non-zero temperature, increasing the Hubbard interaction leads to a decrease of the spin Hall conductivity. The results indicate that scattering of electrons off antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations renormalize the band gap. Decreasing the gap can be interpreted as an effective increase of temperature leading to a decrease of the spin Hall conductivity.
Great interest has emerged recently in the search for Kitaev spin liquid states in real materials. Such states rely on strongly anisotropic magnetic interactions, which have been suggested to exist in a number of candidate materials based on Ir and Ru. This thesis concentrates on two priority purposes. The first is the investigation of electronic and magnetic properties of candidate materials Na2IrO3, α-Li2IrO3, α-RuCl3, γ-Li2IrO3, and Ba3YIr2O9 for Kitaev physics where both spin-orbit coupling and correlation effects are important. The second is the method development for the microscopic description of correlated materials combining many-body methods and density functional theory (DFT). ...
Topological phases set themselves apart from other phases since they cannot be understood in terms of the usual Landau theory of phase transitions. This fact, which is a consequence of the property that topological phase transitions can occur without breaking symmetries, is reflected in the complicated form of topological order parameters. While the mathematical classification of phases through homotopy theory is known, an intuition for the relation between phase transitions and changes to the physical system is largely inhibited by the general complexity.
In this thesis we aim to get back some of this intuition by studying the properties of the Chern number (a topological order parameter) in two scenarios. First, we investigate the effect of electronic correlations on topological phases in the Green's function formalism. By developing a statistical method that averages over all possible solutions of the manybody problem, we extract general statements about the shape of the phase diagram and investigate the stability of topological phases with respect to interactions. In addition, we find that in many topological models the local approximation, which is part of many standard methods for solving the manybody lattice model, is able to produce qualitatively correct phase transitions at low to intermediate correlations.
We then extend the statistical method to study the effect of the lattice, where we evaluate possible applications of standard machine learning techniques against our information theoretical approach. We define a measure for the information about particular topological phases encoded in individual lattice parameters, which allows us to construct a qualitative phase diagram that gives a more intuitive understanding of the topological phase.
Finally, we discuss possible applications of our method that could facilitate the discovery of new materials with topological properties.
Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Herstellung sowie der strukturellen und magnetischen Charakterisierung von zwei Materialklassen von kupferbasierten zweidimensionalen Quanten-Spin-Systemen: Quadratische Gitter von Dimeren sowie geometrisch frustrierte Kagomé Gitter. In beiden Systemen werden Substitutionen vorgestellt die zu verbesserten Eigenschaften führen.
In this thesis, we presented the theoretical description of the magnetic properties of various frustrated spin systems. Especially in search of exotic states, such as quantum spin liquids, magnetically frustrated systems have been subject of intense research within the last four decades. Relating experimental observations in real materials with theoretical models that capture those exotic magnetic phenomena has been one of the great challenges within the field of magnetism in condensed matter.
In order to build such a bridge between experimental observations and theoretical models, we followed two complementary strategies in this thesis. One strategy was based on first principles methods that enable the theoretical prediction of electronic properties of real materials without further experimental input than the crystal structure. Based on these predictions, low-energy models that describe magnetic interactions can be extracted and, through further theoretical modelling, can be compared to experimental observations. The second strategy was to establish low-energy models through comparison of data from experiments, such as inelastic neutron scattering intensities, with calculated predictions based on a variety of plausible magnetic models guided by microscopic insights. Both approaches allow to relate theoretical magnetic models with real materials and may provide guidance for the design of new frustrated materials or the investigation of promising models related to exotic magnetic states.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Spindephasierung optisch angeregter itineranter Ladungsträger in magnetisch dotierten Volumenhalbleitern mit Methoden der zeitaufgelösten magneto-optischen Ultra-Kurzzeit-Spektroskopie untersucht und eine theoretische Beschreibung der Spindephasierung entwickelt, die ein hohes Maß an Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen aufweist. Beim untersuchten Material Cd1-xMnxTe handelt es sich um einen sog. magnetischen Halbleiter, der die elektronischen Eigenschaften eines Halbleiters mit den magnetischen Eigenschaften eines Paramagneten vereint. Bedingt durch die starke sp/d-Austauschwechselwirkung zwischen den Spins der lokalisierten magnetischen Ionen und denen der optisch angeregten itineranten Ladungsträger, kommt es zur Ausbildung vieler neuer, bisher unbekannter, aber auch zur Modifikation bereits bekannter Effekte. Die Wirkungsweise der sp/d-Austauschkopplung in magnetischen Halbleitern kann stark vereinfacht gesprochen als eine Art „Verstärker“ verstanden werden, der unter anderem zu einer Intensivierung all solcher Effekte führt, die durch Magnetfelder, seien sie externer oder interner Natur, bedingt sind. Durch diese starke Respons auf externe Magnetfelder kommt es in magnetischen Halbleitern zu einer starken Überhöhung der Zeeman-Aufspaltung, so daß eine getrennte Beobachtung der ansonsten entarteten Spinzustände möglich wird. Die Methode der Wahl zur Untersuchung der zeitlichen Entwicklung der energetisch aufgespaltenen Spinzustände ist die Detektion der zeitaufgelösten Spinquantenschwebungen der Ladungsträger, die das zeitaufgelöste Analogon zur Detektion des Hanle-Effektes in Gasen darstellt. Hierfür kam ein magneto-optischer Detektionsaufbau zum Einsatz, der es ermöglichte, die zeitliche Entwicklung der Komponenten der transienten Magnetisierungen der im Magnetfeld präzedierenden Ladungsträgerspins zu erfassen und so Rückschlüsse auf die Lebensdauer der angeregten Zustände zu schließen. Da die so bestimmten Dephasierungszeiten der detektierten Transienten der Spinquantenschwebungen eine starke Abhängigkeit von den externen Parametern wie der Temperatur, dem Magnetfeld und der magnetischen Dotierung aufweisen, war es ein Ziel dieser Arbeit, eine systematische Untersuchung der gefundenen Abhängigkeiten durchzuführen, um so eine möglichst breite Datenbasis für die weitere theoretische Untersuchung der gefundenen Ergebnisse zu schaffen. Im Zuge dieser Untersuchungen gelang uns unter anderem der erste experimentelle Nachweis der oszillatorischen Signaturen von kohärenten Lochspinquantenschwebungen in magnetisch dotierten Halbleitern. Obwohl magnetisch dotierte Halbleiter bereits seit mehr als 30 Jahren experimentell untersucht werden, konnten unsere experimentellen Befunde zur Spindephasierung optisch angeregter Ladungsträger durch keines der etablierten Modelle zur Beschreibung der Spindephasierung, sei es in magnetisch dotierten oder in undotierten Halbleitern, beschrieben werden. Aus diesem Grund wurde ausgehend vom Gedanken, daß lokale Fluktuationen der Magnetisierung der magnetischen Ionen einen starken Einfluß auf die Lebensdauer der itineranten Spins haben, ein neues Modell entwickelt. Dieses Modell beruht auf der Adaption einer Beschreibung der Spindephasierung, die im Rahmen von Kernresonanzexperimenten entwickelt wurde und der Orientierung der Störungen der Magnetisierung in bezug zur Orientierung der Spins der itineranten Ladungsträger besonders Rechnung trägt. Durch die konsequente Ableitung quantitativer Ausdrücke für die Stärke der Magnetisierungsfluktuationen unter Berücksichtigung quantenmechanischer Fluktuationen gelang es uns, eine einfache Beschreibung für die Spindephasierung optisch angeregter Elektronen und Löcher in magnetischen Halbleitern in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur, dem Magnetfeld und der Mangan-Dotierung zu formulieren. Die im Rahmen unseres Modells berechneten Dephasierungszeiten weisen im Bereich geringer Mangan-Konzentrationen (x <4 %) ein hohes Maß an Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Daten auf und können die beobachteten Temperatur- und Magnetfeldabhängigkeiten sehr gut wiedergeben. Für noch höhere Konzentrationen der Mangan-Ionen treten zunehmend Abweichungen der berechneten Dephasierungszeiten von den experimentellen Daten auf, die allerdings immer noch eine qualitative Aussage über das Verhalten der Spindephasierung erlauben. So reproduziert unser Modell unter anderem den experimentell für alle Proben gefundenen, an sich nicht direkt einsichtigen Befund, zunehmender Spinlebenszeiten mit steigender Temperatur, der allgemein als "motional narrowing" bezeichnet wird. Da das von uns vorgestellte Modell ohne wahlfreie Parameter auskommt und die zur Berechnung der Spindephasierungszeiten notwendigen Größen der Literatur entnommen oder experimentell bestimmt werden können, ist der hohe Grad an Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen beachtlich. Weitere Verfeinerungen des Modells könnten zu einer weiteren Steigerung der Übereinstimmung vor allem im Bereich hoher Mangan-Konzentrationen führen, jedoch würde dies unserer Meinung nach den Rahmen des vorgestellten Modells sprengen. Wir verstehen unsere theoretische Untersuchung zur Spindephasierung vielmehr als einen Startpunkt für eine nun durchzuführende exakte quantenmechanische theoretische Untersuchung der Spindephasierung optisch angeregter Ladungsträger in magnetischen Halbleitern. Weitere Untersuchungen müssen nun klären, inwieweit das von uns für die Beschreibung der Spindephasierung in magnetisch dotierten CdTe-Volumenhalbleitern entwickelte Modell auf II-VI-Volumenhalbleiter allgemein und andere magnetisch dotierte Materialien wie z.B. magnetische III-V-Halbleiter vom Typ Ga1-xMnxAs übertragbar sind, die speziell im Hinblick auf ihre ferromagnetische Ordnung unter dem Einfluß der RKKY-Wechselwirkung und deren möglichen Einfluß auf die Spindephasierung von besonderem Interesse sind.
The challenging intricacies of strongly correlated electronic systems necessitate the use of a variety of complementary theoretical approaches. In this thesis, we analyze two distinct aspects of strong correlations and develop further or adapt suitable techniques. First, we discuss magnetization transport in insulating one-dimensional spin rings described by a Heisenberg model in an inhomogeneous magnetic field. Due to quantum mechanical interference of magnon wave functions, persistent magnetization currents are shown to exist in such a geometry in analogy to persistent charge currents in mesoscopic normal metal rings. The second, longer part is dedicated to a new aspect of the functional renormalization group technique for fermions. By decoupling the interaction via a Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation, we introduce collective bosonic variables from the beginning and analyze the hierarchy of flow equations for the coupled field theory. The possibility of a cutoff in the momentum transfer of the interaction leads to a new flow scheme, which we will refer to as the interaction cutoff scheme. Within this approach, Ward identities for forward scattering problems are conserved at every instant of the flow leading to an exact solution of a whole hierarchy of flow equations. This way the known exact result for the single-particle Green's function of the Tomonaga-Luttinger model is recovered.
This thesis has two main parts.
The first part is based on our publication [1], where we use perturbation theory to calculate decay rates of magnons in the Kitaev-Heisenberg-Γ (KHΓ) model. This model describes the magnetic properties of the material α-RuCl 3 , which is a candidate for a Kitaev spin liquid. Our motivation is to validate a previous calculation from Ref. [2]. In this thesis, we map out the classical phase diagram of the KHΓ model. We use the Holstein-Primakoff
transformation and the 1/S expansion to describe the low temperature dynamics of the Kitaev-Heisenberg-Γ model in the experimentally relevant zigzag phase by spin waves. By parametrizing the spin waves in terms of hermitian fields, we find a special parameter region within the KHΓ model where the analytical expressions simplify. This enables us to construct the Bogoliubov transformation analytically. For a representative point in the special parameter region, we use these results to numerically calculate the magnon damping, which is to leading order caused by the decay of single magnons into two. We also calculate the dynamical structure factor of the magnons.
The second part of this thesis is based on our publication [3], where we use the functional renormalization group to analyze a discontinuous quantum phase transition towards a non-Fermi liquid phase in the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model. In this thesis, we perform a disorder average over the random interactions in the SYK model. We argue that in the thermodynamic limit, the average renormalization group (RG) flow of the SYK model is identical to the RG flow of an effective disorder averaged model. Using the functional RG, we find a fixed point describing the discontinuous phase transition to the non-Fermi liquid phase at zero temperature. Surprisingly, we find a finite anomalous dimension of the fermions, which indicates critical fluctuations and is unusual for a discontinuous transition. We also determine the RG flow at zero temperature, and relate it to the phase diagram known from the literature.
The focus of this thesis is on quantum Heisenberg magnets in low dimensions. We modify the method of spin-wave theory in order to address two distinct issues. In the first part we develop a variant of spin-wave theory for low-dimensional systems, where thermodynamic observables are calculated from the Gibbs free energy for fixed order parameter. We are able to go beyond linear spin-wave theory and systematically calculate two-loop correction to the free energy. We use our method to determine the low-temperature physics of Heisenberg ferromagnets in one, two and three spatial dimensions. In the second part of the thesis, we treat a two-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnet in the presence of a uniform external magnetic field. We determine the low-temperature behavior of the magnetization curve within spin-wave theory by taking the absence of the spontaneous staggered magnetization into account. Additionally, we perform quantum Monte Carlo simulations and subsequently show that numerical findings are qualitatively comparable to spin-wave results. Finally, we apply our method to an experimentally motivated case of the distorted honeycomb lattice in order to determine the strength of the exchange interactions.
The phenomenon of magnetism has been known to humankind for at least over 2500 years and many useful applications of magnetism have been developed since then, starting from the compass to modern information storage and processing devices. While technological applications are an important part of the continuing interest in magnetic materials, their fundamental properties are still being studied, leading to new physical insights at the forefront of physics. The magnetism of magnetic materials is a pure quantum effect due to the electrons that carry an intrinsic spin of 1/2. The physics of interacting quantum spins in magnetic insulators is the main subject of this thesis.We focus here on a theoretical description of the antiferromagnetic insulator Cs2CuCl4. This material is highly interesting because it is a nearly ideal realization of the two-dimensional antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 Heisenberg model on an anisotropic triangular lattice, where the Cu(2+) ions carry a spin of 1/2 and the spins interact via exchange couplings. Due to the geometric frustration of the triangular lattice, there exists a spin-liquid phase with fractional excitations (spinons) at finite temperatures in Cs2CuCl4. This spin-liquid phase is characterized by strong short-range spin correlations without long-range order. From an experimental point of view, Cs2CuCl4 is also very interesting because the exchange couplings are relatively weak leading to a saturation field of only B_c=8.5 T. All relevant parts of the phase diagram are therefore experimentally accessible. A recurring theme in this thesis will be the use of bosonic or fermionic representations of the spin operators which each offer in different situations suitable starting points for an approximate treatment of the spin interactions. The methods which we develop in this thesis are not restricted to Cs2CuCl4 but can also be applied to other materials that can be described by the spin-1/2 Heisenberg model on a triangular lattice; one important example is the material class Cs2Cu(Cl{4-x}Br{x}) where chlorine is partially substituted by bromine which changes the strength of the exchange couplings and the degree of frustration.
Our first topic is the finite-temperature spin-liquid phase in Cs2CuCl4. We study this regime by using a Majorana fermion representation of the spin-1/2 operators motivated by theoretical and experimental evidence for fermionic excitations in this spin-liquid phase. Within a mean-field theory for the Majorana fermions, we determine the magnetic field dependence of the critical temperature for the crossover from spin-liquid to paramagnetic behavior and we calculate the specific heat and magnetic susceptibility in zero magnetic field. We find that the Majorana fermions can only propagate in one dimension along the direction of the strongest exchange coupling; this reduction of the effective dimensionality of excitations is known as dimensional reduction.
The second topic is the behavior of ultrasound propagation and attenuation in the spin-liquid phase of Cs2CuCl4, where we consider longitudinal sound waves along the direction of the strongest exchange coupling. Due to the dimensional reduction of the excitations in the spin-liquid phase, we expect that we can describe the ultrasound physics by a one-dimensional Heisenberg model coupled to the lattice degrees of freedom via the exchange-striction mechanism. For this one-dimensional problem we use the Jordan-Wigner transformation to map the spin-1/2 operators to spinless fermions. We treat the fermions within the self-consistent Hartree-Fock approximation and we calculate the change of the sound velocity and attenuation as a function of magnetic field using a perturbative expansion in the spin-phonon couplings. We compare our theoretical results with experimental data from ultrasound experiments, where we find good agreement between theory and experiment.
Our final topic is the behavior of Cs2CuCl4 in high magnetic fields larger than the saturation field B_c=8.5 T. At zero temperature, Cs2CuCl4 is then fully magnetized and the ground state is therefore a ferromagnet where the excitations have an energy gap. The elementary excitations of this ferromagnetic state are spin-flips (magnons) which behave as hard-core bosons. At finite temperatures there will be thermally excited magnons that interact via the hard-core interaction and via additional exchange interactions. We describe the thermodynamic properties of Cs2CuCl4 at finite temperatures and calculate experimentally observable quantities, e.g., magnetic susceptibility and specific heat. Our approach is based on a mapping of the spin-1/2 operators to hard-core bosons, where we treat the hard-core interaction by the self-consistent ladder approximation and the exchange interactions by the self-consistent Hartree-Fock approximation. We find that our theoretical results for the specific heat are in good agreement with the available experimental data.