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The pictorial art of the Church, as a spiritual product of the Christian civilisation, has continually received great influences from its ecclesiastical tradition and it was defined by its formal aesthetical standards and its iconographic preferences. A more nuanced reading of the parallels can be attained by placing the images in their visual context, which would allow a better appreciation of the meanings within. The biblical story of Adam and Eve, which is the theme of the following thesis, reflects the differentiation between the Eastern and the Western understanding of the events of the history of the holy Oikonomia, a point, which is the major ground for the development of the relative pictorial motifs. The protoplasts are the protagonists from their creation and life in paradise, the fall and expulsion until their resurrection through Christ. Their story is visualised in a number of scenes and episodes, having thus their original sin and resurrection for specific reasons centralised. This doctoral thesis attempts to collect as many parallels of the scenes is possible, trying to collate the Eastern with the Western visual approach in a deductive way, in order to reach our constructive conclusions and make available the combination of the art, theology and liturgy in the scenes of Adam and Eve in Genesis and in Resurrection (Anastasis). The reading we tried to perform was based upon the specific iconographical elements, which were worth to be commented. Our aim was to detect the direct bond between the production of art and the relevant patristic and apocryphal writings or even the theological theories, by quoting texts from the ecclesiastical literature, as well as the liturgical praxis.
Background: Current conventional vaccination approaches do not induce potent CD8 T-cell responses for fighting mostly variable viral diseases such as influenza, avian influenza viruses or HIV. Following our recent study on vaccine penetration by targeting of vaccine to human hair follicular ducts surrounded by Langerhans cells, we tested in the first randomized Phase-Ia trial based on hair follicle penetration (namely transcutaneous route) the induction of virus-specific CD8 T cell responses. Methods and Findings: We chose the inactivated influenza vaccine – a conventional licensed tetanus/influenza (TETAGRIP®) vaccine – to compare the safety and immunogenicity of transcutaneous (TC) versus IM immunization in two randomized controlled, multi-center Phase I trials including 24 healthy-volunteers and 12 HIV-infected patients. Vaccination was performed by application of inactivated influenza vaccine according to a standard protocol allowing the opening of the hair duct for the TC route or needle-injection for the IM route. We demonstrated that the safety of the two routes was similar. We showed the superiority of TC application, but not the IM route, to induce a significant increase in influenza-specific CD8 cytokine-producing cells in healthy-volunteers and in HIV-infected patients. However, these routes did not differ significantly for the induction of influenza-specific CD4 responses, and neutralizing antibodies were induced only by the IM route. The CD8 cell response is thus the major immune response observed after TC vaccination. Conclusions: This Phase Ia clinical trial (Manon05) testing an anti-influenza vaccine demonstrated that vaccines designed for antibody induction by the IM route, generate vaccine-specific CD8 T cells when administered transcutaneously. These results underline the necessity of adapting vaccination strategies to control complex infectious diseases when CD8 cellular responses are crucial. Our work opens up a key area for the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines for diseases in which CD8 cells play a crucial role.
Purpose. The aim of this prospective longitudinal clinical pilot study was the evaluation of the effect on the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) and patient-centered results of the envelope technique for Connective Tissue Graft (CTG). Methods. Sixteen patients (11 females) 24 to 71 years of age (42.6±11.1) received CTG that had been harvested from the palate and grafted using the envelope technique. Prior to and 3 months after surgery, all patients were examined clinically, completed the OHIP-G49 questionnaire, and were asked to judge the results of surgery. Results. Mean baseline recession depth of 2.5±0.8 mm was reduced by 1.2±0.9 mm (P<.001). Root coverage amounted to 48±39%. In 5 of 16 defects complete root coverage was achieved. Pain at the donor site was more pronounced than at recipient site regarding prevalence (8/6; P=.007), intensity (2.1±2.3/1.1±1.9 [visual analogue scale]; P=.016), and duration (1.4±2.3/0.8±1.4 days; P=.042). Baseline OHIP (15.7±12.1) was decreased by 3.6±8.5 three months after surgery (P=.139). Thirteen patients (81%) would undergo CTG surgery for similar reasons again. Conclusions. Root coverage using CTG according to the envelope technique provided improvement of OHIP as early as 3 months after surgery. Over all, patients were reasonably satisfied with the surgical technique and its results.
Nineteen-channel EEGs were recorded from the scalp surface of 30 healthy subjects (16 males and 14 females, mean age: 34 years, SD: 11.7 years) at rest and under trains of intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) at rates of 5, 10 and 20 Hz. Digitalized data were submitted to spectral analysis with fast fourier transformation providing the basis for the computation of global field power (GFP). For quantification, GFP values in the frequency ranges of 5, 10 and 20 Hz at rest were divided by the corresponding data obtained under IPS. All subjects showed a photic driving effect at each rate of stimulation. GFP data were normally distributed, whereas ratios from photic driving effect data showed no uniform behavior due to high interindividual variability. Suppression of alpha-power after IPS with 10 Hz was observed in about 70% of the volunteers. In contrast, ratios of alpha-power were unequivocal in all subjects: IPS at 20 Hz always led to a suppression of alpha-power. Dividing alpha-GFP with 20-Hz IPS by alpha-GFP at rest (R = a-GFPIPS/a-GFPrest) thus resulted in ratios lower than 1. We conclude that ratios from GFP data with 20-Hz IPS may provide a suitable paradigm for further investigations. Key words: EEG, Brain mapping, Intermittent photic stimulation, IPS, Global field power ratios
In this proceeding the emergence of a composite, adjoint-scalar field as an average over (trivial holonomy) calorons and anti-calorons is reviewed. This composite field acts as a background field to the dynamics of perturbative gluons, to which it is coupled via an effective, gauge invariant Lagrangian valid for temperatures above the deconfinement phase transition. Moreover a Higgs mechanism is induced by the composite field: two gluons acquire a quasi-particle thermal mass. On the phenomenological side the composite field acts as a bag pressure which shows a linear dependence on the temperature. As a result the linear rise with temperature of the trace anomaly is obtained and is compared to recent lattice studies.
Background: Pathogenic bacteria infecting both animals as well as plants use various mechanisms to transport virulence factors across their cell membranes and channel these proteins into the infected host cell. The type III secretion system represents such a mechanism. Proteins transported via this pathway (‘‘effector proteins’’) have to be distinguished from all other proteins that are not exported from the bacterial cell. Although a special targeting signal at the N-terminal end of effector proteins has been proposed in literature its exact characteristics remain unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study, we demonstrate that the signals encoded in the sequences of type III secretion system effectors can be consistently recognized and predicted by machine learning techniques. Known protein effectors were compiled from the literature and sequence databases, and served as training data for artificial neural networks and support vector machine classifiers. Common sequence features were most pronounced in the first 30 amino acids of the effector sequences. Classification accuracy yielded a cross-validated Matthews correlation of 0.63 and allowed for genome-wide prediction of potential type III secretion system effectors in 705 proteobacterial genomes (12% predicted candidates protein), their chromosomes (11%) and plasmids (13%), as well as 213 Firmicute genomes (7%). Conclusions/Significance: We present a signal prediction method together with comprehensive survey of potential type III secretion system effectors extracted from 918 published bacterial genomes. Our study demonstrates that the analyzed signal features are common across a wide range of species, and provides a substantial basis for the identification of exported pathogenic proteins as targets for future therapeutic intervention. The prediction software is publicly accessible from our web server ( www.modlab.org ).
Bacterial autotransporters represent a diverse family of proteins that autonomously translocate across the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria via the Sec complex and across the outer bacterial membrane. They often possess exceptionally long N-terminal signal sequences. We analyzed 90 long signal sequences of bacterial autotransporters and members of the two-partner secretion pathway in silico and describe common domain organization found in 79 of these sequences. The domains are in agreement with previously published experimental data. Our algorithmic approach allows for the systematic identification of functionally different domains in long signal sequences. Keywords: bacterial autotransporter, sequence analysis, pattern, protein targeting, signal peptide, protein trafficking
In my dissertation I study the transmission of monetary and fiscal policy in New Keynesian DSGE models. In the first chapter we revisit the exchange rate channel in a two-country model of the U.S. and a panel of industrialized countries to analyse how monetary policy transmission in the U.S. changes if it becomes more trade integrated. We find that more openness lowers the sacrifice ratio, although the effect is quantitatively small and depends on the pricing of the firms. In the second chapter we simulate the impact of the U.S. fiscal stimulus package in 2009 on GDP. We find that the government spendingmultiplier is well below 1. The finding is robust to including rule-of-thumb consumers and simulating the stimulus in the recent recession. In the third chapter we collect the fiscal stimulus measures in the eleven biggest countries of the euro area. Then we do a robustness study by simulating the european package in five different models of the euro area. The macroeconomic models vary in terms of backward-looking decision making of the agents and openness. Our findings provide no support for a Keynesian multiplier. Instead they suggest that additional government spending will reduce private spending for consumption and investment purposes. If government spending faces an implementation lag, the initial effect on GDP may even be negative. In the fourth chapter I estimate a DSGE model for Germany and compute forecasts for the debt-to-GDP ratio. I find that the expected economic recovery will lead to a decrease in Germany’s indebtedness in the medium-term given that policy makers stick to the fiscal policy rules.
We propose a theory characterizing information systems (IS) as language communities which use and develop domain-specific languages for communication. Our theory is anchored in Language Critique, a branch of philosophy of language. In developing our theory, we draw on Systems Theory and Cybernetics as a theoretical framework. "Organization" of a system is directly related to communication of its sub-systems. "Big systems" are self-organizing and the control of this ability is disseminated throughout the system itself. Therefore, the influence on changes of the system from its outside is limited. Operations intended to change an organization are restricted to indirect approaches. The creation of domain-specific languages by the system itself leads to advantageous communication costs compared to colloquial communication at the price of set-up costs for language communities. Furthermore, we demonstrate how our theoretical constructs help to describe and predict the behavior of IS. Finally, we discuss implications of our theory for further research and IS in general. Keywords: Language Critique, language communities, communication, self-organization, IS research
Lipid rafts are specialized plasma membrane micro-domains highly enriched in cholesterol, sphingolipids and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored proteins. Lipid rafts are thought to be located in the exofacial leaflet of plasma membranes. Functionally, lipid rafts are involved in intracellular trafficking of proteins and lipids, secretory and endocytotic pathways, signal transduction, inflammation and in cell-surface proteolysis. There has been substantial interest in lipid rafts in brain, both with respect to normal functioning and with certain neurodegenerative diseases. Based on the impact of lipid rafts on multitude biochemical pathways, modulation of lipid rafts is used to study related disease pathways and probably offers a target for pharmacological intervention. Lipid rafts can be targeted by modulation of its main components, namely cholesterol and sphingolipids. Other approaches include the modulation of membrane dynamics and it has been reported that protein-lipid interactions can vary the occurrence and composition of these membrane micro-domains. The present review summarizes the possibilities to modulate lipid rafts with focus on neuronal cells. Keywords: Lipid raft, cholesterol, membrane fluidity, statin, cyclodextrine, docosahexaenoic acid.
Planning problems, like real-world planning and scheduling problems, are complex tasks. As an efficient strategy for handing such problems is the ‘divide and conquer’ strategy has been identified. Each sub problem is then solved independently. Typically the sub problems are solved in a linear way. This approach enables the generation of sub-optimal plans for a number of real world problems. Today, this approach is widely accepted and has been established e.g. in the organizational structure of companies. But existing interdependencies between the sub problems are not sufficiently regarded, as each problem are solved sequentially and no feedback information is given. The field of coordination has been covered by a number of academic fields, like the distributed artificial intelligence, economics or game theory. An important result is, that there exist no method that leads to optimal results in any given coordination problem. Consequently, a suitable coordination mechanism has to be identified for each single coordination problem. Up to now, there exists no process for the selection of a coordination mechanism, neither in the engineering of distributed systems nor in agent oriented software engineering. Within the scope of this work the ECo process is presented, that address exactly this selection problem. The Eco process contains the following five steps. • Modeling of the coordination problem • Defining the coordination requirements • Selection / Design of the coordination mechanism • Implementation • Evaluation Each of these steps is detailed in the thesis. The modeling has to be done to enable a systemic analysis of the coordination problem. Coordination mechanisms have to respect the given situation and the context in which the coordination has to be done. The requirements imposed by the context of the coordination problem are formalized in the coordination requirements. The selection process is driven by these coordination requirements. Using the requirements as a distinction for the selection of a coordination mechanism is a central aspect of this thesis. Additionally these requirements can be used for documentation of design decisions. Therefore, it is reasonable to annotate the coordination mechanisms with the coordination requirements they fulfill and fail to ease the selection process, for a given situation. For that reason we present a new classification scheme for coordination methods within this thesis that classifies existing coordination methods according to a set of criteria that has been identified as important for the distinction between different coordination methods. The implementation phase of the ECo process is supported by the CoPS process and CoPS framework that has been developed within this thesis, as well. The CoPS process structures the design making that has to be done during the implementation phase. The CoPS framework provides a set of basic features software agents need for realizing the selected coordination method. Within the CoPS process techniques are presented for the design and implementation of conversations between agents that can be applied not only within the context of the coordination of planning systems, but for multiagent systems in general. The ECo-CoPS approach has been successfully validated in two case studies from the logistic domain.
Since the world today is so significantly shaped by media technologies, it has become crucial for organizations, institutions and political parties to embrace this phenomenon in order for them to be able to communicate their message and programmes effectively. If they fail to do so, they in effect fail to exist in the public consciousness. Mass media hugely influence how culture is created: intelligence, artistic talent and technological innovation become visible through the media. The Roman Catholic Church, the world’s largest religious organization has, for the longest time, on the one hand denied the influence of the media, while on the other hand calling it ‘the work of evil’. When the Church eventually came to acknowledge the media as a powerful force, it proceeded to use this power as a mouthpiece for its authorities. The Catholic Church is still not wholly at ease with the media. The question is whether the Catholic Church has sufficiently familiarized itself with how the media function, in order to utilise the media to communicate the Church’s message to a large public audience. Against the background of ecclesial documents this article investigates the attitude of the Catholic Church towards the media as it has developed over the past 50 years.
Streptomyces coelicolor ist der Modellorganismus der GC reichen, Gram+ Actinomyceten, die mehr als zwei Drittel aller bekannten Antibiotika produzieren. Phänotypisch zeichnet er sich durch die Bildung eines Substrat- und eines Luftmyzels aus, welches im Laufe der weiteren Differenzierung Sporen bildet. Streptomyceten produzieren neben Antibiotika noch eine Vielzahl biotechnologisch interessanter Metaboliten. Der komplexe Lebenszyklus und Stoffwechsel erfordern eine genaue Regulation der Genexpression. Die letzten Jahre haben gezeigt, dass neben Proteinen auch die RNA eine regulatorische Funktion hat. Verschiedene regulatorisch aktive RNA Elemente wie Riboswitche, RNA-Thermometer und kleine nicht kodierende RNAs (small noncoding RNAs – sRNAs) wurden identifiziert. sRNAs wirken meist als antisense Riboregulatoren, indem sie ihre Ziel-mRNA binden und dadurch die Translation hemmen oder fördern. In dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene bioinformatische Methoden verwendet, um sRNAs im Genom von S. coelicolor vorherzusagen. Es wurden Terminatorstrukturen und konservierte Sekundärstrukturen in den intergenen Regionen vorhergesagt, die keinem Gen zuzuordnen waren. In einem weiteren Ansatz wurden Bindestellen des Regulatorproteins DasR vorhergesagt, um DasR kontrollierte sRNAs zu identifizieren. Zusätzlich wurde mittels 454 Sequenzierung erstmalig das Transkriptom von S. coeliocolor analysiert. Auf diese Weise konnten etwa 500 sRNAs vorhergesagt werden. Eine der beiden charakterisierten sRNAs, sc32, ist 139 nt lang. Ihr Promoter liegt im kodierenden Bereich des Gens bldC und sie wird spezifisch durch Kälteschock induziert. Die zweite charakterisierte sRNA, sc1, ist 159 nt lang und in allen sequenzierten Streptomyceten konserviert. Ihre Expression wird nur bei Stickstoffmangel in der Stationärphase reprimiert. Durch molekularbiologische Analysen konnte ein Zielgen von sc1 identifiziert werden, die extrazelluläre Agarase DagA. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sc1 an die dagA-mRNA bindet und dadurch die Translation inhibiert. Als zweites mögliches Ziel von sc1 konnte die Histidinkinase SCO5239 identifiziert werden. Hier wurde gezeigt, dass Koexpression von sc1 die Expression einer SCO5239 Reportergenfusion um den Faktor acht steigert. Durch Analyse des Proteoms von sc1 Mutanten, konnte die differenzierte Expression von elf weiteren Proteinen gezeigt werden. Sc1 scheint als Regulator zu agieren, indem es auf die Stickstoffversorgung der Zelle reagiert und den Sekundärmetabolismus deaktiviert.
PPARs gehören wie die Steroidhormon-Rezeptoren (z. B.Glucocorticoid-, Estrogen- oder Testosteron-Rezeptoren) zur Superfamilie der nukleären Rezeptoren. Es existieren drei PPAR-Subtypen, die als PPARalpha, PPARbeta/delta und PPARgamma bezeichnet werden und von drei verschiedenen Genen kodiert werden. Fibrate sind PPARalpha-Agonisten, welche die Plasma-Triglyceridspiegel reduzieren und gleichzeitig eine moderate Steigerung des HDL-Cholesterols bewirken. Thiazolidindione (Glitazone) sind PPARgamma-Agonisten, die bei Typ-2-Diabetes-mellitus indiziert sind und als Insulinsensitizer wirken. Duale PPARalpha/gamma-Agonisten stellen eine neue Klasse von Arzneistoffen dar, die zukünftig zur Behandlung von Typ-2-Diabetikern mit gestörtem Lipidprofil eingesetzt werden könnten. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde eine Leitstrukturoptimierung des selektiven PPARalpha-Agonisten Pirinixinsäure (WY 14643) durchgeführt. Die pharmakologische In-vitro-Charakterisierung der Substanzen erfolgte mit Hilfe subtypspezifischer Reportergen-Assays. Zusätzlich wurde gezeigt130, dass Chinolinderivate der Pirinixinsäure 5-LOX-inhibierende Eigenschaften in polymorphnukleären Leukozyten zeigen. Zunächst wurde eine geeignete Synthesestrategie zur Darstellung von Pirinixinsäurederivaten etabliert, was zur Charakterisierung und Identifizierung einer Serie von potenten dualen PPARalpha/gamma-Agonisten und 5-LOX-Inhibitoren führte. Die Synthesestrategie zur Darstellung von sowohl im Arylamino-Bereich (W) als auch in alpha- Position (R) modifizierten Derivaten der Pirinixinsäure bestand in einer vierstufigen Reaktionsfolge (I–IV; siehe Abb.). ... Die PPAR-Modulatoren (Carbonsäuren) 4, 8, 14, 32–38, 41 und 42 wurden in-vitropharmakologisch unter Anwendung subtypselektiver Reportergen-Assays (hPPARalpha, beta, gamma) charakterisiert. Die 5-LOX-Modulatoren (Carbonsäureester) 3, 7, 8, 13, 14, 24–29, 31–42 und 50 wurden in-vitro-pharmakologisch unter Anwendung des 5-LOX-Standardassays in intakten PMNL (polymorphnukleäre neutrophile Leukozyten) evaluiert. Die vorliegende Untersuchung deckte auf, dass der Ersatz des 2,3-Dimethylanilin-Strukturelements der Pirinixinsäure durch 6-Aminochinolin zu einem Gesamtverlust des PPARalpha/gamma-Agonismus führt. Durch Strukturmodifikationen im Arylamino-Bereich der Leitstruktur WY 14643 mit für 5-LOX-Non-Redoxinhibitoren typischen Pharmakophorresten, Tetrahydropyran-4-yl (Substanzen 13–14) und Methoxychinolin-2-yl (Substanz 43), konnte eine signifikante Steigerung des 5-LOX-inhibitorischen Potenzials erzielt werden [IC50 7 mikro M (13) bzw. 4 mikro M (43)]. Die alpha-alkylsubstituierten Carbonsäurederivate 33–38 zeigten sowohl am hPPARalpha als auch am hPPARgamma eine mit der aliphatischen Kettenlänge steigende Potenz. Am hPPARalpha erwiesen sich das alpha-Hexyl-Derivat 35 und das alpha-Butyl-Derivat 34 mit EC50-Werten von 1,9 mikro M (35) bzw. 11,5 mikro M (34) entsprechend einer Steigerung der Aktivität gegenüber WY 14643 um den Faktor 20 (35) bzw. den Faktor 4 (34) als besonders potent. Im Falle des hPPARgamma zeigten ebenso das alpha-butylsubstituierte Derivat 34 und der alpha-hexylsubstituierte Ligand 35 die höchste Aktivität mit EC50-Werten von 8,7 mikro M (34) bzw. 5,8 mikro M (35) und einer Steigerung der Aktivität gegenüber WY 14643 von Faktor 6 (35) bzw. Faktor 9 (34). Die Einführung von alpha-Alkylsubstituenten in das Grundgerüst der Pirinixinsäure führt möglicherweise zum Besetzen der linken proximalen Bindungstasche und somit zu einer im Vergleich zur Leitstruktur WY14643 stärkeren Bindung in die Ligandenbindungstasche des Rezeptors. Die Besetzung dieser proximalen Bindungstasche entscheidet jedoch nicht über die PPAR-Selektivität, da diese sowohl von hPPARalpha- als auch von hPPARgamma-Agonisten belegt wird. PPARalpha/gamma-Selektivität kann zum einen durch das Besetzen der linken bzw. rechten distalen Bindungstasche erzielt werden, zum anderen durch die Auswahl verschiedener acider Kopfgruppen. Aufgrund unterschiedlicher Aminosäuresequenzen der Bindungstaschen der einzelnen PPAR-Subtypen ergibt sich für die Kopfgruppen der PPAR-Modulatoren im hPPARalpha und hPPARgamma eine durch den sterischen Einfluss von Carboxyl- bzw. TZD-Kopfgruppen verursachtes unterschiedliches Wasserstoffbrückennetzwerk. Im Vergleich mit Pirinixinsäure konnte nur durch die Einführung der größeren Alkylketten (n-Butyloder n-Hexyl) ein stark erhöhter dualer PPARalpha/gamma-Agonismus erreicht werden. Die Substitution des sekundären Amins der Chinolin-6-ylverbindungen durch einen Ether-Sauerstoff in den Substanzen 41 und 42 sowie die Einführung eines Linkers, genauer einer Methylengruppe, zwischen dem Chinolin-6-ylrest und dem Scaffold (Derivate 29 und 36), führt zu einer verminderten Aktivität sowohl an hPPARalpha als auch an hPPARgamma. Eine mögliche Erklärung hierfür könnte sein, dass an entsprechender Position der Liganden-Bindungstasche eine Wasserstoffbrücken-Akzeptor-Position vorhanden ist, welche zur Erhöhung der Affinität beiträgt. Offensichtlich wird, durch die Ausbildung einer Wasserstoffbrücke zwischen der NH-Funktion und einem Wasserstoffbrücken-Akzeptor innerhalb der LBP im Falle von WY 14643 ein hoher Bindungsbeitrag erreicht. Daten bezüglich der Inhibierung der 5-Lipoxygenase demonstrieren, dass 6-Aminochinolinderivate potente 5-LOX-Inhibitoren sind. Die Einführung eines 3,5-Bis-(2,2,2-trifluor-ethoxy)-phenylrestes in 6-Position des alpha-hexylsubstituierten Scaffolds führt zu Ligand 38. Dieser ist ein potenter dualer PPARalpha/gamma-Agonist mit einem EC50-Wert von 11 mikro M an hPPARalpha bzw. 7,7 mikro M an hPPARgamma und ein stark wirksamer 5-LOX-Inhibitor mit einem IC50-Wert von 1 mikro M im 5-LOX-PMNL-Standardassay. Die Substanz 38 wurde in präklinischen Studien eingesetzt. Vier Stunden nach oraler Administration bei Mäusen (n = 6) wurde einen Plasmaspiegel von 40 mikro M erreicht. Im Hinblick auf eine Steigerung der PPAR-agonistischen Aktivität und der Reduktion der hepatotoxischen Eigenschaften der Leitstruktur Pirinixinsäure wurde eine Leitstrukturoptimierung durch Einführung der größeren Alkylketten in alpha-Position zur pharmakophoren Carboxyl-Funktion durchgeführt. Für die inhibierende Wirkung auf die 5-LOX scheint das Chinolin-Strukturelement verantwortlich zu sein, während die Potenz der Inhibition durch das Substitutionsmuster moduliert wird.