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Highlights
• Determination of styrene-butadiene rubber as tire constituent using TED-GC/MS.
• Determination of zinc content as tire constituent using ICP-OES.
• Representative sampling strategy with large-volume mixed samples.
• Tire wear content is decreasing with increasing sampling depth and distance to road.
• Deposited tire wear particles are mainly present in soil fraction <100 μm.
Abstract
Tire wear (TW) constitutes a significant source of microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems. It is known that particles emitted by roads can have an effect up to 100 m into adjacent areas. Here, we apply for the first-time thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GC/MS) to determine TW in soil samples by detection of thermal decomposition products of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), without additional enrichment. Additionally, zinc contents were determined as an elemental marker for TW. Mixed soil samples were taken along three transects along a German motorway in 0.3, 2.0, and 5.0 m distance from the road. Sampling depths were 0–2, 2–5, 5–10, and 10–20 cm. Four fine fractions, 1 000–500, 500–100, 100–50, and <50 μm, were analyzed.
TW contents based on SBR ranged from 155 to 15 898 mg kg−1. TW contents based on zinc were between 413 and 44 812 mg kg−1. Comparison of individual values of SBR and zinc reveals SBR as a more specific marker. Results confirm that most TW ends up in the topsoil within a 2 m distance.
The sampling strategy resulted in representative data for a larger area. Standard deviations of quadruple TED-GC/MS determination of SBR were <10% for all grain size fractions. TED-GC/MS is a suitable analytical tool for determining TW in soil samples without the use of toxic chemicals, enrichment, or special sample preparation.
Charge-dependent two- and three-particle correlations measured in Xe-Xe collisions at sNN−−−√=5.44 TeV are presented. Results are obtained for charged particles in the pseudorapidity range |η|<0.8 and transverse momentum interval 0.2≤pT<5.0 GeV/c for different collision centralities. The three-particle correlator γαβ≡⟨cos(φα+φβ−2Ψ2)⟩, calculated for different combinations of charge sign α and β, is expected to be sensitive to the presence of the Chiral Magnetic Effect (CME). Its magnitude is similar to the one observed in Pb-Pb collisions in contrast to a smaller CME signal in Xe-Xe collisions than in Pb-Pb collisions predicted by Monte Carlo (MC) calculations including a magnetic field induced by the spectator protons. These observations point to a large non-CME contribution to the correlator. Furthermore, the charge dependence of γαβ can be described by a blast wave model calculation that incorporates background effects and by the Anomalous Viscous Fluid Dynamics model with values of the CME signal consistent with zero. The Xe-Xe and Pb-Pb results are combined with the expected CME signal dependence on the system size from the MC calculations including a magnetic field to obtain the fraction of CME contribution in γαβ, fCME. The CME fraction is compatible with zero for the 30% most central events in both systems and then becomes positive; averaging over the 0-70% centrality interval yields an upper limit of 2% (3%) and 25% (32%) at 95% (99.7%) confidence level for the CME signal contribution to γαβ in Xe-Xe and Pb-Pb collisions, respectively.
Measurement of electrons from beauty-hadron decays in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV
(2023)
The production of electrons from beauty-hadron decays was measured at midrapidity in proton-proton (pp) and central Pb-Pb collisions at center-of-mass energy per nucleon-nucleon pair sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV, using the ALICE detector at the LHC. The cross section measured in pp collisions in the transverse momentum interval 2<pT<8 GeV/c was compared with models based on perturbative quantum chromodynamics calculations. The yield in the 10% most central Pb-Pb collisions, measured in the interval 2<pT<26 GeV/c, was used to compute the nuclear modification factor RAA, extrapolating the pp reference cross section to pT larger than 8 GeV/c. The measured RAA shows significant suppression of the yield of electrons from beauty-hadron decays at high pT and does not show a significant dependence on pT above 8 GeV/c within uncertainties. The results are described by several theoretical models based on different implementations of the interaction of heavy quarks with a quark-gluon plasma, which predict a smaller energy loss for beauty quarks compared to light and charm quarks.
Measurement of electrons from beauty-hadron decays in pp and Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV
(2023)
The production of electrons from beauty-hadron decays was measured at midrapidity in proton-proton (pp) and central Pb-Pb collisions at center-of-mass energy per nucleon-nucleon pair sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV, using the ALICE detector at the LHC. The cross section measured in pp collisions in the transverse momentum interval 2<pT<8 GeV/c was compared with models based on perturbative quantum chromodynamics calculations. The yield in the 10% most central Pb-Pb collisions, measured in the interval 2<pT<26 GeV/c, was used to compute the nuclear modification factor RAA, extrapolating the pp reference cross section to pT larger than 8 GeV/c. The measured RAA shows significant suppression of the yield of electrons from beauty-hadron decays at high pT and does not show a significant dependence on pT above 8 GeV/c within uncertainties. The results are described by several theoretical models based on different implementations of the interaction of heavy quarks with a quark-gluon plasma, which predict a smaller energy loss for beauty quarks compared to light and charm quarks.
Measurement of electrons from beauty-hadron decays in pp and Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV
(2022)
The production of electrons from beauty-hadron decays was measured at midrapidity in proton-proton (pp) and central Pb-Pb collisions at center-of-mass energy per nucleon-nucleon pair sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV, using the ALICE detector at the LHC. The cross section measured in pp collisions in the transverse momentum interval 2<pT<8 GeV/c was compared with models based on perturbative quantum chromodynamics calculations. The yield in the 10% most central Pb-Pb collisions, measured in the interval 2<pT<26 GeV/c, was used to compute the nuclear modification factor RAA, extrapolating the pp reference cross section to pT larger than 8 GeV/c. The measured RAA shows significant suppression of the yield of electrons from beauty-hadron decays at high pT and does not show a significant dependence on pT above 8 GeV/c within uncertainties. The results are described by several theoretical models based on different implementations of the interaction of heavy quarks with a quark-gluon plasma, which predict a smaller energy loss for beauty quarks compared to light and charm quarks.
The ALICE Collaboration reports three measurements in ultra-peripheral proton−lead collisions at forward rapidity. The exclusive two-photon process \ggmm and the exclusive photoproduction of J/ψ are studied. J/ψ photoproduction with proton dissociation is measured for the first time at a hadron collider. The cross section for the two-photon process of dimuons in the invariant mass range from 1 to 2.5 GeV/c2 agrees with leading order quantum electrodynamics calculations. The exclusive and dissociative cross sections for J/ψ photoproductions are measured for photon−proton centre-of-mass energies from 27 to 57 GeV. They are in good agreement with HERA results.
The ALICE Collaboration reports three measurements in ultra-peripheral proton−lead collisions at forward rapidity. The exclusive two-photon process \ggmm and the exclusive photoproduction of J/ψ are studied. J/ψ photoproduction with proton dissociation is measured for the first time at a hadron collider. The cross section for the two-photon process of dimuons in the invariant mass range from 1 to 2.5 GeV/c2 agrees with leading order quantum electrodynamics calculations. The exclusive and dissociative cross sections for J/ψ photoproductions are measured for photon−proton centre-of-mass energies from 27 to 57 GeV. They are in good agreement with HERA results.
The ALICE Collaboration reports three measurements in ultra-peripheral proton−lead collisions at forward rapidity. The exclusive two-photon process \ggmm and the exclusive photoproduction of J/ψ are studied. J/ψ photoproduction with proton dissociation is measured for the first time at a hadron collider. The cross section for the two-photon process of dimuons in the invariant mass range from 1 to 2.5 GeV/c2 agrees with leading order quantum electrodynamics calculations. The exclusive and dissociative cross sections for J/ψ photoproductions are measured for photon−proton centre-of-mass energies from 27 to 57 GeV. They are in good agreement with HERA results.
Recent GWAS allow us to calculate polygenic risk scores for ADHD. At the imaging level, resting-state fMRI analyses have given us valuable insights into changes in connectivity patterns in ADHD patients. However, no study has yet attempted to combine these two different levels of investigation. For this endeavor, we used a dopaminergic challenge fMRI study (L-DOPA) in healthy participants who were genotyped for their ADHD, MDD, schizophrenia, and body height polygenic risk score (PRS) and compared results with a study comparing ADHD patients and healthy controls. Our objective was to evaluate how L-DOPA-induced changes of reward-system-related FC are dependent on the individual polygenic risk score. FMRI imaging was used to evaluate resting-state functional connectivity (FC) of targeted subcortical structures in 27 ADHD patients and matched controls. In a second study, we evaluated the effect of ADHD and non-ADHD PRS in a L-DOPA-based pharmaco-fMRI-challenge in 34 healthy volunteers. The functional connectivity between the putamen and parietal lobe was decreased in ADHD patients. In healthy volunteers, the FC between putamen and parietal lobe was lower in ADHD high genetic risk participants. This direction of connectivity was reversed during L-DOPA challenge. Further findings are described for other dopaminergic subcortical structures. The FC between the putamen and the attention network showed the most consistent change in patients as well as in high-risk participants. Our results suggest that FC of the dorsal attention network is altered in adult ADHD as well as in healthy controls with higher genetic risk.
Changes in glutamatergic neuroplasticity has been proposed as one of the core mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of depression. In consequence components of the glutamatergic synapse have been explored as potential targets for antidepressant treatment. The rapid antidepressant effect of the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine and subsequent approval of its S-enantiomer (i.e. esketamine), have set the precedent for investigation into other glutamatergic rapid acting antidepressants (RAADs). In this review, we discuss the potential of the different glutamatergic targets for antidepressant treatment. We describe important clinical outcomes of several key molecules targeting components of the glutamatergic synapse and their applicability as RAADs. Specifically, here we focus on substances beyond (es)ketamine, for which meaningful data from clinical trials are available, including arketamine, esmethadone, nitrous oxide and other glutamate receptor modulators. Molecules only successful in preclinical settings and case reports/series are only marginally discussed. With this review, we aim underscore the critical role of glutamatergic modulation in advancing antidepressant therapy, thereby possibly enhancing clinical outcomes but also to reducing the burden of depression through faster therapeutic effects.
Helmut Schlesinger: Wegbereiter und Garant der deutschen Geld- und Stabilitätspolitik wird 100
(2024)
Am 4. September 2024 vollendet Professor Dr. Helmut Schlesinger sein 100. Lebensjahr. Von 1991 bis 1993 bekleidete er das Amt des Präsidenten der Deutschen Bundesbank. Zuvor war er in verschiedenen Positionen für die Bank tätig, unter anderem als langjähriger Vizepräsident (von 1980 bis 1991) sowie als Leiter der Hauptabteilung Volkswirtschaft und Statistik. Das Jubiläum bietet Anlass, sein Lebenswerk zu beschreiben und zu würdigen. Für ehemalige Mitarbeiter war Helmut Schlesinger ein großes Vorbild und eine Quelle des Ansporns in vielerlei Hinsicht. Insbesondere vier Bereiche seiner Tätigkeiten haben die Arbeit seiner Mitarbeiter maßgeblich geprägt: Erstens seine Fähigkeit, ökonomisches Denken als eine Synthese aus Analyse und Statistik zu begreifen, zu vermitteln und zu organisieren, zweitens sein Verdienst, eine Stabilitätskultur in leitenden Positionen mitgeschaffen und bewahrt zu haben, drittens sein ordnungspolitisches Credo zur Preisstabilität und zur Unabhängigkeit der Zentralbank sowie viertens seine klaren Vorstellungen zu den Bedingungen einer erfolgreichen Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion.
Im Folgenden soll ein Überblick über diese vier Schwerpunkte seiner Schaffensbilanz gegeben werden. In diesem Kontext ist insbesondere Schlesingers entscheidende Rolle bei der Schaffung der deutsch-deutschen Währungsunion 1990 sowie beim langjährigen Entstehungsprozess des Eurosystems und der Europäischen Zentralbank hervorzuheben. In der deutschen Bevölkerung, aber auch international hoch geachtet, wurde Helmut Schlesinger oft als die "Seele der Bundesbank" bezeichnet.Die Anforderungen, die er an jeden Einzelnen stellte, waren hoch. Er wurde von den Mitarbeitern sehr geschätzt, nicht zuletzt aufgrund seines großen Arbeitsethos und seiner unermüdlichen Schaffenskraft, die von Beständigkeit, Gradlinigkeit und Prinzipientreue geprägt waren.
I provide a solution method in the frequency domain for multivariate linear rational expectations models. The method works with the generalized Schur decomposition, providing a numerical implementation of the underlying analytic function solution methods suitable for standard DSGE estimation and analysis procedures. This approach generalizes the time-domain restriction of autoregressive-moving average exogenous driving forces to arbitrary covariance stationary processes. Applied to the standard New Keynesian model, I find that a Bayesian analysis favors a single parameter log harmonic function of the lag operator over the usual AR(1) assumption as it generates humped shaped autocorrelation patterns more consistent with the data.
Machine learning entails a broad range of techniques that have been widely used in Science and Engineering since decades. High-energy physics has also profited from the power of these tools for advanced analysis of colliders data. It is only up until recently that Machine Learning has started to be applied successfully in the domain of Accelerator Physics, which is testified by intense efforts deployed in this domain by several laboratories worldwide. This is also the case of CERN, where recently focused efforts have been devoted to the application of Machine Learning techniques to beam dynamics studies at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). This implies a wide spectrum of applications from beam measurements and machine performance optimisation to analysis of numerical data from tracking simulations of non-linear beam dynamics. In this paper, the LHC-related applications that are currently pursued are presented and discussed in detail, paying also attention to future developments.
Background: Patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (aSCT) are at high risk to develop an invasive fungal disease (IFD). Optimisation of antifungal prophylaxis strategies may improve patient outcomes and reduce treatment costs.
Objectives: To analyse the clinical and economical impact of using continuous micafungin as antifungal prophylaxis.
Patients/Methods: We performed a single-centre evaluation comparing patients who received either oral posaconazole with micafungin as intravenous bridging as required (POS-MIC) to patients who received only micafungin (MIC) as antifungal prophylaxis after aSCT. Epidemiological, clinical and direct treatment cost data extracted from the Cologne Cohort of Neutropenic Patients (CoCoNut) were analysed.
Results: Three hundred and thirteen patients (97 and 216 patients in the POS-MIC and MIC groups, respectively) were included into the analysis. In the POS-MIC and MIC groups, median overall length of stay was 42 days (IQR: 35–52 days) vs 40 days (IQR: 35–49 days; p = .296), resulting in median overall costs of €42,964 (IQR: €35,040–€56,348) vs €43,291 (IQR: €37,281 vs €51,848; p = .993), respectively. Probable/proven IFD in the POS-MIC and MIC groups occurred in 5 patients (5%) vs 3 patients (1%; p = .051), respectively. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed improved outcome of patients in the MIC group at day 100 (p = .037) and day 365 (p < .001) following aSCT.
Conclusions: Our study results demonstrate improved outcomes in the MIC group compared with the POS-MIC group, which can in part be explained by a tendency towards less probable/proven IFD. Higher drug acquisition costs of micafungin did not translate into higher overall costs.
The first measurements of skewness and kurtosis of mean transverse momentum (⟨pT⟩) fluctuations are reported in Pb−Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV, Xe−Xe collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.44 TeV and pp collisions at s√=5.02 TeV using the ALICE detector. The measurements are carried out as a function of system size ⟨dNch/dη⟩1/3|η|<0.5, using charged particles with transverse momentum (pT) and pseudorapidity (η), in the range 0.2<pT<3.0 GeV/c and |η|<0.8, respectively. In Pb−Pb and Xe−Xe collisions, positive skewness is observed in the fluctuations of ⟨pT⟩ for all centralities, which is significantly larger than what would be expected in the scenario of independent particle emission. This positive skewness is considered a crucial consequence of the hydrodynamic evolution of the hot and dense nuclear matter created in heavy-ion collisions. Furthermore, similar observations of positive skewness for minimum bias pp collisions are also reported here. Kurtosis of ⟨pT⟩ fluctuations is found to be in good agreement with the kurtosis of Gaussian distribution, for most central Pb−Pb collisions. Hydrodynamic model calculations with MUSIC using Monte Carlo Glauber initial conditions are able to explain the measurements of both skewness and kurtosis qualitatively from semicentral to central collisions in Pb--Pb system. Color reconnection mechanism in PYTHIA8 model seems to play a pivotal role in capturing the qualitative behavior of the same measurements in pp collisions.
The first measurements of skewness and kurtosis of mean transverse momentum (⟨pT⟩) fluctuations are reported in Pb−Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV, Xe−Xe collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.44 TeV and pp collisions at s√=5.02 TeV using the ALICE detector. The measurements are carried out as a function of system size ⟨dNch/dη⟩1/3|η|<0.5, using charged particles with transverse momentum (pT) and pseudorapidity (η), in the range 0.2<pT<3.0 GeV/c and |η|<0.8, respectively. In Pb−Pb and Xe−Xe collisions, positive skewness is observed in the fluctuations of ⟨pT⟩ for all centralities, which is significantly larger than what would be expected in the scenario of independent particle emission. This positive skewness is considered a crucial consequence of the hydrodynamic evolution of the hot and dense nuclear matter created in heavy-ion collisions. Furthermore, similar observations of positive skewness for minimum bias pp collisions are also reported here. Kurtosis of ⟨pT⟩ fluctuations is found to be in good agreement with the kurtosis of Gaussian distribution, for most central Pb−Pb collisions. Hydrodynamic model calculations with MUSIC using Monte Carlo Glauber initial conditions are able to explain the measurements of both skewness and kurtosis qualitatively from semicentral to central collisions in Pb--Pb system. Color reconnection mechanism in PYTHIA8 model seems to play a pivotal role in capturing the qualitative behavior of the same measurements in pp collisions.
The first measurements of K∗(892)0 resonance production as a function of charged-particle multiplicity in Xe−Xe collisions at sNN−−−√= 5.44 TeV and pp collisions at s√= 5.02 TeV using the ALICE detector are presented. The resonance is reconstructed at midrapidity (|y|<0.5) using the hadronic decay channel K∗0→K±π∓. Measurements of transverse-momentum integrated yield, mean transverse-momentum, nuclear modification factor of K∗0, and yield ratios of resonance to stable hadron (K∗0/K) are compared across different collision systems (pp, p−Pb, Xe−Xe, and Pb−Pb) at similar collision energies to investigate how the production of K∗0 resonances depends on the size of the system formed in these collisions. The hadronic rescattering effect is found to be independent of the size of colliding systems and mainly driven by the produced charged-particle multiplicity, which is a proxy of the volume of produced matter at the chemical freeze-out. In addition, the production yields of K∗0 in Xe−Xe collisions are utilized to constrain the dependence of the kinetic freeze-out temperature on the system size using the hadron resonance gas in partial chemical equilibrium (HRG-PCE) model.
The first measurements of K∗(892)0 resonance production as a function of charged-particle multiplicity in Xe−Xe collisions at sNN−−−√= 5.44 TeV and pp collisions at s√= 5.02 TeV using the ALICE detector are presented. The resonance is reconstructed at midrapidity (|y|<0.5) using the hadronic decay channel K∗0→K±π∓. Measurements of transverse-momentum integrated yield, mean transverse-momentum, nuclear modification factor of K∗0, and yield ratios of resonance to stable hadron (K∗0/K) are compared across different collision systems (pp, p−Pb, Xe−Xe, and Pb−Pb) at similar collision energies to investigate how the production of K∗0 resonances depends on the size of the system formed in these collisions. The hadronic rescattering effect is found to be independent of the size of colliding systems and mainly driven by the produced charged-particle multiplicity, which is a proxy of the volume of produced matter at the chemical freeze-out. In addition, the production yields of K∗0 in Xe−Xe collisions are utilized to constrain the dependence of the kinetic freeze-out temperature on the system size using the hadron resonance gas in partial chemical equilibrium (HRG-PCE) model.