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Empirical credit demand analysis undertaken at the aggregate level obscures potential behavioral heterogeneity between various borrowing sectors. Looking at disaggregated data and analyzing bank loans to non-financial companies, to financial companies, to households for consumption and for house purchases separately with respect to a common set of macroeconomic determinants may facilitate more accurate empirical relationships and more reliable insights for economic policy. Using quarterly Euro area panel data between 2003 and 2013, empirical evidence for heterogeneity in borrowing behavior across sectors and the credit cycle with respect to interest rates, output and house prices is found. The results motivate sector-specific, counter-cyclical capital requirements.
Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMCs) are suitable for bone tissue engineering. Comparative data regarding the needs of BMC for the adhesion on biomaterials and biocompatibility to various biomaterials are lacking to a large extent. Therefore, we evaluated whether a surface coating would enhance BMC adhesion and analyze the biocompatibility of three different kinds of biomaterials. BMCs were purified from human bone marrow aspirate samples. Beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP, without coating or coated with fibronectin or human plasma), demineralized bone matrix (DBM), and bovine cancellous bone (BS) were assessed. Seeding efficacy on β-TCP was 95% regardless of the surface coating. BMC demonstrated a significantly increased initial adhesion on DBM and β-TCP compared to BS. On day 14, metabolic activity was significantly increased in BMC seeded on DBM in comparison to BMC seeded on BS. Likewise increased VEGF-synthesis was observed on day 2 in BMC seeded on DBM when compared to BMC seeded on BS. The seeding efficacy of BMC on uncoated biomaterials is generally high although there are differences between these biomaterials. Beta-TCP and DBM were similar and both superior to BS, suggesting either as suitable materials for spatial restriction of BMC used for regenerative medicine purposes in vivo.
In addition to the well-established quadrupole mixed-symmetry states, octupole and hexadecapole excitations with mixed-symmetry character have been recently proposed for the N = 52 isotones 92Zr and 94Mo. We performed two inelastic proton-scattering experiments to study this kind of excitations in the heaviest stable N = 52 isotone 96Ru. From the combined experimental data of both experiments absolute transition strengths were extracted.
Challenging voluntary CSR-initiatives – a case study on the effectiveness of the Equator Principles
(2015)
The Equator Principles (EPs) are a voluntary and self-regulatory Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiative in the field of project finance. The EPs provide a number of principles to businesses to reduce the negative impacts of lending practices linked to environment-damaging projects. The paper argues that the actual impact of the EPs even now as revised version is still limited. This is due to their voluntary nature and their lack of adequate governance mechanisms, that is, enforcement, monitoring and sanctioning. With the help of RepRisk, which provides a database capturing third-party criticism as well as a company’s or project’s exposure to controversial socio-environmental issues, the paper evaluates the on-the-ground performances of the two ‘Equator banks’ Barclays and JPMorgan Chase and compares their performance with the one of the two non-Equator banks Deutsche Bank and UBS. The paper shows that the EPs do not have a substantial influence on the broader CSR-performance of multinational banks due to the EPs’ limited scope – focusing mainly on project finance – and the (still) existing various loopholes, grey areas and discretionary leeway. The paper also gives an overview of the main institutional shortcomings of the EPs and their association and discusses some potential reform steps which should be taken to further strengthen and ‘harden’ this ‘soft law’ EP-framework. The paper thus argues in favor of (more) mandatory and legally binding rules and standards at the transnational level to overcome the EPs’ ‘voluntariness bias’.
This paper is motivated by the fact that nearly half of U.S. college students drop out without earning a bachelor’s degree. Its objective is to quantify how much uncertainty college entrants face about their graduation outcomes. To do so, we develop a quantitative model of college choice. The innovation is to model in detail how students progress towards a college degree. The model is calibrated using transcript and financial data. We find that more than half of college entrants can predict whether they will graduate with at least 80% probability. As a result, stylized policies that insure students against the financial risks associated with uncertain graduation have little value for the majority of college entrants.
Global warming, changes in the hydrological cycle and enhanced marine primary productivity all have been invoked as having contributed to the occurrence of widespread ocean anoxia during the Cenomanian–Turonian oceanic anoxic event (OAE2; ~94 Ma), but disentangling these factors on a regional scale has remained problematic. In an attempt to separate these forcing factors, we generated palynological and organic geochemical records using a core spanning the OAE2 from Wunstorf, Lower Saxony Basin (LSB; northern Germany), which exhibits cyclic black shale–marl alternations related to the orbital precession cycle.
Despite the widely varying depositional conditions complicating the interpretation of the obtained records, TEX86H indicates that sea-surface temperature (SST) evolution in the LSB during OAE2 resembles that of previously studied sites throughout the proto-North Atlantic. Cooling during the so-called Plenus Cold Event interrupted black shale deposition during the early stages of OAE2. However, TEX86 does not vary significantly across black shale–marl alternations, suggesting that temperature variations did not force the formation of the cyclic black shale horizons. Relative (i.e., with respect to marine palynomorphs) and absolute abundances of pollen and spores are elevated during phases of black shale deposition, indicative of enhanced precipitation and run-off. High abundances of cysts from inferred heterotrophic and euryhaline dinoflagellates supports high run-off, which likely introduced additional nutrients to the epicontinental shelf resulting in elevated marine primary productivity.
We conclude that orbitally forced enhanced precipitation and run-off, in tandem with elevated marine primary productivity, were critical in cyclic black shale formation on the northern European epicontinental shelf and potentially for other OAE2 sections in the proto-Atlantic and Western Interior Seaway at similar latitudes as well.
The Time Projection Chamber (TPC), a large gaseous detector, is the main particle identification device of the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC. The desired performance of the TPC defines the requirements for the gas mixture used in the detector. The active volume was filled with either Ne-CO2 (90-10) or Ne-CO2-N2 (90-10-5) during the first LHC running period. For LHC Run 2 the gas mixture is changed to Ar-CO2. Calculations of relevant gas properties are performed for Ar-based gas mixtures and compared to Ne-based gas mixtures to identify the most suitable Ar mixture. The drift velocity of ions in Ar is lower than in Ne. The closing time of the gating grid has to be adjusted accordingly to avoid drift field distortions due to back-drifting ions. The drift times of ions in the TPC readout chambers are calculated for the respective gas mixtures to determine the time to collect all ions from the amplification region. For LHC Run 3 the TPC readout chambers will be upgraded. The Multiwire Proportional Chambers (MWPCs) will be replaced by readout chambers based on Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs) which are operated in continuous mode. As a consequence an ion backflow of the order of 1% causes significant space-charge distortions in the TPC drift volume. Similar distortions are expected in data taken specifically for the study of space-charge effects at the end of Run 1. The gating grid of the MWPCs is operated in the open state allowing the ions from the amplification region to enter the drift volume. The magnitude of the distortions in this data is measured and compared to the expectations for the TPC upgrade and results from current simulations.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measures neural activity non-invasively and at an excellent temporal resolution. Since its invention (Cohen, 1968, 1972), MEG has proven a most valuable tool in neurocognitive (Salmelin et al., 1994) and clinical research (Stufflebeam et al., 2009; Van ’t Ent et al., 2003). MEG is able to measure rapid changes in electrophysiological neural signals related to sensory and cognitive processes. The magnetic fields measured outside the head by MEG directly reflect the cortical currents generated by the synchronised activity of thousands of neuronal sources. This distinguishes MEG from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), where measurements are only indirectly related to electrophysiological activity through neurovascular coupling...
Signaling cooperation
(2015)
We examine what an applicant’s vita signals to potential employers about her willingness to cooperate in teams. Intensive social engagement may credibly reveal that an applicant cares about the well-being of others and therefore is less likely to free-ride in teamwork situations. We find that contributions in a public goods game strongly increase in a subject’s degree of social engagement as indicated on her résumé (and rated by an independent third party). Engagement in other domains, such as student or sports associations, is not positively correlated with contributions. In a prediction experiment with human resource managers from various industries, we find that managers use résumé content effectively to predict relative differences in subjects’ willingness to cooperate. Thus, young professionals signal important behavioral characteristics to potential employers through the choice of their extracurricular activities.
Knowledge about mass discrimination effects in a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) is crucial for quantifying, e.g., the recently discovered extremely low volatile organic compounds (ELVOCs) and other compounds for which no calibration standard exists so far. Here, we present a simple way of estimating mass discrimination effects of a nitrate-based chemical ionization atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight (CI-APi-TOF) mass spectrometer. Characterization of the mass discrimination is achieved by adding different perfluorinated acids to the mass spectrometer in amounts sufficient to deplete the primary ions significantly. The relative transmission efficiency can then be determined by comparing the decrease of signals from the primary ions and the increase of signals from the perfluorinated acids at higher masses. This method is in use already for PTR-MS; however, its application to a CI-APi-TOF brings additional difficulties, namely clustering and fragmentation of the measured compounds, which can be treated with statistical analysis of the measured data, leading to self-consistent results. We also compare this method to a transmission estimation obtained with a setup using an electrospray ion source, a high-resolution differential mobility analyzer and an electrometer, which estimates the transmission of the instrument without the CI source. Both methods give different transmission curves, indicating non-negligible mass discrimination effects of the CI source. The absolute transmission of the instrument without the CI source was estimated with the HR-DMA method to plateau between the m∕z range of 127 and 568 Th at around 1.5 %; however, for the CI source included, the depletion method showed a steady increase in relative transmission efficiency from the m∕z range of the primary ion (mainly at 62 Th) to around 550 Th by a factor of around 5. The main advantages of the depletion method are that the instrument is used in the same operation mode as during standard measurements and no knowledge of the absolute amount of the measured substance is necessary, which results in a simple setup.
Teil XIV unserer Serie zum „Islamischen Staat“. Der „Islamische Staat“ veröffentlicht unter dem Namen „Dabiq“ eine eigene Propagandazeitschrift. Die mit zahlreichen großformatigen Fotos hergestellte Publikation mutet dabei wie ein modernes Magazin an und ist optisch durchaus mit dem seit mehreren Jahren bekannten Magazin „Inspire“ der al-Qaida vergleichbar. Im Folgenden soll die deutsche Ausgabe in die Rekrutierungs- und Medienstrategie des IS eingeordnet und mögliche Folgerungen für die Sicherheitslage und die Tätigkeit der deutschen Sicherheitsbehörden vorgenommen werden.
Der Innensenator der Freien Hansestadt Bremen, Ulrich Mäurer, hat die Forderung nach einer Nationalen Präventionsstrategie gegen gewaltbereiten Extremismus erhoben. Ziel dieser Initiative ist es, durch eine effektive Verknüpfung aller beteiligten staatlichen Akteure in diesem Feld eine größtmögliche Wirkung von Präventions- und Deradikalisierungsmaßnahmen zu erreichen. Sein Vorstoß wird einer der zentralen, sicherlich aber auch der kontroversen Beratungspunkte der nächsten Sitzung der Ständigen Konferenz der Innenminister und -senatoren der Länder (Innenministerkonferenz – IMK) Ende Juni sein...
Deutschland steht angesichts der seit rund sechs Wochen massiv angestiegenen Zahlen von Flüchtlingen insbesondere aus Krisengebieten des Nahen und Mittleren Ostens vor einer der größten gesellschaftlichen Herausforderungen der Nachkriegsgeschichte. Je nach Quelle werden alleine in diesem Jahr rund 800.000 Flüchtlinge (die derzeitige Prognose des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge), bis zu einer Million (Bundesminister Sigmar Gabriel) oder auch 1,5 Millionen Zuwanderer erwartet. Ein sehr großer Anteil dieser Menschen wird vermutlich als asylberechtigt anerkannt werden. Und da ein weit überproportional hoher Anteil dieser Flüchtlinge alleinreisend war, ist damit zu rechnen, dass im Laufe der nächsten Jahre eine mutmaßlich noch größere Anzahl von Familienangehörigen nachziehen wird. Deutschland muss sich also perspektivisch auf mehrere Millionen neue Einwohner einstellen...
Durch das entschlossene und überaus mutige Eingreifen mehrerer Passagiere konnte am 21. August 2015 an Bord des Thalys-Schnellzuges von Amsterdam nach Paris ein mutmaßlich jihadistisch motivierter Attentäter daran gehindert werden, zahlreiche Menschen zu ermorden. Wäre der Täter nicht gehindert worden, hätte er, bewaffnet mit einem Sturmgewehr, einer Pistole und einem Messer, dutzende Opfer finden können...