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Halophilic archaea cultivated from surface sterilized middle-late Eocene rock salt are polyploid
(2014)
Live bacteria and archaea have been isolated from several rock salt deposits of up to hundreds of millions of years of age from all around the world. A key factor affecting their longevity is the ability to keep their genomic DNA intact, for which efficient repair mechanisms are needed. Polyploid microbes are known to have an increased resistance towards mutations and DNA damage, and it has been suggested that microbes from deeply buried rock salt would carry several copies of their genomes. Here, cultivable halophilic microbes were isolated from a surface sterilized middle-late Eocene (38–41 million years ago) rock salt sample, drilled from the depth of 800 m at Yunying salt mine, China. Eight unique isolates were obtained, which represented two haloarchaeal genera, Halobacterium and Halolamina. We used real-time PCR to show that our isolates are polyploid, with genome copy numbers of 11–14 genomes per cell in exponential growth phase. The ploidy level was slightly downregulated in stationary growth phase, but the cells still had an average genome copy number of 6–8. The polyploidy of halophilic archaea living in ancient rock salt might be a factor explaining how these organisms are able to overcome the challenge of prolonged survival during their entombment.
Background: According to current taxonomy only three out of 27 Sinohimalayan leaf warbler species (Phylloscopidae) are considered genetically uniform across their entire breeding range along the Southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the Buff-barred Warbler (Phylloscopus pulcher) being one of them. Because marked differentiation among Himalayan and Chinese populations has been recently demonstrated for a number of Phylloscopus species (or sister species) we investigated the intraspecific variation of a mitochondrial gene, songs and morphology of P. pulcher in a phylogeographic approach.
Methods: We sequenced a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b, reconstructed haplotype networks and analyzed DNA polymorphism among Himalayan and Chinese populations. We measured time and frequency parameters of two distinct song types and analyzed among population-differentiation in a principal component analysis and a discriminant analysis. We also compared measurements of body size dimensions taken from museum specimens.
Results: The mitochondrial haplotype network (cytb) was divided into two distinct clusters corresponding to geographic origin of samples. Pairwise genetic distances among Himalayan and Chinese mtDNA lineages account for 1.3% which coincides with Pleistocene lineage separation at roughly 650,000 years ago. Genetic diversity is slightly higher in the Chinese part of the species’ range with respect to haplotype and nucleotide diversity while the less diversified Himalayan population lineage shows signs of recent range expansion. The vocal repertoire of P. pulcher comprises two distinct verse types that are combined with short interspersed click notes to long continuous song displays. Trill verse types showed significant differences among regions in almost all measured frequency and time parameters: Chinese males displayed more rapid and more broad-banded trills at a lower pitch. In contrast, warbling verse types showed a distinctively different structure among regions: Himalayan songs consisted of repeated syllables while Chinese songs comprised repetitions of single, long and strongly modulated elements. Subtle morphological differences among specimens from the two study regions could only be confirmed for plumage coloration but not for metric characters.
Conclusions: Based on the genetic and bioacoustic distinctiveness of Chinese Buff-barred Warbler populations, we recommend that the name Phylloscopus pulcher vegetus Bangs, 1913 should be re-validated for this taxon.
In diesem Beitrag werden an einigen Beispielen die Auswertungsmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt, die die digital vorliegende Vegetationskarte des Nationalparks Harz bietet. Es wird deutlich, dass beim Vergleich der vorliegenden Daten mit Wiederholungsaufnahmen Aussagen zu den ökologischen Veränderungen im Nationalpark Harz gemacht werden können, die das Ergebnis der natürlichen Sukzession bzw. das Ergebnis forstlicher Initialmaßnahmen sind. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass neben den Flächenanteilen der erfassten Pflanzengesellschaften die vorkommenden Arten und ihre Deckungsanteile in der jeweiligen Gesellschaft berechnet werden können. Damit ist es z. B. perspektivisch möglich, flächendeckende Aussagen zu den Ausbreitungstendenzen der Arten z. B. in den Pflanzengesellschaften und in den unterschiedlichen Höhenstufen des Nationalparks Harz zu machen. So zeigt die aktuelle Verbreitung von Picea abies im Nationalpark Harz, dass die Verteilung der Baumart nicht annähernd deckungsgleich mit der Verteilung ihrer natürlichen bzw. naturnahen Waldgesellschaften ist. Diese Diskrepanz tritt bei Fagus sylvatica nicht ganz so extrem auf. Am größten ist die Differenz in Höhenbereichen, in denen Fagus sylvatica ihr natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet hat, aber auch in der Vergangenheit am stärksten zurückgedrängt wurde. Das sind genau die Gebiete, in denen die Rotbuche im Rahmen der forstlichen Initialmaßnahmen des Nationalparks verstärkt eingebracht wurde. Ob Fagus sylvatica dort, wo sie gepflanzt wurde und in höheren Deckungsgraden auftritt, in der Lage ist, das Potenzial für natürliche Buchenwaldgesellschaften zu bilden, wird mit Hilfe der hier dargestellten Erfassungsmethode perspektivisch nachweisbar sein. Dass es sinnvoll ist, zu dem jetzigen Zeitpunkt zwischen naturnahen Waldgesellschaften und Fichtenforsten zu unterscheiden, wird anhand des Vergleichs ausgewählter Parameter aufgezeigt.
Herbaceous ground vegetation is an important pool of biomass and nutrients, which is also used as the major forage source for wild ungulates. Up to now no standard methods exist to estimate herbaceous biomass on a landscape level for temperate forests, which are characterised by deciduous trees with closed canopies. Quantity and quality of the herbaceous forage accessible to herbivores can be estimated from estimated cover in vegetation plot data and information on biomass and element concentrations in plant species. Vegetation was sampled stratified by community types and forest developmental phases in Bavarian Forst National Park, Germany. We adopted the PhytoCalc model to estimate biomass and bioelement stocks from vegetation plot data and adjusted species assignments and absolute levels of biomass to the conditions in the national park. We categorised attractiveness of plant species as forage for red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Multiple controls of total biomass and of plant groups (graminoids, ferns, herbs, Vaccinium, Rubus) were studied by stepwise regression against stand and environmental predictors. Herbaceous mass had a highly skewed distribution in the park, with 75% of plots having less than 231 g*m-2 of biomass or 24 g*m-2 of raw protein. Contributions of plant groups were site-dependent and variable, but decreased in the order Vaccinium-graminoids-Rubus-herbs-ferns. Biomass appeared to be controlled by deciduous tree cover, by total cover of canopy and coarse woody debris and by site quality, with nutrient-poor, high elevation sites having higher herb biomass. As a consequence, montane beech forests offered less forage mass than coniferous communities of high elevations and mires. Stand disturbances by bark beetles and the corresponding forest developmental phases had no systematic effects on total biomass.
In den Bergwäldern der Bayerischen Alpen sind Standorte mit geringer Nachlieferung von N, P und K, z. T. auch von Mg und Ca weit verbreitet. Um diese gegenüber Biomassenutzung empfindlichen Standorte im Gelände zu erkennen, können Pflanzenarten der Bodenvegetation als Indikatoren genutzt werden. Ziel unserer Arbeit war es, anhand einer umfangreichen Vegetations- und Bodendatenbank Indikatorarten für nährstoffarme Waldstandorte in den Bayerischen Alpen zu ermitteln. Mit Hilfe einer Indikatorartenanalyse wurden insgesamt 745 verschiedene Gefäßpflanzenarten und die Torfmoose (auf Gattungsebene zusammengefasst) auf ihre Eignung als Indikatorarten überprüft. Dazu wurden insgesamt 1.496 durch Vegetationsaufnahmen und Bodenprofilansprachen gekennzeichnete Waldstandorte hinsichtlich ihrer Nährstoffversorgung eingestuft und ausgewertet. Potentilla erecta, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Homogyne alpina und Huperzia selago wurden als allgemeine Indikatorarten für nährstoffarme Standorte ermittelt. Vorkommen von Vaccinium myrtillus (Deckung ≥ 5 %) sowie Vorkommen von Juncus effusus, Luzula sylvatica und Luzula pilosa weisen auf nährstoffarme, tiefgründig versauerte Mineralböden mit Auflagehumus hin, während Calamagrostis varia, Sesleria albicans, Melampyrum sylvaticum, Aster bellidiastrum und Anthoxanthum odoratum eng an nährstoffarme kalkreiche Standorte gebunden sind. Die dargestellten Indikatorarten wurden speziell für die nährstoffarmen Waldstandorte der Bayerischen Alpen zusammengestellt. Sie ermöglichen ohne viel Sach- und Zeitaufwand im Gelände eine Ansprache von nährstoffarmen Waldstandorten, deren Nährstoffangebot aus Standortskarten nur grob eingeschätzt werden kann.
Ziel: Die Vegetation der mitteleuropäischen Buchenwälder hat sich in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten deutlich verändert. Über die Änderungen in den wärmeliebenden Seggen-Hangbuchenwäldern (Carici-Fagetum) unter dem Einfluss des Nutzungs- und Klimawandels, der Eutrophierung und des Schalenwild-Einflusses ist aber bisher wenig bekannt. Wir verglichen Vegetationsaufnahmen des Carici-Fagetum aus den 1950er Jahren mit aktuellen und fragten: (1) Wie haben sich Struktur, Diversität und Artenzusammensetzung verändert? (2) Was sind die treibenden Faktoren dieser Veränderungen? (3) Welche Rückschlüsse ergeben sich für die zukünftige Entwicklung und Behandlung dieser Wälder?
Untersuchungsgebiet: Göttinger Wald (Süd-Niedersachsen, Deutschland, Mitteleuropa)
Methoden: Die Vegetation von 78 Quasi-Dauerflächen in vier Subassoziationen des Carici-Fagetum wurde im Zeitraum 1955 bis 1960 und 2011 bis 2012 aufgenommen. Unterschiede in der Vegetationsstruktur, der Diversität und Artenzusammensetzung sowie hinsichtlich verschiedener forstlicher und standortökologischer Parameter und ökologischer Artengruppen zwischen beiden Aufnahmeterminen wurden mit Hilfe von Ordinations- und Permutations-Verfahren sowie paarweiser Vergleiche analysiert und statistisch geprüft.
Ergebnisse: Strukturell hat vor allem die Strauchschicht stark zugenommen, insbesondere bedingt durch eine Intensivierung der Rehwild-Bejagung. In der Bodenvegetation haben die typischen Arten des Carici-Fagetum stark abgenommen, darunter auch viele Rote-Liste-Arten. Zugenommen haben dagegen neben den Gehölzen die weit verbreiteten Arten der mesophilen Buchenwälder. Dies zeigt sich auch in den Veränderungen der Zeigerwerte nach Ellenberg. Dem Rückgang von lichtliebenden, trockenheitsertragenden Magerkeitszeigern steht eine Zunahme von schattentoleranten, mesophilen und an eine bessere Nährstoffversorgung gebundenen Arten der geschlossenen Buchenwälder gegenüber, was zu einer zunehmenden Homogenisierung der Vegetation führt. Ursachen für diese Veränderungen sind das geänderte Bestandesklima durch eine dichter schließende Strauchschicht und atmosphärische Stickstoffeinträge, wobei letzteres wohl vor allem das Wachstum der Buche förderte. Eine deutliche Zunahme des immergrünen, ozeanisch verbreiteten Efeu (Hedera helix), der sehr empfindlich auf tiefe Temperaturen im Winter reagiert, gleichzeitig aber bei erhöhtem CO2-Angebot seine Wuchsleistung über proportional erhöht, kann als Reaktion auf den Klimawandel der letzten 50 Jahre gewertet werden. Positiv hat sich auch eine Reduktion des Rehwild-Verbisses auf diese und andere Arten – z. B. Lilium martagon als einzige Rote-Liste-Art mit einer positiven Deckungsgradentwicklung – ausgewirkt.
Schlussfolgerungen: Die wärmeliebenden Seggen-Hangbuchenwälder haben in den letzten 50 Jahren charakteristische und wertvolle floristische Elemente – häufig Relikte der früheren Mittelwaldnutzung in Verbindung mit Waldweide – verloren. Mit der Einstellung der forstlichen Nutzung, z. T. bedingt durch Naturschutzmaßnahmen, der Reduktion des Schalenwildverbisses und den atmosphärischen Nährstoffeinträgen zeigt das Carici-Fagetum im Göttinger Wald heute eine Sukzession zum mesophilen Wald, wie sie für viele thermophile Laubwälder in Mitteleuropa nach Jahrhunderten der Auflichtung und Aushagerung typisch geworden ist.
The endemic Floridian milliped genus, Floridobolus Causey, 1957, more closely related to tylobolinines in the western United States (US), Mexico, and Guatemala than syntopic spirobolines, is incorporated into Spirobolidae (Spirobolida: Spirobolidea). With taxonomic priority by one year, its monotypic family is reduced to Floridobolinae, n. stat., comprising Floridobolini and Tylobolini, n. stats., the counterpart to Spirobolinae, comprising Spirobolini and Aztecolini, n. tribe; relationships are Floridobolini + (Tylobolini + (Aztecolini + Spirobolini)). Like F. penneri Causey, 1957, 208 km (130 mi) to the south in the Lake Wales Ridge, Polk and Highlands counties (cos.), F. orini n. sp., inhabits “Big Scrub” environments in the Ocala National Forest, Marion Co. Biogeographic reconstructions, compatible with broader hypotheses on the class’ evolutionary history, indicate that, from a presumptive source area in northern Mexico where the subfamilies overlap, spirobolid stock penetrated the “proto-US” four times, once per tribe, before the Western Interior Seaway developed in the Cretaceous Period, Mesozoic Era. Three expansions headed northeastward into future “Appalachia,” from which taxa spread southward as the Seaway receded. Floridobolini, the fi rst invader, had to be in “proto-Georgia” and positioned to penetrate Florida when the sand dunes that comprise the “Central Highlands” emerged from the sea in the Oligocene (Cenozoic), ~25 mya. As sea levels rose and fell, the dunes fragmented into islands and the subcontinuous Floridobolus population was partitioned. The southernmost became F. penneri; F. orini inhabited a northern island; and a graduate student is investigating other insular remnants for additional species. Shortly after Floridobolini began spreading, Hiltonius/ Tylobolini arose and expanded both southward to Guatemala and northwestward to California; Tylobolus Cook, 1904, diverged in the latter area and dispersed northward to Washington and eastward to Utah/Arizona. The third invader, and the second to disperse northeastward, was Aztecolini, which probably eradicated Floridobolini from some of its established range and was partitioned into Mexican (Aztecolus Chamberlin, 1943) and US (Chicobolus Chamberlin, 1947) taxa by the Seaway. The fi nal invader, Spirobolini, dispersed northwestward and northeastward to both the Pacifi c and Atlantic coasts; instead of Trans-Beringia, we prefer penetration of the Asian part of “Asiamerica,” when it temporarily formed during the Cretaceous, to explain the Mongolian fossil genus, Gobiulus Dzik, 1975, herein assigned to Tylobolini, and the occurrence of Spirobolus Brandt, 1833, in China and Taiwan today. In the east, Narceus Rafi nesque, 1820, spread across Appalachia, eradicated most remaining populations of Floridobolus and Chicobolus, and expanded to Maine and Québec after retreat of the Wisconsin glaciation. Chicobolus and Narceus also penetrated earliest Florida; the former established itself in the Central Highlands, spread through the widening peninsula as sea levels fell, and remained on insular refugia when waters rose. Apparently fueled by the different Floridian environments, Narceus underwent time-consuming speciation; consequently, Floridobolus and Chicobolus still survive on the peninsula, and an allopatric population of the latter inhabits coastal South Carolina. However, N. gordanus (Chamberlin, 1943) occurs syntopically with both in peninsular Florida and may be actively eradicating them from their last stronghold. Trigoniulus niger, takahasii, and segmentatus, all by Takakuwa, 1940, are removed from Spirobolidae and returned toTrigoniulidae (Trigoniulidea). New records in the Appendix include the fi rst of Aztecolus from Durango and Jalisco, Mexico.
Background: Fatigue is a common symptom of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and a frequent side-effect of peginterferon/ribavirin (PR) therapy for HCV. This study evaluated the impact of adding the oral HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor simeprevir to PR on patient-reported fatigue and health status among patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection enrolled in the Phase IIb PILLAR and ASPIRE trials [NCT00882908; NCT00980330].
Methods: Treatment-naïve patients (PILLAR, n = 386) and treatment-experienced patients (ASPIRE, n = 462) were randomized to simeprevir plus PR (simeprevir/PR) or placebo plus PR (placebo/PR). In PILLAR, duration of PR treatment in the simeprevir/PR groups was determined using response-guided therapy (RGT) criteria. PR could be terminated at Week 24, instead of Week 48, if HCV RNA was <25 IU/mL by Week 4 and then undetectable at Weeks 12, 16, and 20. In both studies, patients completed the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and EQ-5D quality-of-life questionnaire in their native language at baseline and throughout the studies up until Week 72.
Results: During the first 24 weeks of treatment, mean FSS total score was increased to a similar degree compared with baseline among patients receiving simeprevir/PR or placebo/PR in both studies indicating increased fatigue severity. Mean FSS scores returned to values comparable with baseline among patients receiving simeprevir/PR after Week 24 in PILLAR (after treatment completion for the majority of patients) and in ASPIRE (after Week 48), consistent with RGT enabling early termination of all treatment at Week 24 in 82.2% of simeprevir/PR-treated patients in the PILLAR study. Similar results were observed for EQ-5D, with simeprevir/PR-treated patients experiencing less time with worse health problems according to EQ-5D scores compared with placebo/PR groups in both studies, and more rapid improvement in health status associated with shorter treatment duration in the PILLAR study.
Conclusions: Combination of simeprevir with PR did not increase patient-reported fatigue severity or health status impairments beyond that reported by patients treated with PR alone. Many patients treated with simeprevir/PR returned to pretreatment fatigue and health status levels sooner due to increased treatment efficacy that enabled shorter duration of all therapy, compared with PR alone.
Background: Aviscumine, a recombinant plant protein, is an immune modulator that induces ribotoxic stress at the 28S ribosomal RNA subunit. In this way cytokine release and T-cell responses are enhanced. This phase II trial was conducted to test the efficacy and safety of aviscumine in patients with systemically pre-treated metastatic melanoma stage IV.
Methods: A total of 32 patients with progressive stage IV melanoma after failure of standard therapy were enrolled onto a single-arm, multi-centre, open-label, phase II trial. All patients had an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1. Patients received 350 ng aviscumine twice weekly by subcutaneous injection until progression. The primary end points were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Safety was assessed as adverse events (AEs). Tumor response was assessed every eight weeks and survival of patients was followed up to one year after the end of therapy. Thirty one patients (intent-to-treat population (ITT)) were assessed for efficacy; safety was assessed in the whole population.
Results: One patient achieved a partial response (PR) and 10 patients showed stable disease/no change (SD). The median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 63 days (95% CI 57–85) and median overall survival (mOS) was 335 days (95% CI 210–604). In total 210 treatment-emergent adverse events were recorded. Grade 1 or 2 AEs occurred in 72% of patients and were mostly application-site effects such as pruritus Grade 3–4 treatment-emergent drug-related adverse events occurred in 9% of patients.
Conclusion: These results suggest that aviscumine may have a clinical impact in patients with previously treated metastatic melanoma and provide rationale for further clinical evaluation of this agent. In the light of effective new immune checkpoint blockers it might be a candidate for combinations with these agents.
Background: The federal state of Hesse, Germany, introduced a laboratory-based reporting scheme for carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs).
Method: The results of the first year of mandated reporting of CROs from April 2012 through March 2013 to the Public Health Authority of Frankfurt/Main, responsible for a population of 700,000 inhabitants, are described.
Results: Within a period of 12 months 243 CROs were notified to the health authority. Of these 213 isolates had been reported from 16 of the 17 hospitals in Frankfurt/Main, 6 from ambulatory settings and 24 from clinics outside of Frankfurt/Main. Mean incidence rate per 1,000 patient days in hospitals was 0.138 (range 0.02-0.28).
Conclusion: In Frankfurt/Main almost all hospitals have reported CROs in the study period though the frequency of isolation varies strongly and many facilities only report CROs sporadically. Molecular data indicate a high diversity of different carbapenemases. Autochthonous transmission must be assumed despite the absence of major outbreaks. Rapid and coordinated efforts by clinicians and health departments are crucial to control the spread of CRO infections. The mandatory reporting scheme provides important data to guide the implementation of preventive measures.