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Two novel species of Russula (Russulaceae, Russulales), R. coronaspora Y.Song sp. nov. and R. minor Y.Song sp. nov. belonging to subgenus Russula crown clade, are described based on both morphological and phylogenetic evidence. In morphology, R. coronaspora sp. nov. is mainly characterized by its distinct spores ornamented with sparse, cylindrical and isolated spines, which resemble coronavirus, and gelatinized pileipellis with pileocystidia mostly septate and sometimes branched; R. minor sp. nov. possesses a very small basidiocarp with pileus less than 2.5 cm in diameter., small basidia, easily peeling and gelatinized pileipellis with slender terminal cells and abundant SV+ pileocystidia. Positions of the two new species in both phylogenetic trees based on ITS and 5-locus sequences (nLSU, mtSSU, rpb1, rpb2 and tef1) confirm their distinct taxonomic status.
A comprehensive survey of several lakes in the Tuva Republic of Russia yielded, besides the ubiquitous Gammarus lacustris, the discovery of a small freshwater, lacustrine amphipod not previously recorded in this area. A comparative study of the Tore-Khol Lake gammarid population, probably conspecific with Gammarus koshovi (Bazikalova, 1946) originating from Khubsugul Lake, was conducted. The species, G. koshovi, is characterized by a specific habitus: a small-sized compact body, all limbs shortened, carpi of pereopods (PIII and PIV) reduced, coxal plates broad, and pereopod dactyli sturdy. It has been suggested that juveniles of the euryoecious G. lacustris or other large species could be confused with the relatively small G. koshovi. Consequently, we decided to present the distribution of gammarid species throughout south Siberia and Mongolia, referring to the sequences of works primarily by Soviet authors, which may be hard to access by international readers. We discuss affinity with related groups, distribution, and ecology of G. koshovi to better understand their evolution. Additionally, the zoobenthic species diversity of widely represented groups in the ecosystems of Tore-Khol Lake is briefly reviewed. An identification key for the Siberian Gammarus with 10 species is provided.
Four new Colombian species of the spider genus Medionops Sánchez-Ruiz & Brescovit, 2017 are described and illustrated: M. carolinae sp. nov. (male and female) from Boyacá department, M. cauca sp. nov. (male) from Cauca department, M. luiscarlosi sp. nov. (male and female) from Caldas department and M. santarosa sp. nov. (male) from Risaralda department. Additionally, the distribution of the type species of M. blades Sánchez-Ruiz & Brescovit, 2017, previously known only from Bogotá, Cundinamarca department, is extended to several localities in the Boyacá department. An updated identification key for all Medionops species is provided.
The taxonomy of cyclostome bryozoans is founded on characters of the skeleton, but molecular sequence data have increasingly shown that established higher taxa are not monophyletic. Here we describe the skeletal morphology of a new species from Guadeloupe (French West Indies) with erect ramose colonies consisting of long, curved zooids that are typical of the suborder Cerioporina among living cyclostomes. However, molecular evidence from nuclear ribosomal RNA genes 18S and 28S places the new taxon in the suborder Rectangulata, where this colony-form has not been previously recorded. It nests firmly within the genus Disporella Gray, 1848, in a strongly supported clade that also includes Plagioecia patina (Lamarck, 1816) (Tubuliporina) and the sister taxa Doliocoitis cyanea Gordon & Taylor, 2001 (Rectangulata) and Favosipora rosea Gordon & Taylor, 2001 (Cerioporina). The short and robust branches of the new Guadeloupe cyclostome, here named Disporella guada Harmelin, Taylor & Waeschenbach sp. nov., are well adapted to life in shallow rocky sites exposed to severe wave action, which appear to be its exclusive habitat.
The whip spider family Charinidae Quintero, 1986 is the most speciose and widely distributed in the arachnid order Amblypygi Thorell, 1883. It comprises three genera and 95 species distributed across all tropical continents and the eastern Mediterranean. Despite recent advances in the taxonomy of the family, a global revision of all its species, necessary to advance understanding of its systematics, biogeography and evolution, has never been conducted. In the present contribution, the family is revised in its entirety for the first time, including all previous names and 33 new species, 24 in the genus Charinus Simon, 1892: C. alagoanus sp. nov., C. apiaca sp. nov., C. carinae sp. nov., C. carioca sp. nov., C. carvalhoi sp. nov., C. cearensis sp. nov., C. diamantinus sp. nov., C. euclidesi sp. nov., C. goitaca sp. nov., C. guayaquil sp. nov., C. imperialis sp. nov., C. loko sp. nov., C. magalhaesi sp. nov., C. miskito sp. nov., C. mocoa sp. nov., C. monasticus sp. nov., C. palikur sp. nov., C. perquerens sp. nov., C. puri sp. nov., C. renneri sp. nov., C. sooretama sp. nov., C. souzai sp. nov., C. susuwa sp. nov., C. una sp. nov.; eight in the genus Sarax Simon, 1892: S. bilua sp. nov., S. dunni sp. nov., S. gravelyi sp. nov., S. indochinensis sp. nov., S. lembeh sp. nov., S. palau sp. nov., S. rahmadii sp. nov., S. tiomanensis sp. nov.; and one in the genus Weygoldtia Miranda et al., 2018: W. consonensis sp. nov. Taxonomic keys to the 132 species (excluding four nomina dubia) are presented and several taxonomic rearrangements implemented. Four subspecies are elevated to species level: Charinus cavernicolus Weygoldt, 2006, C. elegans Weygoldt, 2006, C. longipes Weygoldt, 2006, and Sarax bispinosus (Nair, 1934). Sarax batuensis Roewer, 1962 is removed from synonymy with Sarax buxtoni (Gravely, 1915) and S. buxtoni newly synonymized with Sarax rimosus (Simon, 1901). Stygophrynus moultoni Gravely, 1915 is transferred to Sarax, resulting in Sarax moultoni (Gravely, 1915) comb. nov. Ten species are transferred from Charinus to Sarax, resulting in new combinations: S. abbatei (Delle Cave, 1986) comb. nov., S. bengalensis (Gravely, 1911) comb. nov., S. dhofarensis (Weygoldt, Pohl & Polak, 2002) comb. nov., S. ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959) comb. nov., S. israelensis (Miranda et al., 2016) comb. nov., S. omanensis (Delle Cave, Gardner & Weygoldt, 2009) comb. nov., S. pakistanus (Weygoldt, 2005) comb. nov., S. seychellarum (Kraepelin, 1898) comb. nov., S. socotranus (Weygoldt, Pohl & Polak, 2002) comb. nov. and S. stygochthobius (Weygoldt & Van Damme, 2004) comb. nov.
The pharciceratid ammonoids from the Roteisenstein Formation of Dillenburg (Cephalopoda, Ammonoidea)
(2021)
The ammonoids of the suborder Pharciceratina from the Red Ironstone Formation of the area around Dillenburg (eastern Rhenish Mountains) are revised, mainly based on historical collections stored in the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin. The genus Evopharciceras gen. nov. and the following species are newly described: Maenioceras ornatum sp. nov., Pharciceras beyrichi sp. nov., Pharciceras kruegeri sp. nov., Pharciceras ferrum sp. nov., Evopharciceras formosum gen. et sp. nov., Extropharciceras metallicum sp. nov., Lunupharciceras kochi sp. nov., Stenopharciceras lotzi sp. nov., Pluripharciceras ahlburgi sp. nov. and Sandbergeroceras archiaci sp. nov. Neotypes are proposed for the species Extropharciceras becheri (von Buch, 1832) and Sandbergeroceras costatum (d’Archiac & de Verneuil, 1842). The stratigraphic distribution of the genera is discussed; they are assigned to three assemblages: (1) Maenioceras terebratum Zone (early Givetian; two species), (2) Pseudoprobeloceras pernai Zone (latest Givetian; fifteen species) and (3) Sandbergeroceras costatum Zone (early Frasnian; three species).
For each of the 534 species of the millipede order Chordeumatida known from Europe, available information on taxonomy, distribution and habitat is summarized, and the distribution in 50 × 50 km UTM/MGRS squares is shown on a map. Comparisons between Chordeumatida and the equally-sized order Julida are made with respect to distribution patterns and history of exploration.
Grasstrees (Xanthorrhoea) are a group of monocotyledonous plants endemic to Australia, with a characteristic crown of long and narrow leaves. In the present study, the grasstree-associated weevils of the genus Paratranes Zimmerman, 1994 are reviewed and two species are recognised: P. monopticus (Pascoe, 1870) and P. zimmermani sp. nov. A lectotype for Tranes xanthorrhoeae Lea, 1898, which was recently synonymised with P. monopticus, is herein designated, and the validity of this synonymy is confirmed. Descriptions and diagnoses of the species are supplemented with photographs of their habitus and salient structures as well as a map of their distributions.
Two new species of the genus Eponisiella Emeljanov, 1984 are described and illustrated from China (Guizhou and Shandong Provinces). These are E. dafangensis sp. nov. and E. shandongensis sp. nov., giving the genus eight species in total. A key to the species of Eponisiella is provided as well as a map of their geographic distribution, which is briefly discussed.
Ophiuroidea is the largest class among extant echinoderms, with over 2000 described species assigned to 33 families. Here, the first identification key to the recently revised classification was developed, and revised morphological descriptions were derived from it, expanding the previous short diagnoses. The key was built by analyzing internal and external skeletal characters of predominantly the type species of each family, including at least two mutually exclusive attributes per family. Various numeric and multistate characters were used to create a traditional as well as an interactive key using the DELTA and Xper software programs. Illustrations (SEM and digital photos) are included in the key to facilitate the assessment of character states by users. Not only is it the first identification key to the families, according to the recently proposed new classification and the examined species, but this interactive key also assists users in understanding the family level taxonomy of brittle stars. The interactive key allows new characters and states to be added, when more species will have been analyzed, without the need to reconfigure the complete key (as may be necessary with conventional keys).
In an elevational gradient, the mountain top generally presents a reduced species diversity. However, it is there where we often find microendemic and quite often still undescribed species. That prediction is very common in underexplored Neotropical mountains, like those of the Caparaó National Park – a protected area that includes the highest peak of the Atlantic Forest, a megadiverse domain. Up in its top, we found a dwarf frog of the genus Physalaemus (Anura, Leptodactylidae, Leiuperinae), belonging to the P. signifer clade. After an integrative (morphological, bioacoustical, and genetic) analysis, we were able to describe it as a new species and found it to be sister to P. maculiventris. Due to its very restricted distribution at a site with extreme environmental conditions (which includes fires and frosts) and current instability in national environmental policy, we suggest this to be classified as an endangered species. A brief description of its natural history and the description of the species itself will now enable its proper conservation status categorization and the future planning for conservation actions.
The genus Oplognathus MacLeay, 1819 is revised based on type material of two of the three described species and scattered additional material from several collections around the world. The diagnostic characters of the genus are confirmed, distinguishing it from other Brazilian Areodina mainly by: quadrangular clypeus with trilobate apex in males, rounded in females, extending beyond labrum in both sexes; mandibles with three distinct teeth; maxillae with six teeth; antenna with 10 antennomeres; 10 elytral striae; mesoventral process present; and asymmetrical parameres. The genus and all three species are redescribed, and the female of Oplognathus bahianus Ohaus, 1912 is described for the first time. We consider Oplognathus helmenreichi var. maculicollis Ohaus, 1914 an unavailable infrasubspecific taxon that is conspecific with Oplognathus helmenreichi Ohaus, 1905; its distribution is updated, and the different spelling of the specific epithet is discussed. A neotype is designated for Oplognathus kirbii MacLeay, 1819 since the holotype is currently considered lost. Additionally, an identification key and a distribution map are included.
An ongoing study of the longhorned beetle fauna in the cloud forests of Cusuco National Park revealed multiple additions to the Honduran fauna. Four new species are described: Heterachthes caceresae sp. nov. (Cerambycinae, Neoibidionini), Oreodera kawasae sp. nov. (Lamiinae, Acrocinini), Phrynidius guifarroi sp. nov. (Lamiinae, Apomecynini), and Strangalia lunai sp. nov. (Lepturinae, Lepturini). Additionally, Lagocheirus parvulus Casey, 1913 (Lamiinae, Acanthocinini) is revalidated as Lagocheirus araneiformis parvulus Casey, 1913 (Lagochirus [sic]). We recorded Arixiuna varians (Bates, 1881) (Lamiinae, Hemilophini) for the first time for Honduras. These findings confirm how poorly the invertebrate biodiversity of cloud forests is documented and hints at the large number of species we are losing with the ongoing deforestation.
The genus Trypheridium Brancucci, 1985 is endemic to the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region, and is currently known from a single species, T. nuristanicum (Wittmer, 1956). Here, the genus is reviewed, T. nuristanicum nom. emend. is re-described and T. kashmiricum sp. nov. is described from Kashmir Himalayan Region of India. Descriptions, diagnoses, high quality images, distribution maps and identification keys are presented. The morphology and distribution of Trypheridium are discussed and compared with those of the closely related genus Trypherus LeConte, 1851.
Serratacosa, a new genus of Lycosidae (Araneae) from the southern slopes of the Eastern Himalayas
(2021)
A new wolf spider genus, Serratacosa gen. nov., is erected based on the type and new species, S. medogensis gen. et sp. nov. and two newly combined species, S. himalayensis (Gravely, 1924) (from Hogna Simon, 1885) and S. multidontata (Qu, Peng & Yin, 2010) (from Pardosa C.L. Koch, 1847). All of them are from the southern slopes of the Eastern Himalayas. Descriptions of the new genera and species, and a redescription of S. multidontata are provided together with digital images, illustrations and a distribution map.
Five species of the subgenus Clessiniella of Cochlostoma (Cochlostomatidae) are recognized, viz. Cochlostoma (Clessiniella) villae (Strobel, 1851), Cochlostoma (Clessiniella) tergestinum (Westerlund, 1878), Cochlostoma (Clessiniella) waldemari (A.J. Wagner, 1897), Cochlostoma (Clessiniella) anomphale Boeckel, 1939 and Cochlostoma (Clessiniella) stelucarum sp. nov. The shells and the genitalia are described and the distributional data are summarized for all the species.
The present study redescribes four species of Neanthes Kinberg, 1865 (Nereididae de Blainville, 1818) based on their type specimens collected from different worldwide localities: Neanthes chilkaensis (Southern, 1921) from India, N. galetae (Fauchald, 1977) from Panama, N. helenae (Kinberg, 1865) from St Helena Island, and N. mossambica (Day, 1957) from Mozambique. The morphology of the types was re-examined for the first time after the species were originally described, and incorporated the recent improvements in the standards and terminology for describing nereidid features. The arrangement of paragnaths on area VI stood out among the diagnostic features used to distinguish these four species. Neanthes chilkaensis and N. helenae are the unique nereidids bearing p-bar paragnaths on the area VI. Both species are also distinctive as the former species only exhibited p-bar paragnaths on the area VII–VIII and the latter ventrolateral projections on the apodous segment. Further examination revealed that N. nanciae (Day, 1949) from St Helena is a junior synonym of N. helenae. Moreover, N. galetae and N. mossambica are distinguishable from other species also by the development of dorsal cirri, neuropodial postchaetal lobe and ventral ligule, the presence/absence of merged paragnaths on area IV, paired oesophageal caeca, among other features. This study has further contributed to the morphological delimitation of the species in Neanthes as a first step towards revising the genus.
Iberia has one of the richest bee faunas in the world, and the genus Andrena is no exception with around 200 species known from the Peninsula. The fauna of Andrena was largely revised in the 1970s, but since then, it has received little attention. Molecular investigation of the taxonomically challenging subgenus Taeniandrena has revealed that the situation is more complicated than previously thought with several cryptic and overlooked species. From the species allied to Andrena (T. ) gelriae van der Vecht, 1927, Andrena (T. ) gredana Warncke, 1975 stat. nov. from Spain and Portugal is raised to species status, and Andrena (T. ) levante Wood & Praz sp. nov. from southeastern Spain is newly described. Furthermore, Andrena (T. ) benoisti Wood & Praz sp. nov. is described, having previously been referred to as Andrena (T. ) wilkella beaumonti Benoist, 1961. Andrena (T. ) beaumonti stat. rev. is itself distinct and restricted to the High Atlas Mountains of Morocco. Outside of the subgenus Taeniandrena, Andrena (Euandrena) fortipunctata Wood sp. nov. and Andrena (Charitandrena) hattorfiana nigricauda Wood subsp. nov. are described from Spain, and Andrena (Notandrena) juliana Wood sp. nov. is described from Spain and Portugal. The male of Andrena (Lepidandrena) baetica Wood, 2020 is also described. Andrena (Euandrena) impressa Warncke, 1967 stat. nov. is raised to species status, displaying a West Mediterranean distribution. Finally, a further two species of Andrena are newly recorded for Spain, Andrena laurivora Warncke, 1974 and Andrena confinis Stoeckhert, 1930. Altogether, these findings reinforce the fact that our understanding of the taxonomy and distribution of Andrena in southern Europe remains incomplete.
Handaoia Seyrig, 1952 is a small genus of Phygadeuontinae currently represented by eleven described species from Madagascar, Tanzania and Europe, and can be recognized by the combination of the distally expanded and ventrally flattened antennal flagellum, complete posterior transverse carina of the mesosternum, isolated ‘pit’ (episternal scrobe) in the mesopleuron, and a single bulla in fore wing vein 2m-cu. Most species have a distinctive combined area basalis and area superomedia on the propodeum. The following six new species from Central and South America are described and illustrated: H. cuscoensis Bordera sp. nov. from Peru, H. fritzi sp. nov. from Brazil, H. mercedensis Bordera sp. nov. from Peru, H. plaumanni sp. nov. from Brazil, H. ruizcancinoi Bordera sp. nov. from Mexico, and H. urceus sp. nov. from Brazil. A key to the New World species is provided.
We here describe a new Indian helicarionoidean genus, Varadia Bhosale & Raheem gen. nov., containing the single species Varadia amboliensis Bhosale, Thackeray, Muley & Raheem gen. et sp. nov. This new semi-slug is endemic to the northern and central Western Ghats and is primarily a forest-living species. We describe and figure the shell, reproductive system, radula, spermatophore and external morphology of this new species, and detail its known distribution. We explore its relationships to other helicarionoideans using phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data for part of the ribosomal RNA gene cluster and discuss the morphology of the new genus in relation to other, primarily South Indian, helicarionoidean taxa. Based on characters of the reproductive system, particularly the male genitalia and the gametolytic sac, we provisionally place Varadia gen. nov. in the Macrochlamydinae (Ariophantidae). This is consistent with the results of our molecular phylogenetic analyses. The combination of large size, broad, densely tuberculated shell lobes and a shell with ca 4 whorls and a disproportionately large body whorl makes V. amboliensis gen. et sp. nov. unique among the helicarionoidean taxa of the Western Ghats. The new semi-slug is also highly distinctive in the morphology of its male genitalia.