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In this study we attempt to develop a synthesis of previously published work concerning the feeding habits of fourteen European freshwater fish: Anguilla anguilla L., Salmo trutta L., Rutilus rutilus L., Leuciscus leuciscus L ., Leuciscus cephalus L., Phoxinus phoxinus L., Gobio gobio L., Abramis brama L., Cyprinus carpio L., Tinca tinca L., Barbatula barbutula L., Gasterosteus aculeatus L., Perca fluviatilis L. and Cottus gobio L. Data presented in this paper were obtained frorn 98 studies in 16 European countries. Great Britain with 40 studies was the most documented country. In order to synthetize the maximurn information for each species, all methods used for analysing feeding habits and found in the different studies have been taken into account. Results are presented on tables with a commentary for each species analysed. The fourteen species were then classified into major trophic guilds.
There has been no attempt to produce a comprehensive review of peptide transport by micro-organisms for over ten years. Prior to that, several reviews presented a balanced description of transport and utilization of peptides by micro-organisms. From this nutritional standpoint, the essential, complementary role played by intracellular peptidases was also considered. In addition, attention was devoted to the particular opportunities conferred by peptide uptake compared with amino-acid transport, and to the advantages in possession of both types of systems. Overall, these reviews presented a largely phenomenological description of a developing research area (Payne, 1975, 1976, 1980d; Payne and Gilvarg, 1978; Matthews and Payne, 1980). The present review is restricted to consideration of the process of peptide transport in micro-organisms. Reflecting the main thrust of the intervening period, it concentrates on a molecular approach to the subject. Thus, it attempts to provide an integrated view of advances in understanding of the structures of transport components, their molecular mechanisms, synthesis and assembly, energetics and regulation. Application of this fundamental knowledge to exploitation of peptide permeases in the design of peptide-based antimicrobial compounds is also considered. Only when felt important for a balanced discussion is material covered in earlier reviews presented here. However, problems in adopting this approach need to be recognized. For, as G. K. Chesterton might have said, the disadvantage of not knowing the past is that you cannot fully understand the present.
Oribatei (Acari, Cryptostigmata) are found in a variety of terrestrial habitats, and many are associatcd with lichens; the relationship ranges from casual to highly dependent. Eighty-three species associatcd with lichens have been surveyed, and a tentative classification, based on their ecological requirements, is presented: Group A consists of species restricted to lichens as a biotope, though occasionally occurring as accidenials in other habitats, Group B consists of species which while preferring lichens as a habitat and feeding source are also adapted to existence on other piants (though in some cases their immatures may be lichen-rescricted); Group C consists of species which, though frequently found on lichens, are equally common in other biotopes, particularly mosses, and must be regartled as much more generalized in their feeding habits. Certain aspects of oribatid-lichen specificity are discussed. The importance of orihatid-lichen associations from tihe polnt of view of soil fertility and energetics is empliasized.
Basierend auf eigenen Daten und einer Literaturauswertung wird eine Übersicht über die Habitate der mitteleuropäischen Zikadenfauna gegeben. Besiedelt werden nahezu alle semiaquatischen und terrestrischen Lebenräume von Schwimmblattgürteln und Röhrichten bis hin zum Trockenrasen und vom Mineralboden bis in die Baumkronen hinauf. 61% der Arten leben permanent in der Krautschicht, rund 27% in der Baum- und Strauchschicht. Rund 11% bewohnen mehrere Straten, der Großteil davon macht einen obligaten Wechsel durch, meist vom Boden oder von der Krautschicht in die Baumschicht. Als Nährpflanzen spielen krautige Monokotyle und Gehölze mit Abstand die wichtigste Rolle. Von weitaus geringerer Bedeutung sind krautige Dikotyle und Zwergsträucher. Von jeweils nur einzelnen Zikaden-Arten werden Farnpflanzen, Gymnospermen und Pilze genutzt. Generell sind die höchsten Artenzahlen auf biomassereichen, also hochwuchsigen oder weit verbreiteten und häufigen Pflanzenarten anzutreffen. Wichtige Habitatfaktoren für einen Großteil der Arten sind Feuchte, Störung und die oftmals spezifischen Nährpflanzen. Weiterhin können Temperatur, Sonnenexposition, pH-Wert und Nährstoffgehalt des Bodens, Meereshöhe, Bodeneigenscliaften und Salinität eine Rolle spielen, sind aber z.T. miteinander korreliert. Dementsprechend gibt es besonders spezialisierte Zikadenarten in Lebensräumen, in denen extreme Verhältnisse hinsichtlich dieser Faktoren herrschen, also Ufer, Moore, Trockenrasen, Dünen, Salzwiesen und alpine Matten. In stark gestörten Lehensräumen kommen nur noch wenige eurytope, polyphage und gut flugfähige Arten mit hohem Fortpflanzungspotential vor. Eine Ausnahme hiervon bilden allerdings die regelmäßig überfüllten Kiesbänke der Alpenflüsse, die trotz intensiver Störung eine Anzahl stenotoper, monophager und monovoltiner Arten, oft mit nur eingeschränkter Flugfähigkeit, aufweisen.
The genus Squamidium, a group of mosses with a tropical to subtropical American-African distribution, consists of two sections and seven species (prior to this study 27 species were recognized): sect. Squamidium (S. leucotrichum, S. livens, S. isocladum, S. nigricans, S. brasiliense) and sect. Macrosquamidium (S. macrocarpum and S. diversicoma). Twenty-four names are treated as syn. nov., three are provisionally excluded pending an examination of their types, and one new combination is made: Orthostichopsis pilotrichelloides (Sehnem) Allen & Crosby. Section Squamidium ist characterized by immersed capsules, stolon leaves with entire margins, and a relatively high basal membrane. Section Macrosquamidium is characterized by exserted capsules, stolon leaves with sharply recurved marginal teeth, and a relatively low basal membrane. The genus is retained in the Meteoriaceae. Within the Meteoriaceae Squamidium, is most closely related to Zelotmeteorium from which it differs only by its lack of squarrose-recurved leaves and its more well-developed alar cells. Squamidium, which in the absence of sporophytes has been confused consistently with Orthostichopsis, is separated from that genus on the basis of its lack of pseudoparaphyllia, weaker costae, lack of a distinct region of reddish cells across the leaf base, and strongly decurrent alar cells.