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Part II of our series on ISIS : Blogforum "Kalifat des Terrors: Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven auf den Islamischen Staat"
On Thursday January 15, only a week after the bloodyattacks in Paris by the Kouachi brothers and AmedyCoulibali, Belgium was on high alert. In a raid carriedout by police and security forces in the small villageof Verviers, two alleged terrorists were shot dead, a third suspect wasarrested. The action was part of a larger operation carried out throughout thecountry to prevent imminent attacks by a group of Islamists, some of whomwere directly tied to the war in Syria and Iraq. In the days that followed itbecame clear that the prevented attacks probably were aimed at a highranking police official. The terror threat level was subsequently raised tolevel three, indicating that the threat of attacks was imminent. What makesBelgium such a hub for Jihadis?..
Freundschaftsvorstellungen des Mittelalters und die politisch-soziale Bedeutung der Freundschaft sind keine "jungen" Gegenstände mehr: Schon in den 1990er Jahren unterstrich Gerd Althoff die Bedeutung der hochmittelalterlichen amicitiae, und seinen Pionierarbeiten folgten weitere Studien, die das Mittelalter räumlich und zeitlich recht breit erfassten. In dieser Forschungslandschaft müssen sich neue Beiträge entsprechend sorgfältig positionieren. ...
Freund und Favorit: Begriffliche Reflexionen zu zwei Bindungstypen an spätmittelalterlichen Höfen
(2015)
Am Anfang der folgenden Überlegungen steht eine Irritation: Sie resultiert aus der Bourdieu’schen Theorie von der Existenz unterschiedlicher Kapitalformen – des ökonomischen, sozialen und kulturellen Kapitals –, die im sozialen Miteinander mehr oder weniger konvertierbar sein sollten und vom Individuum zur sozialen Positionierung eingesetzt werden können. Zur Erklärung der sozialen Dynamik spätmittelalterlicher Höfe ist dieses Modell gleichermaßen einleuchtend und hilfreich. Es weist aber mindestens eine Bruchstelle auf: So gut es viele (wenn auch nicht alle) Prozesse und Strategien des Handelns im höfischen Kontext erklärt, ist die Dynamik erst einmal angelaufen, so lässt es doch die Frage nach dem Eintritt in das Spiel offen. Woher kommt das Kapital, das Bewegung über die ständige Konvertierung hinaus ermöglicht? Oder anders gefragt: Wie gelingt Neuankömmlingen der Eintritt? ...
The Federal Reserve’s muddled mandate to attain simultaneously the incompatible goals of maximum employment and price stability invites short-term-oriented discretionary policymaking inconsistent with the systematic approach needed for monetary policy to contribute best to the economy over time. Fear of liftoff—the reluctance to start the process of policy normalization after the end of a recession—serves as an example. Causes of the problem are discussed, drawing on public choice and cognitive psychology perspectives. The Federal Reserve could adopt a framework that relies on a simple policy rule subject to periodic reviews and adaptation. Replacing meeting-by-meeting discretion with a simple policy rule would eschew discretion in favor of systematic policy. Periodic review of the rule would allow the Federal Reserve the flexibility to account for and occasionally adapt to the evolving understanding of the economy. Congressional legislation could guide the Federal Reserve in this direction. However the Federal Reserve may be best placed to select the simple rule and could embrace this improvement on its own, within its current mandate, with the publication of a simple rule along the lines of its statement of longer-run goals.
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) favors multiple aspects of tumor development and immune evasion. Therefore, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES-1/-2), is a potential target for cancer therapy. We explored whether inhibiting mPGES-1 in human and mouse models of breast cancer affects tumor-associated immunity. A new model of breast tumor spheroid killing by human PBMCs was developed. In this model, tumor killing required CD80 expression by tumor-associated phagocytes to trigger cytotoxic T cell activation. Pharmacological mPGES-1 inhibition increased CD80 expression, whereas addition of PGE2, a prostaglandin E2 receptor 2 (EP2) agonist, or activation of signaling downstream of EP2 reduced CD80 expression. Genetic ablation of mPGES-1 resulted in markedly reduced tumor growth in PyMT mice. Macrophages of mPGES-1-/- PyMT mice indeed expressed elevated levels of CD80 compared to their wildtype counterparts. CD80 expression in tumor-spheroid infiltrating mPGES-1-/- macrophages translated into antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell activation. In conclusion, mPGES-1 inhibition elevates CD80 expression by tumor-associated phagocytes to restrict tumor growth. We propose that mPGES-1 inhibition in combination with immune cell activation might be part of a therapeutic strategy to overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
Der interdisziplinäre Doktoranden-Workshop "Neue Tendenzen der Italienforschung zu Mittelalter und Renaissance" fand erstmalig vom 13. bis 15. November 2014 am Kunsthistorischen Institut in Florenz, Max-Planck-Institut, statt. Initiatoren und Organisatoren waren seitens der Geschichte INGRID BAUMGÄRTNER (Kassel) und KLAUS HERBERS (Erlangen-Nürnberg) sowie seitens der Kunstgeschichte ALESSANDRO NOVA (Florenz/Frankfurt am Main) und GERHARD WOLF (Florenz/Berlin). Ziel des gut besuchten Workshops war es, aktuelle Ansätze der Italienforschung gemeinsam zu kommentieren und kritisch zu würdigen. Nachwuchswissenschaftler/innen aus verschiedenen Disziplinen, insbesondere Geschichte, Kunstgeschichte und Philosophie, stellten ihre Projekte zur Diskussion. ...
GIUSEPPE CUSA (Frankfurt am Main) referierte über die Laiengeschichtsschreibung in der Mark Verona-Treviso am Übergang von der Kommune zur Signorie. Er fragte nach Unterschieden und Gemeinsamkeiten in den verschiedenen Städten sowie danach, welchen Berufen die geschichtsschreibenden Laien nachgingen und aus welcher Motivation heraus sie Zeitgeschichte dokumentierten. ...
Psychological ownership is a cognitive–affective construct based on individuals’ feelings of possessiveness towards and of being psychologically tied/attached to objects that are material (e.g. tools or work) and immaterial (e.g. ideas or workspace) in nature. Research suggests that psychological ownership could be influenced by various individual, organisational and contextual factors. The South African Employment Equity Act, which was implemented to grant equitable opportunities to previously disadvantaged employees, could be a significant contextual factor affecting psychological ownership, due to perceptions associated with inequality. Ethnicity may also act as a moderator for the relationship between perceptions of employment equity and psychological ownership. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between employment equity perceptions and psychological ownership and to explore whether ethnicity plays a moderating role in the relationship. A cross-sectional survey design was employed with a purposeful sample of 202 respondents employed in a large South African mining house. Pearson product–moment correlations and structural equation modelling confirmed that employment equity perceptions could predict the five components of psychological ownership. However, the results revealed that ethnicity has no moderating effect on the relationship between perceptions of employment equity and the emergence of psychological ownership. By implication, organisations that seek to retain employees targeted through equity initiatives need to find ways to enhance and develop the psychological ownership of these employees. The research contributes new insights into and knowledge of how contextual factors could influence employees’ psychological ownership.
Polygenic risk scores, based on risk variants identified in genome-wide-association-studies (GWAS), explain a considerable portion of the heritability for schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). However, little is known about the combined effects of these variants, although polygenic neuroimaging has developed into a powerful tool of translational neuroscience. In this study, we used genome wide significant SZ risk variants to test the predictive capacity of the polygenic model and explored potential associations with white matter volume, a key candidate in imaging phenotype for psychotic disorders.
By calculating the combined additive schizophrenia risk of seven SNPs (significant hits from a recent schizophrenia GWAS study), we show that increased additive genetic risk for SZ was associated with reduced white matter volume in a group of participants (n = 94) consisting of healthy individuals, SZ first-degree relatives, SZ patients and BD patients. This effect was also seen in a second independent sample of healthy individuals (n = 89). We suggest that a moderate portion of variance (~4%) of white matter volume can be explained by the seven hits from the recent schizophrenia GWAS.
These results provide evidence for associations between cumulative genetic risk for schizophrenia and intermediate neuroimaging phenotypes in models of psychosis. Our work contributes to a growing body of literature suggesting that polygenic risk may help to explain white matter alterations associated with familial risk for psychosis.