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Based on a sample of university students, we provide field and laboratory evidence that a small scale training intervention has a both statistically and economically significant effect on subjective and objective assessments of financial knowledge. We also show that for a large part of students whose self-assessed financial knowledge has improved we do not find an increase in their actual skills.
We set up and solve a rich life-cycle model of household decisions involving consumption of both perishable goods and housing services, stochastic and unspanned labor income, stochastic house prices, home renting and owning, stock investments, and portfolio constraints. The model features habit formation for housing consumption, which leads to optimal decisions closer in line with empirical observations. Our model can explain (i) that stock investments are low or zero for many young agents and then gradually increasing over life, (ii) that the housing expenditure share is age- and wealth-dependent, (iii) that perishable consumption is more sensitive to wealth and income shocks than housing consumption, and (iv) that non-housing consumption is hump-shaped over life.
This paper investigates whether exchanging the Social Security delayed retirement credit, currently paid as an increase in lifetime annuity benefits, for a lump sum would induce later claiming and additional work. We show that people would voluntarily claim about half a year later if the lump sum were paid for claiming any time after the Early Retirement Age, and about two-thirds of a year later if the lump sum were paid only for those claiming after their Full Retirement Age. Overall, people will work one-third to one-half of the additional months, compared to the status quo. Those who would currently claim at the youngest ages are likely to be most responsive to the offer of a lump sum benefit.
Traditional least squares estimates of the responsiveness of gasoline consumption to changes in gasoline prices are biased toward zero, given the endogeneity of gasoline prices. A seemingly natural solution to this problem is to instrument for gasoline prices using gasoline taxes, but this approach tends to yield implausibly large price elasticities. We demonstrate that anticipatory behavior provides an important explanation for this result. We provide evidence that gasoline buyers increase gasoline purchases before tax increases and delay gasoline purchases before tax decreases. This intertemporal substitution renders the tax instrument endogenous, invalidating conventional IV analysis. We show that including suitable leads and lags in the regression restores the validity of the IV estimator, resulting in much lower and more plausible elasticity estimates. Our analysis has implications more broadly for the IV analysis of markets in which buyers may store purchases for future consumption.
Klimaschutz- und Anpassungsmaßnahmen : Zielkonflikte und Synergien mit dem Biodiversitätsschutz
(2015)
Der Klimawandel ist eine der größten Herausforderungen der Gegenwart und seine Auswirkungen auf Natur, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft werden vielfach untersucht. Minderungs- wie auch Anpassungsmaßnahmen sind somit ein wichtiges Handlungsfeld geworden. Während der Einfluss des Klimawandels auf die Biodiversität bereits seit Längerem Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen ist, rücken nun auch mögliche Folgen von Klimaschutz- und Anpassungsmaßnahmen auf die biologische Vielfalt in den Fokus der Forschung: So ist eine generelle Treibhausgasreduktion zwar prinzipiell förderlich, jedoch kann die Umsetzung der hierfür notwendigen Maßnahmen zu Zielkonflikten mit dem Biodiversitätsschutz führen. Gleichwohl gibt es Herangehensweisen, die Synergien beider Bereiche erkennen lassen.
Das Papier bietet einen Überblick über Maßnahmen des Klimaschutzes und der Klimawandelanpassung in den Bereichen Wald- und Forstwirtschaft, Moore, Landwirtschaft, nachwachsende Rohstoffe, Fließgewässer, Küsten und Meere. Diese werden mit Blick auf ihre möglichen (sowohl förderlichen als auch abträglichen) Auswirkungen auf die Biodiversität vorgestellt. Mit dieser problemorientierten Diskursfeldanalyse soll ein Beitrag geleistet werden, potentielle Zielkonflikte von Klima- und Biodiversitätsschutz zu erkennen und Synergien zu fördern.
In der Netzschau dieser Woche geht es um afghanischen Aktivismus für Frauenrechte, Joseph Blatters opportunistische Thematisierung von Diskriminierung von Frauen im Iran, die Wirksamkeit von Mikrokrediten, den Islamischen Staat und die Probleme des Nahen und Mittleren Ostens und die Überwachung durch die NSA.
Last week, this year’s ISA conference brought together over 5000 scholars and exhibitors from all over the world to discuss all things international, political, scholarly, hold meetings, get lunch together, and party at Mardi Gras (it was in New Orleans, after all!). Similar to last year, a lot of this discussing took also place on Twitter. Scholars-slash-tweeps rallied around the hashtag #isa2015 to talk to each other online about great (and not so great) panels, trends in IR scholarship, gender bias in academia, and (not surprisingly for an academic conference) coffee. Who was most active during ISA2015 on Twitter? What were the most hotly debated topics online? When did ISAlers tweet?
Ein Crosspost aus dem äußerst lesenswerten neuen Blog der Friedensakademie Rheinland-Pfalz friedensakademie-blog.eu/ zur aktuellen Lage in Libyen: Dort droht die internationale Staatengemeinschaft vier Jahre nach der Intervention in ihrer Verantwortung zur Prävention eines weiteren Blutvergießens zu scheitern. Mein Originalbeitrag beim Friedensakademie-Blog erschien am 6. Februar 2015.
Barriereinseln und Nehrungshaken, geformt durch eine Kombination aus Wind, Wellen, Strömung und Küstenlängstransport gelten als geologisch junge und morphologisch hoch aktive Küstenbereiche und variieren häufig in Ursprung, Genese und Entwicklung. Bisherige Untersuchungen zur Stratigraphie dieser durch engräumige Fazieswechsel geprägten Sedimentationsräume basieren häufig allein auf Bohrungen. Daher sind die interne sedimentologische Struktur und die Prozesse, die zur Entwicklung von Barriereinseln und Nehrungshaken geführt haben, oftmals unzureichend untersucht.
Ziel der folgenden Studie war es, anhand hochauflösender Georadarmessungen (GPR) und Bohrungen die Entstehung und interne sedimentäre Architektur der Nehrungshaken von Sylt und Amrum zu rekonstruieren. Durch die Korrelation von Sediment- und Radarfazies konnten über den bisherigen Kenntnisstand hinaus wertvolle, sich ergänzende Informationen zur Geologie des oberflächennahen Untergrundes der Inseln Sylt und Amrum gewonnen werden. Auf dieser Grundlage wurden für den Süden Sylts, die Westküste von Amrum und den Norden Amrums stratigraphische Modelle entwickelt, die schematisch den sedimentologischen Aufbau, die geomorphologisch-geologische Genese und die am Aufbau beteiligten Prozesse zusammenfassen. Die Einordnung in einen absoluten Zeitrahmen wurde durch Datierungen (AMS Radiokohlenstoff-Methode, Aminosäure-Racemisierungs-Methode) ermöglicht.
Die Ergebnisse sind als Beispiel für die Heterogenität und Individualität von Nehrungshaken und Barriereinseln zu sehen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Nehrungshaken hinsichtlich ihres Aufbaus, ihrer sedimentären Struktur sowie den Prozessen ihrer Entstehung sehr unterschiedlich sind.
Mit Ausnahme der heutigen Dünen zeigt die Stratigraphie der Ansatzzone des südlichen Nehrungshakens von Sylt an den zentralen Inselgeestkern südlich der Ortschaft Rantum insgesamt eine Vergröberungs-Sequenz von tonigem Mischwatt im Liegenden über Sandwatt bis zu den gröberen washover-Schichten im Hangenden. Eine Besonderheit und regionale Abweichung stellt die Stratigraphie bei Puan Klent/Thörnhörn dar. Dort wurde im Liegenden der Watt-Fazies ein fossiler Strandhaken nachgewiesen.
Die transgressive Sequenz der Ansatzzone des südlichen Nehrungshakens von Sylt bei Rantum auf Sylt ist kennzeichnend für eine landwärts gerichtete Wanderungsbewegung der Inselbarriere unter steigendem Meeresspiegel. Das Resultat des als „barrier rollover“ bezeichneten morphologischen Prozesses ist die allmähliche Erosion der westlichen Barrierefront. Das erodierte Sediment der Westküste wurde entweder durch overwash-Prozesse im rückwärtigen Inselbereich als washover fan abgelagert oder gelangte in den Küstenlängstransport, wurde zur Inselspitze transportiert und dort akkumuliert. Diese führte allmählich zum Wachstum und zur Progradation der südlichen Inselspitze (Hörnum Odde) in die sich südlich anschließende Tiderinne des Hörnum-Tiefs. Zahlreiche Erosionsdiskordanzen unterhalb des heutigen Meeresspiegels markieren ursprüngliche Inselspitzenendpositionen (time lines) und sind auf hochenergetische Sturmflutereignisse zurückzuführen. Die time lines werden nach Süden hin jünger und zeichnen unterschiedliche Stadien der Progradation nach, die ein episodisches Wachstum der Inselspitze in Abhängigkeit von der Sedimentverfügbarkeit und der Sturmflutintensität belegen. Alte Erosionsdiskordanzen belegen die frühe submarine Genese der Hörnum Odde. Ein starkes Wachstum der südlichen Inselspitze Sylts lässt sich im Mittelalter nachweisen.
Sturmfluten führten zudem immer wieder zu overwash-Prozessen und Überschwemmungen der noch jungen Inselspitze. Dies belegen ältere washover-Ablagerungen, die in unterschiedlichen Phasen der Nehrungshakenentwicklung nachgewiesen werden konnten. Rezente overwash-Prozesse sind auf die heutigen Dünen beschränkt und wurden in dieser Arbeit mit der Fragestellung untersucht, ob und inwieweit das Georadar als Methode zur Prospektion von washover-Sedimenten herangezogen werden kann.
Die unmittelbare Nachbarschaft der beiden Nehrungshaken von Sylt und Amrum lässt einen ähnlichen sedimentären Aufbau, eine analoge Genese in einem einheitlichen Prozess-System sowie ein vergleichbares Alter vermuten. Durch die Untersuchungen im Norden von Amrum sollte festgestellt werden, in wie weit das für die Hörnum Odde nachgewiesene Zusammenspiel von Küstenlängstransport, Progradation, sturmflutbedingten overwash-Prozessen und die zeitliche Unterbrechung des Längenwachstums durch Sturmfluterosion auch für Amrum zutrifft. Entgegen der Erwartungen unterscheidet sich der nördliche Nehrungshaken der Insel Amrum signifikant vom südlichen Nehrungshaken der Nachbarinsel Sylt.
Studien zur Landschaftsentwicklung an der Westküste Amrums wurden in einem Modell zusammengefasst, dass die Sedimentationsbedingungen, die im Westküstenvorfeld herrschten bevor der Kniepsand an die Insel heranwanderte, beschreibt. Auf der Landoberfläche des ertrinkenden saaleeiszeitlichen Geestkerns wurden zu Beginn der Flandrischen Transgression feinkörnige Sedimente eines Misch- und Schlickwatts abgelagert. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass der damals noch weit vor der Küste Amrums liegende Kniepsand eine Barriere bildete und so an der heute hochenergetischen Westküste für strömungsberuhigte Sedimentationsbedingungen sorgte. Ein weiteres Modell beschreibt den Andockmechanismus des Kniepsandes an die Insel Amrum. Durch die Anlagerung des ehemaligen Außensandes und den damit einhergehenden Sedimentinput wurden die Bedingungen für eine großflächige Dünenbildung geschaffen.
Landau's Fermi liquid theory has been the main tool for investigating interactions between fermions at low energies for more than 50 years. It has been successful in describing, amongst other things, the mass enhancement in ³He and the thermodynamics of a large class of metals. Whilst this in itself is remarkable given the phenomenological nature of the original theory, experiments have found several materials, such as some superconducting and heavy-fermion materials, which cannot be described within the Fermi liquid picture. Because of this, many attempts have been made to understand these ''non Fermi liquid'' phases from a theoretical perspective. This will be the broad topic of the first part of this thesis and will be investigated in Chapter 2, where we consider a two-dimensional system of electrons interacting close to a Fermi surface through a damped gapless bosonic field. Such systems are known to give rise to non Fermi liquid behaviour. In particular we will consider the Ising-nematic quantum critical point of a two-dimensional metal. At this quantum critical point the Fermi liquid theory breaks down and the fermionic self-energy acquires the non Fermi liquid like {omega}²/³ frequency dependence at lowest order and within the canonical Hertz-Millis approach to quantum criticality of interacting fermions. Previous studies have however shown that, due to the gapless nature of the electronic single-particle excitations, the exponent of 2/3 is modified by an anomalous dimension {eta_psi} which changes, not only the exponent of the frequency dependence, but also the exponent of the momentum dependence of the self-energy. These studies also show that the usual 1/N-expansion breaks down for this problem. We therefore develop an alternative approach to calculate the anomalous dimensions based on the functional renormalization group, which will be introduced in the introductory Chapter 1. Doing so we will be able to calculate both the anomalous dimension renormalizing the exponent of the frequency dependence and the exponent renormalizing the momentum dependence of the self-energy. Moreover we will see that an effective interaction between the bosonic fields, mediated by the fermions, is crucial in order to obtain these renormalizations.
In the second part of this thesis, presented in Chapter 3, we return to Fermi liquid theory itself. Indeed, despite its conceptual simplicity of expressing interacting electrons through long-lived quasi-particles which behave in a similar fashion as free particles, albeit with renormalized parameters, it remains an active area of research. In particular, in order to take into account the full effects of interactions between quasi-particles, it is crucial to consider specific microscopic models. One such effect, which is not captured by the phenomenological theory itself, is the appearance of non-analytic terms in the expansions of various thermodynamic quantities such as heat-capacity and susceptibility with respect to an external magnetic field, temperature, or momentum. Such non-analyticities may have a large impact on the phase diagram of, for example, itinerant electrons near a ferromagnetic quantum phase transition. Inspired by this we consider a system of interacting electrons in a weak external magnetic field within Fermi liquid theory. For this system we calculate various quasi-particle properties such as the quasi-particle residue, momentum-renormalization factor, and a renormalization factor which relates to the self-energy on the Fermi surface. From these renormalization factors we then extract physical quantities such as the renormalized mass and renormalized electron Lande g-factor. By calculating the renormalization factors within second order perturbation theory numerically and analytically, using a phase-space decomposition, we show that all renormalization factors acquire a non-analytic term proportional to the absolute value of the magnetic field. We moreover explicitly calculate the prefactors of these terms and find that they are all universal and determined by low-energy scattering processes which we classify. We also consider the non-analytic contributions to the same renormalization factors at finite temperatures and for finite external frequencies and discuss possible experimental ways of measuring the prefactors. Specifically we find that the tunnelling density of states and the conductivity acquire a non-analytic dependence on magnetic field (and temperature) coming from the momentum-renormalization factor. For the latter we discuss how this relates to previous works which show the existence of non-analyticities in the conductivity at first order in the interaction.
There are only 3 methods for the production of heavy and superheavy (SH) nuclei, namely, fusion reactions, a sequence of neutron capture and beta(-) decay and multinucleon transfer reactions. Low values of the fusion cross sections and very short half-lives of nuclei with Z<120 put obstacles in synthesis of new elements. At the same time, an important area of SH isotopes located between those produced in the cold and hot fusion reactions remains unstudied yet. This gap could be filled in fusion reactions of 48Ca with available lighter isotopes of Pu, Am, and Cm. New neutron-enriched isotopes of SH elements may be produced with the use of a 48Ca beam if a 250Cm target would be prepared. In this case we get a real chance to reach the island of stability owing to a possible beta(+) decay of 291114 and 287112 nuclei formed in this reaction with a cross section of about 0.8 pb. A macroscopic amount of the long-living SH nuclei located at the island of stability may be produced by using the pulsed nuclear reactors of the next generation only if the neutron fluence per pulse will be increased by about three orders of magnitude. Multinucleon transfer processes look quite promising for the production and study of neutron-rich heavy nuclei located in upper part of the nuclear map not reachable by other reaction mechanisms. Reactions with actinide beams and targets are of special interest for synthesis of new neutron-enriched transfermium nuclei and not-yet-known nuclei with closed neutron shell N=126 having the largest impact on the astrophysical r-process. The estimated cross sections for the production of these nuclei allows one to plan such experiments at currently available accelerators.
In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria host ancient essential bioenergetic and biosynthetic pathways. LYR (leucine/tyrosine/arginine) motif proteins (LYRMs) of the Complex1_LYR-like superfamily interact with protein complexes of bacterial origin. Many LYR proteins function as extra subunits (LYRM3 and LYRM6) or novel assembly factors (LYRM7, LYRM8, ACN9 and FMC1) of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) core complexes. Structural insights into complex I accessory subunits LYRM6 and LYRM3 have been provided by analyses of EM and X-ray structures of complex I from bovine and the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, respectively. Combined structural and biochemical studies revealed that LYRM6 resides at the matrix arm close to the ubiquinone reduction site. For LYRM3, a position at the distal proton-pumping membrane arm facing the matrix space is suggested. Both LYRMs are supposed to anchor an acyl-carrier protein (ACPM) independently to complex I. The function of this duplicated protein interaction of ACPM with respiratory complex I is still unknown. Analysis of protein-protein interaction screens, genetic analyses and predicted multi-domain LYRMs offer further clues on an interaction network and adaptor-like function of LYR proteins in mitochondria.
Background: Intestinal perforation or leakage increases morbidity and mortality of surgical and endoscopic interventions. We identified criteria for use of full-covered, extractable self-expanding metal stents (cSEMS) vs. "Over the scope"-clips (OTSC) for leak closure.
Methods: Patients who underwent endoscopic treatment for postoperative leakage, endoscopic perforation, or spontaneous rupture of the upper gastrointestinal tract between 2006 and 2013 were identified at four tertiary endoscopic centers. Technical success, outcome (e.g. duration of hospitalization, in-hospital mortality), and complications were assessed and analyzed with respect to etiology, size and location of leakage.
Results: Of 106 patients (male: 75 (71%), female: 31 (29%); age (mean ± SD): 62.5 ± 1.3 years, 72 (69%) were treated by cSEMS and 34 (31%) by OTSC. For cSEMS vs. OTSC, mean treatment duration was 41.1 vs. 25 days, p<0.001, leakage size 10 (1-50) vs. 5 (1-30) mm (median (range)), and complications were observed in 68% vs. 8.8%, p<0.001, respectively. Clinical success for primary interventional treatment was observed in 29/72 (40%) vs. 24/34 (70%, p = 0.006), and clinical success at the end of follow-up was 46/72 (64%) vs. 29/34 (85%) for patients treated by cSEMS vs. OTSC; p = 0.04.
Conclusion: OTSC is preferred in small-sized lesions and in perforation caused by endoscopic interventions, cSEMS in patients with concomitant local infection or abscess. cSEMS is associated with a higher frequency of complications. Therefore, OTSC might be preferred if technically feasible. Indication criteria for cSEMS vs. OTSC vary and might impede design of randomized studies.
Background: The sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) is both a key bile acid (BA) transporter mediating uptake of BA into hepatocytes and an essential receptor for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV). In this study we aimed to characterize to what extent and through what mechanism BA affect HDV cell entry.
Methods: HuH-7 cells stably expressing NTCP (HuH-7/NTCP) and primary human hepatocytes (PHH) were infected with in vitro generated HDV particles. Infectivity in the absence or presence of compounds was assessed using immunofluorescence staining for HDV antigen, standard 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assays and quantitative PCR.
Results: Addition of primary conjugated and unconjugated BA resulted in a dose dependent reduction in the number of infected cells while secondary, tertiary and synthetic BA had a lesser effect. This effect was observed both in HuH-7/NTCP and in PHH. Other replication cycle steps such as replication and particle assembly and release were unaffected. Moreover, inhibitory BA competed with a fragment from the large HBV envelope protein for binding to NTCP-expressing cells. Conversely, the sodium/BA-cotransporter function of NTCP seemed not to be required for HDV infection since infection was similar in the presence or absence of a sodium gradient across the plasma membrane. When chenodeoxycolic acid (15 mg per kg body weight) was administered to three chronically HDV infected individuals over a period of up to 16 days there was no change in serum HDV RNA.
Conclusions: Primary BA inhibit NTCP-mediated HDV entry into hepatocytes suggesting that modulation of the BA pool may affect HDV infection of hepatocytes.