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In this study the rich variety of fossil microorganisms and other ultrastruchlres in the Messel oil shale is documented. The taphonomy of the micro- and the macro organisms is discussed and a basic model for microbial life in the Eocene Lake Messel is proposed. Documentation of the Messel microbiota was made using a scanning electron microscope fitted with an energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer, and a transmission electron microscope. The most common objects discovered were fossil bacteria in the form of cocci, coccobacilli, bacilli, curved rods and filaments, preserved as moulds, crusts, casts, encrusted casts and clay-coated casts. The main lithifying mineral is apatite, followed by siderite. The bacteria occur on fossil remains of macroorganisms. Sideritic bacteria are usually found on keratinous substrates, whereas apatitic bacteria occur preferentially on fish remains. Lithification of the bacteria was selective. It is suggested that the preserved bacteria were heterotrophic, Gram-positive anaerobes, which may have belonged to the group of clostridians.
The family Cimicidae consists of 6 subfamilies, 23 genera, and 91 species. Nineteen new species names, one new species, and one new genus have been proposed since the monograph by Usinger was published in 1966. A checklist includes the world cimicid fauna with sinonymy. A selected bibliography is concerned with cimicids as potential disease vectors; the bibliography is a comprehensive treatment of the cimicid literature of the Americas and islands of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
Nine genera of phytoseiid mites with 22 species are described and illustrated on the basis of a survey of the literature, and by examination of material from orchards and their surroundings and of material from museum collections. Males, if available, are also described and figured. In addition to the species listed for the Netherlands, six species from around orchards in East Germany, Belgium and Poland were described briefly, and related species from other European countries (especially the British Isles and Germany) are noted. For each genus, a key to species (adult females) is given. For each species, a diagnosis is presented, and taxonomic problems are discussed for the following taxa: PhYloseius macropilis (Banks); Amblyseius reduclus Wainstein; A. cucumeris (Oudemans); A. masseei (Nesbitt); A. pOlentillae (Garman); A. rademacheri Dosse; A. isuki Chant. Keys are based on easily recognizable features and are aimed at "the interested non-taxonomist".
This paper aims to compile an exhaustive list of the behavioral patterns exhibited by the chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. The compilation is based on the glossary compiled by Goodall (1989), but a substantial numbers of new terms have been added. Thus, we list 316 simple anatomical terms, 81 complex anatomical terms, 37 simple functional terms, and 81 complex functional terms, in addition to 116 synonyms. The behavioral patterns are divided into eight categories on the basis of degree of universality: (1) commonly seen in both Homo and two species of Pan, (1?) commonly seen in Homo and only one species of Pan, (2) patterns common to the genus Pan but not to Homo, (3) patterns common to the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes but not the bonobo Pan paniscus, (4) patterns common to eastern (P.t. schweinfurthii) and central (P.t. troglodytes) but not western (P.t. vents) chimpanzees, (5) patterns unique to the eastern chimpanzees, P.t. schweinfurthii, (6) patterns unique to the population of Mahale, (7) patterns unique to many individuals (at least most members of an age/sex class) of M group chimpanzees, (8) patterns limited to a single (idiosyncrasy) or a few individuals of M group. It is most likely that the behavior patterns of the last common ancestor of Homo and Pan are found in Categories 1 and I? and less likely in Categories 2 and 3. It is possible that behavior patterns belonging to Categories 5, 6 or 7 are cultures.
È stata effettuata una revisione sistematica sulle specie del genere Genista in Italia. L'indagine ha permesso di accertare la posizione tassonomica delle diverse entità che rappresentano il genere nel territorio italiano. In questa prima nota sono riferiti i risultati emersi dallo studio delle entità di sezioni a prevalente distribuzione in opposte zone del bacino del Mediterraneo e precisamente Erinacoides Spach del Mediterraneo occidentale ed Ephedrospartum Spach, Aureospartum sect. nova del Mediterraneo centrale. La sezione Erinacoides é rappresentata da G. salzmanii DC. in Sardegna e in Corsica, G. pichisermolliana sp. nov. in Sardegna, G. aspalathoides Lam. in Sicilia, Pantelleria, Africa settentrionale, G. desoleana Valso in Liguria, Toscana, Elba, Corsica e Sardegna, G. arbusensis Vals., G. sulcitana Valso e G. toluensis Valso in Sardegna. La sezione Aureospartum (sect. nova) comprende solo l'endemica sardo-sicula G. aetnensis (Raf.) DC. e l'Ephedrospartum racchiude G. ephedroides DC. presente in Sardegna, G. thyrrena Valso nell'arcipelago ponziano, G. gasparrini in Sicilia e G. cilentina Vals. in Campania e in Sicilia.
1. The migration of the spotted mackerel, Pneumatophorus tapeinacephalus distributing in the coastal sea of Japan was investigated in relation to the geographical distribution of the fishing grounds, seasonal change of fishing condition. sea conditions and fork length. Secondarily, some anatomical and histological observations were carried out on spotted mackerels caught in the coastal sea area around Kagoshima and its vicinity to clarify the sex differentiation and the seasonal cycle of the gonads. 2. Spotted mackerels are distributed throughout a wide sea area stretching from north of Formosa to the south of Japan Sea. including the Pacific coastal sea from Kyushu to Chiba Prefecture. The northern limit of the distribution area is assumed to be the sea areas off San-in and Chosi. 3. The schools of adult fish make a feeding migration to the circumference of Saishu Island and to the sea area off Ashizuri cape in summer. and these schools make a spawning migration toward the sea area around the Osumi Islands and the southern area of the East China Sea in winter. 4. In winter some schools of adult fish remain living in the sea area south of the Izu Islands. These schools belong to a group isolated incompletely from that of the East China Sea. as some of them are those which came from the East China Sea. 5. The larvae grow while they are being brought by the sea current or tide current. When they have reached 50~60mm. in total length. they aggregate in schools and approach the coast. In spring they swim in the coastal nursery grounds. 6. From summer to autumn, the schools of the young fish make a feeding migration to the sea off San-in and to the eastern coastal sea of Chiba Prefecture. In winter. they make a seasonal migration to the coastal sea of South Kyushu, the East China Sea and the southern sea area of the Izu Islands. 7. The range of vertical distribution of the larvae is supposed to be the layer from the surface to 40m. in depth. The vertical distribution of the adult fish is chiefly in the layer, 40-70m. in depth, during the period from late autumn to early spring. It becomes shallower in late spring and summer, the depth being about 20-40m. 8. The ranges of water temperature and salinity in the sea where the adult fish schools are distributed are 17.0-26.0°C and 34.0~34.8%0. respectively. 9. The spawning takes place during the period from the end of January to June in the southern part of the East China Sea and the sea areas around the Osumi Islands, off Ashizuri Cape and around the Izu Islands. These spawning grounds are sea areas where a comparatively rapid current is running towards a land shelf. 10. The ranges of the optimum water temperatures and salinities for the spawning are assumed to be 17-23°C and 34.0-34.8 0/00, respectively. 11. The primordial germ cells seem to migrate to the gonad by amoeboid movement from other places than the gonad. 12. The early indifferent gonad is very slender and suspended with a mesogonium, in the coelom. It is composed of peritoneal epithelium, stroma cells and primordial germ cells. 13. The formation of the gonocoel begins as a longitudinal depression on the surface of the gonad, facing the mesentery. This depression takes place in the gonad of the fish, about 60mm. in fork length, prior to the sex differentiation. 14. The sex differentiation occurs directly without a phase of a juvenile hermaphrodite. 15. The gonad in which the gonocoel is greatly enlarged becomes an ovary, while that in which the gonocoel is left narrow becomes a testis. 16. In the early ovary the layer containing oogonia is surrounded with stroma cells. The surface of the ovary is covered with cuboidal epithelium. 17. In the ovary of the fish, 100-130mm. in fork length, the wall of the ovocoel forms small protuberances, which become the lobes of the ovary. The oocytes are situated in these lobes. The yolk formation begins in the oocytes, 15.....,20.a in diameter, 18. The maturing process of eggs is clasified into the following 7 stages; the chromatin nucleolus, the peripheral nucleolus, the yolk vesicle, the early yolk globule, the late yolk globule, the migrating nucleus and the matured stage. Ovarian eggs at the migrating nucleus stage and the matured stage are observed in the fish, more than 300mm. in fork length. 19. The surface of the early testis is covered with peritoneal epithelium. The interior is filled up with the multiplied stroma cells and the spermatogonia scattered among them. In the testis of a somewhat later stage, a lot of branches are stretched out of the testocoel. Some of the spermatogonia are arranged directly beneath the peritoneal epithelium and the others are buried deep in the testis. The testis lacks a layer of stroma cells under the peritoneal epithelium. 20. In the testis of young male fish the spermatogonia increase in number and surround the small branches of testocoel; they form seminiferous tubules. The testocoel and its large branches become the rete apparatus constructed of collecting ducts. The maturation division appears in the testes of the fish more than 280mm. in fork length. 21. The sex ratio of the young fish is approximately 1 : 1. The ratio between the gonad length and the fork length shows an exponential increase. The gonads of adult fish are enlarged about 9-13 % of the original length during the spawning season. 22. During the months from July to November the oocytes in the ovaries of adult female :fish are at the chromatin nucleolus stage and the peripheral nucleolus stage. During the same season there are only spermatogonia in the testes of adult male fish. The gonads of adult fish begin to increase in size in December and become the largest in March and April. The increase in size of the ovary is chiefly due to the enlargement of ova on account of yolk deposition. The increase in size of the testis is due to accumulation of spermatozoa. 23. A few oogonia can be seen m the ovanes of adult female fish during and immediately after spawning. Numerous spermatogonia appear along the inner walls of the seminiferous tubules late in the spawning season.
Die Pilzgattung Hygrocybe wird taxonomisch besprochen, wobei die bisherige Sektion Oreocybe Boertmann (subgenus Cuphophyllus) den Status einer eigenen Untergattung erhält. Ein Bestimmungsschlüssel zur Gattung wird vorgelegt, wobei Gruppen sehr ähnlicher Arten, die früher teilweise nicht getrennt wurden, im Hauptschlüssel zu Aggregaten zusammen gefaßt wurden. Diese Aggregate werden getrennt aufgeschlüsselt. 50 europäische Arten der Gattung Hygrocybe werden schließlich hinsichtlich ihrer Morphologie, Taxonomie, Ökologie und Verbreitung vorgestellt.
Scharben und Scharbenfischerei : nach einem Vortrag in der "Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern"
(1938)
The re-emergence of tuberculosis in its present-day manifestations - single, multiple and extensive drug-resistant forms and as HIV-TB coinfections - has resulted in renewed research on fundamental questions such as the nature of the organism itself, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the molecular basis of its pathogenesis, definition of the immunological response in animal models and humans, and development of new intervention strategies such as vaccines and drugs. Foremost among these developments has been the precise chemical definition of the complex and distinctive cell wall of M. tuberculosis, elucidation of the relevant pathways and underlying genetics responsible for the synthesis of the hallmark moieties of the tubercle bacillus such as the mycolic acid-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex, the phthiocerol- and trehalose-containing effector lipids, the phosphatidylinositol-containing mannosides, lipomannosides and lipoarabinomannosides, major immunomodulators, and others. In this review, the laboratory personnel who have been the focal point of some to these developments review recent progress towards a comprehensive understanding of the basic physiology and functions of the cell wall of M. tuberculosis.
In a series of excellent studies, DENNIS and co-workers, 1962, have described a new method for left heart bypass without thoracotomy. A cannula was placed in the left atrium via the superior caval vein and the right atrium, according to a method described by BEVEGARD et al., 1960, where the atrial septum is punctured with a needle from the superior vena cava. DENNIS et al. used a manually regulated roller pump for the left heart bypass. ...
Les microcèbes de l'espèce Microcebus murinus doivent leur succès évolutif à leurs capacités à s'adapter aux conditions climatiques et écologiques difficiles auxquelles ils ont à faire face. Ces adaptations concernent tous les systèmes de communication. La vision semble particulièrement performante dans le biotope de branches fines de cette espèce strictement nocturne. L'appréhension du monde extérieur par le sens du tact passe moins par les membres que par le museau, organe multisensoriel riche en terminaisons tactiles. Cependant, les échanges sociaux par signaux visuels et tactiles sont beaucoup plus l'ares que chez les simiens ou même que chez les prosimiens diurnes. Les seuils de détection gustative démontrent une sensibilité relativement faible pour les sucres et, pour les composés amers comme la quinine ou astringents comme les tanins, une variation saisonnière liée aux ressources du milieu. Les autres détecteurs de signaux chimiques - olfaction et sens voméronasal - sont particulièrement développés. Il s j agit de deux systèmes différents dont l'indépendance fonctionnelle a été démontrée. Chez le microcèbe, l'urine, dispersée grâce à des comportements de marquage extrêmement efficaces, joue un rôle social fondamental, notamment par toute une série d'effets de type phéromonal. Les émissions sonores se caractérisent par des fréquences élevées, en partie ultrasoniques. Le répertoire vocal comprend au moins huit types de vocalisations dont certaines, ayant, dans une population locale donnée, une partie de leur structure acoustique en commun, sont interprétées comme des dialectes. Au niveau interindividuel, certains cris de contact pourraient fournir, comme c'est le cas pour les traces urinaires, des repères suffisant à identifier l'émetteur et comatitere son état psychophysiologique. Cette revue montre que le microcèbe est un généraliste, chez qui tous les organes des sens sont bien developpés sans dominance ni spécialisation excessive de l'un d'entre eux. Elle montre, aussi que ce primate possède un développement cerebral suffisant pour répondre de manière originale aux contraintes de son environnement physique et social.
Sexual reproduction in yeasts has a survival function by providing an alternative to the vegetative processes when conditions are no longer conducive for growth. If both sexes are in the correct physiological state (usually under starvation conditions), then initiation of copulation involves the mutual induction of a sexual response. This response is mediated by diffusible compounds and by physical contact. Initial cell contacts between opposite mating types can be disrupted easily, but stronger intercellular bonds form later that result in the fusion of two cells into one. Union between mates involves mixing of parental gene pools. The new diploid organism or its subsequent offspring might be better equipped to survive in a new environment because they may contain new combinations of parental genes. Hence, sex is more advantageous to the survival of the species than it is to the individual organism. The purpose of this review is to compare the steps in the mating process in three species of yeasts. The various physiological factors, events and regulatory phenomena that are part of the mating process will be described for Hansenuta wingei, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Sections II, III and IV, respectively. Then, in Section V, the similarities and differences among these yeast systems will be discussed. Emphasis in this article will be on recent observations since reviews of earlier work are available for each mating system (for H. wingei: Crandall and Brock, 1968; Crandall and Caulton, 1975; for Schizosacch. pombe: Leupold, 1970; Gutz et at., 1974; for Sacch. cerevisiae: Fowell, 1969a, b; Bilinski et at., 1975; Sena et at., 1975). For a comprehensive review of conjugation in all yeasts, fungi and other micro-organisms, consult Crandall (1977). The three yeasts to be reviewed here are quite diverse in terms of their ecological niches, metabolism, morphology and life cycles. Therefore, for a better understanding of the physiology of sexual reproduction in these organisms, it is necessary first to consider these characteristics. A more detailed description of each yeast is given in Lodder (1970).
A synthesis of the Carabid fauna of the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, from a biogeographical point of view, is presented. Only the Italian side of the Alpine chain is considered, from the basin of the Toce river to the Trieste and Gorizia Karst. Main features of the landscape are: 1. an ancient orogenetic history and evolution, that made this area available to the colonization by carabids, of both gondwanaland and laurasian lineages, since the lower Tertiary; 2. a marked geological and geo-morphological complexity, with highest elevation at Pizzo Bernina m 4.049; 3. the presence of a very developed, dolomitic-calcareous and markedly carsified prealpine belt, rich of deep and large hypogean systems (also at high altitude), which makes this area highly different, from the geo-morphological point of view, from the Western Alps; 4. the geographic position, as a mountain chain of some 750 kms between central Europe and the Padanian plain, connected with the Caravanche and the Dinaric chain and close to the Adriatic sea in me Eastern part; 5. finally, a puzzled climate situation, that includes xero-thermic areas (500-700 mm of rain per year, also in some intra-alpine sectors), close to highly rainy areas - more than 2.500 mm per year - in the westernmost and easternmost parts of the chain. Thus, like in the Western Alps, sub-mediterranean vegetation types, dose to cool-moist forests, coexist with high-altitude environments above the timber line. These facts explain the heterogeneity, the richness, the variety, and the interest of the carabid fauna of the area: the highest number of species (658) ascertained so far, i.e. 112 of the whole Italian carabid fauna and about 115 of the carabid fauna cited so far for the Europe in politic sense, fi·om me Canary islands to the Urals; the high number of euri- or stenoendemites (204, i.e. abour 31 % of the species, 3/5 of which concentrated in the pre-alpine belt), and the complex origins and/or affinities of different taxa. A large number of species (174, i.e. 26%) belongs to European chorotypes (European, South-European or typically Alpine), and even more (255, i.e. 38%) to Holarctic (Holarctic, Palaearccic, West-Palaearctic, Asiatic-European, Siberian-European, Central-Asiatic-European, Central-Asiatic-European-Mediterrancan, Turanic-European, Turanic-EuropeanMediterranean, European-Mediterranean) chorotypes. This darum confirms the well known role, both of connection and separation, that the Alps as a whole played between Europe and the Mediterranean area. Furthermore, it is to be recalled the presence, in some localities of the Eastern Alps, of micro thermophilous, boreal species, like Miscodera arctica, now widespread in Northern regions of the Holarctic Region. Many orophilous, forest-dwelling, riparian and hygrophilolls species, are of northern, north-eastern, ruranic or dinaric-balkanian origin. A very small, bur interesting group of thermophilous elements (mostly Harpalini), originally from the Mediterranean area or temperate steppes, during the hypsothermic periods of the Pleistocene and Olocene, reached the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, and persist in xerothermlc biotopes. Some of these could increase their range of distribution as a consequence human activities in agricultural use overgrazing and deforestation. Some others, like Carabus montivagus and Laemostenus algerinus, seem to be present owing to very recent anthropogenic introduction. From the biogeograpic point of view, however the most important group of species is represented by the impressive number of endemics (204, of which 116 species restricted to politic Italy), either eurendemics to Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, or stenoendemics to single sectors of the area or to very small biotopes (caves, isolated montane massifs): among these, we may cite some large-sized species like Cychrus cylindricollis, endemic at high altitude, to the Central Pre-Alps, several montane, very localized Trechus species, many subterranean, highly specialized Trechini of the peculiar genera Boldoriella, Orotrechus, Anophthalmus, Allegrettia, Italaphaenops, Lessinodytes: many Pterostlchini, and others, Most of them must be considered as pre-Quaternarian elements, With affinltl,es either til Gondwana (such as the blind Reicheina of the genus Alpiodytes), or in the Angarian (as the Broscosoma species) areas, They are, the result of an ancient, subtropical or temperate forest dweller Carabid fauna, tied now to soil: forest littter, superficlal subterranean environment, caves, and upper montane refugia, Both from floristic and faunistic informatlon, It IS a well known fact that the pre-alpine belt as a whole represents a large, unique Pleistocene refugium, that shows a scenario of marked isolation and speciation in mountains, valleys and hypogean compartments. The analysis of the entire Carabid fauna in the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps shows that the present composition and complexity is the result both of ancient clado-vicariance events and of recellt, ecological factors, These facts surprisingly make this area (not only concerning carabids) very close to important towns and to one of the most populated, cultivated and industrialized area of Italy (the Padanian plain), and in spite of its relatively small surface, one of the most important hot spar of biodiversity in Europe, in which many biotopes are presently highly endangered, or in some cases completely destroyed, A checklist of the Carabid species of the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, with their chororypes, is added.
The Invertebrate section of the Museum of Zoology QCAZ at the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador in Quito maintains nearly two million curated specimens, and comprises Ecuador's largest collection of native taxa. We review 1902 type specimens from 6 subspecies and 320 species in 121 genera and 42 families, currently kept in the Museum. The list includes 116 holotypes, 10 allotypes, 1774 paratypes and 2 neoparatypes. The collection of type specimens is particularly strong in the Coleoptera (family Carabidae and Staphylinidae) and Hymenoptera. However, other insect orders such as Diptera and Lepidoptera and non-insect arthropods such as Acari, Aranea and Scorpiones, are moderately represented in the collection. This report provides original data from labels of every type specimen record. An analysis of the geographic distribution of type localities showed that collection sites are clustered geographically with most of them found. towards the northern region of Ecuador, in Pichincha, Cotopaxi and Napo provinces. Sites are mainly located in highly accessible areas near highways and towns. Localities with a high number of type species include the cloud forest reserve Bosque Integral Otonga and Parque Nacional Yasunf in the Amazon rainforest near PUCE's Yasuni Scientific Station. Type localities are not well represented in the Ecuadorian National System of Protected Areas. Future fieldwork Sllould include. localities in the southern region of Ecuador but also target less accessible areas not located near highways or towns. We discuss the value of the collection as a source of information for conservation and biodiversity policies in Ecuador.
Gli Autori presentano i risultati preliminari dello studio interdisciplinare (geostratigrafia e paleopedologia; palinologia; malaccfaune; faune mammologiche; industrie; datazioni raiometriche) dei depositi würmiani, fortemente antropizzati, del Riparo Tagliente in Valpantena (Monti Lessini). I depositi più antichi, riferibili al I Pleniglaciale wiirmiano e alla parte iniziale del Würm medio, contengono industrie del Paleolitico Medio e della fase arcaica del Paleolitico Superiore (Aurignaziano a dufours). Una fase erosiva, la deposizione di ghiale fluviali all'esterno del riparo e fenomeni di geliflusso sono riconducibili al II Pleniglaciale würmiano. I depositi più recenti, riferibili al Tardiglaciale (dal Dryas antico all'oscillazione di Alleriöd), hanno dato industrie dell'Epigravettiano italico finale e altri resti di occupazione antropica del riparo (strutture di abitato, oggetti ornamentali, una sepoltura, opere d'arte). Le sequenze di industrie musteriane cd epigravcttianc del Riparo Tngliente costituiscono attualmente il punto di riferimento fondamentale per lo studio dei complessi del Paleolitico Medio e della fine del Paleolitico Superiore nell'Italia nordorientale.
The impact of naval sonar on beaked whales is of increasing concern. In recent years the presence of gas and fat embolism consistent with decompression sickness (DCS) has been reported through postmortem analyses on beaked whales that stranded in connection with naval sonar exercises. In the present study, we use basic principles of diving physiology to model nitrogen tension and bubble growth in several tissue compartments during normal div ng behavior and for several hypothetical dive profiles to assess the risk of DCS. Assuming that normal diving does not cause nitrogen tensions in excess of those shown to be safe for odontocetes, the modeling indicates that repetitive shallow dives, perhaps as a consequence of an extended avoidance reaction to sonar sound, can indeed pose a risk for DCS and that this risk should increase with the duration of the response. If the model is correct, then limiting the duration of sonar exposure to minimize the duration of any avoidance reaction therefore has the potential to reduce the risk of DCS.
Im Jahre 1932 wurden 4 Beobachtungen über Strömungen im Schwarzen Meere (Meerbusen Mamaia) mit folgendem Ergebnis angestellt: 1. Zwischen 24. Juni und 2. Juli wurde eine S.N.-Strömung beobachtet, deren Wasser am 26. Juni in den Meerbusen Mamaia eindrang und da ein plötzliches Temperatursinken um 8,40 C hervorrief. Die Fischbevölkerung änderte sich ebenso rasch, da mit dem kalten Wasser grosse Exemplare von Mugil cephalus, Temnedon saltator und Trachurus trachurus an der Stelle der sonst täglich an der Küste angetroffenen Fische traten. 2. Zwischen 5. und 12. Juli wurde eine Verminderung der Dichte von 1,010 auf 1,005 binnen 24 Stunden bei fast gleichbleibender Wassertemperatur festgestellt. Parallel mit der Verminderung des Salzgehaltes wurden im Meere grosse Mengen Süsswasserfische, besonders Karpfen, die aus der Donaugegend stammten, gefischt; andererseits warfen die Wellen Zweige und Wurzeln von Weidebäumen an die Küste. Diese Erscheinungen sprechen für das Vorhandensein einer N.S.-Strömung, die in dieser Zeit in den Mamaiaer Meerbusen einströmte. 3. In der Zeitspanne 22. August - 18. September wurde die N.S.-Strömung wieder beobachtet, da sie eine abermalige Verminderung des Salzgehaltes im Meerbusen herbeiführte. Am 23. August wurde die Hauptströmung zirka 10 km. vor Constantza, in der Gegend der 20-25 m. Tiefenlinie gefunden (bei 27° C war die Dichte 1,005). Durch langanhaltende und wiederholte N.O.- und O.-Winde wurde das warme Wasser der N.S.-Strömung in den Meerbusen Mamaia getrieben, sodass dort am 11. September das Dichteminimum von 1,0039 bei 22,5° C erreicht wurde. 4· Schliesslich wurde zwischen 31. Oktober und 7. November ein Eindringen von kaltem Wasser in denselben Meerbusen beobachtet, das ein plötzliches Temperatursinken von 16° C auf 6,50 C bei fast gleichbleibenden Dichtewerten zur Folge hatte. Dieses kalte Wasser gehörte der S.N.-Strömung an, denn wir stellten in dieser Zeit fest, dass die Stellnetze 100-.300 m. weit nordwärts von ihrem Platze getrieben wurden . Der Fischfang zeigte sich ergiebig zwischen 15,5° C und 8° C., während bel 6,5° C die Makrelen, die vorher in grossen Mengen gefangen wurden, ausblieben.
The siliceous claystone and chert lithologic units of the Triassic-Jurassic chert-clastic sequence are well exposed in the Inuyama, Mt. Kinkazan and Hisuikyo areas of the southeastern Mino Terrane. Twenty-one continuous sections from those areas were investigated in order to establish comprehensive radiolarian biozones and clarify the successive lithologic changes through the Triassic and lowest Jurassic. Twenty new radiolarian zones are established; the lowest two are assemblage zones and the others are defined by the first or last occurrence of index taxa. The definitions are as follows in chronological order: TR 0, Follicucullus Assemblage Zone (early Spathian or older); TR 1, Parentactinia nakatsugawaensis Assemblage Zone (late Spathian); TR 2A, Eptingium nakasekoi Lowest-occurrence Zone (early Anisian); TR 2B, Triassocampe coronata group Lowest-occurrence Zone (early Anisian); TR 2C, Triassocampe deweveri Lowest-occurrence Zone (late Anisian); TR 3A, Spine A2 (possiblly derived from Oertlispongus inaequispinosus) Lowest occurrence Zone (late Anisian) ; TR 3B, Yeharaia elegans group Lowest-occurrence Zone (early Ladinian); TR 4A, Muelleritortis cochleata Lowest-occurrence Zone (late Ladinian); TR 4B, Spongoserrula dehli Lowest-occurrence Zone (late Ladinian to early Carnian); TR 5A, Capnuchosphaera Lowest-occurrence Zone (early Carnian); TR 5B, Poulpus carcharus sp. nov. Lowest-occurrence Zone (early to late Carnian); TR 6A, Capnodoce- Trialatus Concurrentrange Zone (late Carnian to early Norian), TR 6B, Trialatus robustus-Lysemelas olbia gen. et sp. nov. Partial-range Zone (early Norian); TR 7, Lysemelas olbia gen. et sp. nov. Lowest-occurrence Zone (early to late Norian); TR 8A: Praemesosaturnalis multidentatus group Lowest-occurrence Zone (late Norian); TR 8B: Praemesosaturnalis pseudokahleri sp. nov. Lowest-occurrence Zone (late Norian) ; TR 8C: Skirt F (possiblly derived from Haeckelicyrtium takemurai) Lowest-occurrence Zone (late Norian to early Rhaetian); TR 8D: Haeckelicyrtium breviora sp. nov. Taxon-range Zone (early to late Rhaetian) ; JR OA: Haeckelicyrtium breviora sp. nov.-Bipedis horiae sp. nov. Partial-range Zone (Hettangian); and JR OB: Bipedis horiae sp. nov. Lowest-occurrence Zone (Hettangian/Sinemurian) . These zones are correlated to previousy established radiolarian assemblages and zones in Japan and other regions. Age assignment of the zones is also discussed on the basis of the correlation and other available chronological data. The original stratigraphic succession of the Triassic in the studied area, which ranges in age from Early Triassic to Early Jurassic, is more than 100 m in thickness and can be reconstructed in detail. The succession is subdivided into seven units based on lithologic features. Each unit was probably accumulated under a particular sedimentary condition, thus successive changes of paleoceanographic environments during Triassic time can be traced continuously. Nine new genera including Ayrtonius, Blonzella, Braginella, Bulbocampe, Enoplocampe, Lysenzelas, Parvibrachiale, Spongoxystris and Veles, and 47 new species are described herein. A comprehensive list of identified taxa is presented.
South-Western Anatolia (including provinces Antalya, Burdur, Isparta, Denizli, Aydın, Muğla) was surveyed for the fauna of Neuroptera during 2000–2002. In total, 2817 specimens representing 77 species, 43 genera and 10 families: Osmylidae (1 species), Chrysopidae (22 species), Hemerobiidae (11 species), Coniopterygidae (7 species), Dilaridae (1 species), Mantispidae (4 species), Berothidae (1 species), Nemopteridae (3 species), Myrmeleontidae (22 species), Ascalaphidae (6 species). The records of Nineta guadarramensis, Sympherobius (S.) elegans, Nimboa ressli, Dilar turcicus, Mantispa aphavexelte, Synclisis baetica, Solter ledereri, Myrmeleon inconspicuous, Megistopus flavicornis are their second records from Turkey. Fourty five species are recorded for the first time from the studied area. As a result of the present study the total number of species reported from Southwest Anatolia increased to 87.
Einleitung: Ernährungsbiologische Untersuchungen dienen unter anderem dazu, die Position einzelner Tierarten in der jeweiligen Lebensgemeinschaft, der sie angehören, näher zu bestimmen. Dabei wird man sich nicht darauf beschränken können, die Nahrungsbestandteile in kleinen Serien zu ermitteln, denn die Zusammensetzung der Nahrung variiert entsprechend den Umweltbedingungen und dem physiologischen Zustand des Tieres. Die Variationsbreite des Nahrungsspektrums ist allerdings bei omnivoren Tieren, zu denen auch die Sperlinge zählen, verhaltnismäßig schwer zu erfassen, und es bedarf dazu einer grösseren Anzahl von Stichproben aus verschiedenen Populationen, die in unterschiedlichen Lebensräumen vorkommen. Noch schwieriger ist es, die Variationsursachen zu erkennen, denn dazu sind quantitative Untersuchungen über das Nahrungsangebot und seine Ausnutzung notwendig. Die Arbeiten in dieser Richtung sind in den letzten Jahren vor allem von L. Tinbergen und seinen Schülern, denen Vögel und Arthropoden als Forschungsobjekte dienten, entscheidend gefördert worden. Doch auch viele andere Forscher davor und danach befassten sich mit Nahrungsuntersuchungen an Vögeln und begründeten damit eine Sammlung von Faktenmaterial zur Problemstellungen, die zum Teil nur im Rahmen ökologischer Komplexaufgaben sinnvoll bearbeitet werden können. Im Internationalen Biologischen Programm bot sich eine Gelegenheit, die Ergebnisse vieler tausender Arbeitsstunden, die der Erforschung der Ernährung von Haus- und Feldsperling gewidmet waren, zusammenzufassen und einer allgemeinen Synthese zuzuführen. Auf Grund ihrer weiten Verbreitung und der hohen Dominanz, dle die Sperlinge stellenweise erreichen können, ist nicht nur ihre Bedeutung im Artengefüge (species network; Elton 1966) von Ökosystemen ziemlich hoch einzuschätzen, sondern es besteht auch ein begründetes volkswirtschaftliches Interesse an der Verringerung der von ihnen in der Landwirtschaft verursachten Schäden. Die im folgenden vorgetragenen Fakten und Vorstellungen sollen dazu beitragen, ein Modell zu finden, das die Rolle der Sperlinge in verschiedenen Ökosystemen zum Ausdruck bringt und uns dadurch befähigt, zweckmässigere Wege bei der Regulierung von Sperlingspopulationen einzuschlagen. Es kann jedoch nicht die Aufgabe dieser Abhandlung sein, die trophische Position der Sperlinge in verschiedenen Klima- und Vegetationsgsbieten erschöpfend zu analysieren und quantitativ zu vergleichen, da dies einen Gesamtüberblick über das produktionsbiologische Datenmaterial voraussetzt, der erst noch in Gemeinschaftsarbeit geschaffen werden muss.
L'Autore esamina le specie di Scafopodi del Neogene del Bacino del Mediterraneo, dandone un'ampia iconografia. Vengono riassunte varie notizie relative alle differenti specie ed in particolar modo viene proposta una rilettura filologicamente corretta delle diagnosi originarie. Due nuove specie sono istituite: Fustiaria (Fllstiaria) emersoni e Cadulus (Gadila) razzorei, dal Pliocene italiano. Anche le specie attuali mediterranee sono esaminate e correlate, ove occorra, alle forme fossili.
Nahrungsmittelallergikern steht aufgrund inakzeptabler Nebenwirkungen bei der spezifischen Immuntherapie zurzeit noch keine kausale Therapie dieser Erkrankung zur Verfügung. Demzufolge bleibt die Vermeidung der entsprechenden Lebensmittel für Nahrungsmittelallergiker der einzige Weg möglicherweise lebensbedrohlichen allergischen Reaktionen zu entgehen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, das Potential eines viralen Vektors für die Verwendung bei der spezifischen Immuntherapie der Lebensmittelallergie zu untersuchen. Die Überlegung dahinter war, das Risiko eines anaphylaktischen Schocks, der bei Injektion eines Allergens immer gegeben ist, durch intrazelluläre Expression des Proteins über das rekombinante Virus zu verringern. Zusätzlich dazu bringt das modifizierte Vacciniavirus Ankara (MVA) ideale Voraussetzungen für eine Allergievakzine mit: Die Infektion mit MVA führt zu einer stark Th1-gerichteten Immunantwort gegen die viral exprimierte Proteine, die möglicherweise die allergische Th2-gerichtete Immunantwort modulieren kann. Die prophylaktische Immunisierung mit MVA-OVA im Mausmodell der systemischen Sensibilisierung gegen Ovalbumin (OVA) führte dosisabhängig zur Suppression der spezifischen IgE-Antwort und somit zum Schutz vor allergischer Sensibilisierung. Zusätzlich konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Vakzinierung mit MVA-OVA eine dauerhafte spezifische IgG-Antwort induziert. Diese Daten unterstützen das Konzept einer Modulation der Sensibilisierung durch MVA-Vakzine. Weiterhin wurden zwei rekombinante Vakzinen generiert, mittels derer entweder das Tropomyosin aus Garnelen (Pen a 1) oder das Lipid-Transfer-Protein aus Haselnuss (Cor a 8) intrazellulär exprimiert werden konnte. Dass die Sensibilisierung gegen diese Allergene häufig mit schweren allergischen Reaktionen korreliert, unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit einer verbesserten Immuntherapie in diesem Bereich. Während MVA-Pen a 1 in ausreichender Menge und Qualität für die Verwendung im Mausmodell hergestellt werden konnte, gelang es nicht, eine homogene Population von MVA-Cor a 8 zu gewinnen, in der das Selektionsgen K1L nicht mehr vorhanden war. Parallel zur Virusherstellung wurden Mausmodelle der Sensibilisierung gegen Cor a 8 und Pen a 1 entwickelt. Vergleiche unterschiedlicher Mausstämme ergaben, dass sich Mäuse des Stammes CBA/J am empfänglichsten für eine systemische Sensibilisierung mit Cor a 8 sind. Aufgrund von Erfahrungen zur Sensibilisierung gegen Pen a 1 wurden Mäuse des Stammes C3H/HeJ bei der Etablierung eines Garnelenallergiemodells verwendet. Es zeigte sich, dass durch die intragastrale Applikation von 0,1 mg Pen a 1 sowie Choleratoxin als Adjuvanz (drei Gaben in dreiwöchigem Abstand), gefolgt von einer systemischen Gabe des Allergens mit Aluminiumhydroxid eine spezifische Sensibilisierung hervorgerufen werden konnte, die nach Exposition mit Pen a 1 zu allergischen Symptomen führte. Auch in diesem Modell bot die prophylaktische Immunisierung mit MVA-Pen a 1 Schutz vor Pen a 1spezifischer Sensibilisierung. Um die therapeutische Effektivität der Vakzine ermitteln zu können, muss die begonnene Etablierung eines Allergiemodells mit symptomauslösenden Provokationen und immunologischen Analysen weitergeführt werden. Der in dieser Studie beobachtete starke schützende Effekt einer Vakzinierung mit MVA vor allergischer Sensibilisierung und das sehr gute Sicherheitsprofil dieses Vektors in klinischen Studien zu anderen Erkrankungen belegt die Möglichkeit einer Verwendung von MVA zur erfolgreichen spezifischen Immuntherapie der Lebensmittelallergie.
Habitat, food and population dynamics of the field vole Microtus agrestis (L.) in south Sweden
(1971)
The habitat, food and population dynamics of the field vole (Microtus agrestis) were studied mainly in southernmost Sweden (Scania) with a few comparisons from a northern locality. The habitats of Microtus agrestis consist mainly of successional stages, arising from abandoned cultivated fields, drained mires and felled mature forests. They were characterized botanically and classified according to moisture and time since abandonment. Capture distributions were significantly clumped, being most contagious at the lowest densities. Microdistribution was affected more by shelter than by food conditions. The weight of the stomach contents showed various skewed distributions, giving indications of the feeding behaviour of various population categories. The staple food in southernmost Sweden was various grasses, while herbs, gnss seeds, vegetative storage organs and moss were primary food items during summer, summer-autumn, winter and early summer respectively. In a northern locality herbs played a more important role in summer. Among plant species e.g. Agrostis spp., Festuca rubra, Achillea millefolium and Ranunculus spp. were often eaten, while the common Deschampsia caesjJiiosa and Charnaenerion angustifoliurn were disliked. There were clear differences between habitats but plant species belonging to the same group replaced each other in the diet. There were few differences between populatipn categories. Experiments disclosed the same preferences as found at stomach analysis. Digestibility was higher during spring than winter, that of the preferred species being highest. The digestibility was most affected by the proportions of crude protein but the changes in weight by the amounts consumed. The animals showed a decided interest in certain carbohydrates and fatty substances with differences between seasons and years. The interest in sugars was not correlated with the similar interest in bark. The probability of capture was especially low in juveniles and during winter. Trap lines and grids showed the same trappability, but, the intervals between checkings influenced the removal rate. The density changes on two distant, large, dry fields in southernmost Sweden were correlated, while a nearby isolated population in a spruce plantation fluctuated out of phase. The increases during the reproductive season were significantly lower than those expected at exponential increase. The density in various habitats did not depend on the moisture conditions. Differences in population structure and body weight in various areas were partly related to the phase of population development. However, there were also differences in the same area between habitats, which might differ in plant nutrient supply. The animals had a low energy reserve in their depot fat, which would only sustain the animals for 5-14 hours in an emergency. It was highest during midwinter but with significant depressions in April and December. Drier habitats could sustain populations of little more than 200 animals/ha over :winter and these densities were not realized in southernmost Sweden. The spring-summer density variations in a northern locality were correlated with the spruce seed supply during the following autumn-winter. A relation was assumed with the quantity or quality of previous storage tissues. In southernmost Sweden, with irregular and low-amplitude fluctuations, there was no clear relation to primary production.
Arthropods inhabiting the sporophores of Fomes fomentarius (Polyporaceae) in Gatineau Park, Quebec
(1971)
The fauna of the sporophores of the perennial bracket fungus Fomes fomentarius (L. ex Fr.) Kickx were examined in a 3-year study. One species of molluscs and more than 152 species of arthropods excluding mites, representing 13 orders, 70 families, and 5400 individuals, emerged from or were found on or in, 1448 sporophores detached from dead birch trees; the sporophores were collected each year in Gatineau Park, Que., kept individually in screen-topped glass jars in a laboratory, and examined for several months. Mites, which were recorded quantitatively only in the final year, added 4 orders, 19 families, and 30 species to the preceding totals. Mites were the most frequently occurring and probably the most numerous arthropods, followed by Coleoptera, Psocoptera, Collembola, Hymenoptera, and Diptera. The key organisms of the fauna were five species of beetles that were primarily responsible for tunnelling and destruction of the sporophores and would therefore exert great influence on the composition of the community. Their tunnels provided shelter and food for many smaller arthropods or facilitated their feeding. Some beetle species tunnelled the sporophores for one season and others, for several, but many living sporophores and most dead ones tunnelled by beetles were tunnelled in the same season by more than one species of beetles. There was considerable latitude in types of sporophores inhabited by various arthropods but some species were particularly attracted to living or dead, to younger or older, and to smaller or larger, sporophores. Some species were also attracted to certain regions of the sporophore more than were other species. Possible economic implications of observations made in the study are discussed.
Application of vibrational spectroscopy to the problem of structure determination of molecules of biological interest goes back to the early uses of raman and infrared spectroscopy in the study of organic molecules. For reviews of earlier work the reader is referred to compilations by Kohlrausch (1943) and by Jones and Sandorfy (1956), whereas more recently a comprehensive discussion has been presented by Bellamy (1975). These compilations accentuate the correlation of vibrational spectra with molecular structure from an essentially empirical point of view and culminate in the establishment of empirical correlation charts. For typical examples the reader is referred to Weast (1974) and Bellamy (1975). There have been many treatments of the theoretical basis of molecular vibrational spectroscopy. Among them the classical work by Herzberg (1945) and by Wilson et al. (1955) should be mentioned. Applications of infrared spectroscopy (IR) to structure problems of biological interest have been summarized by Susi (1969), Fraser and MacRae (1973), and Wallach and Winzler (1974). It was remarked quite eraly that relevant structural information about biological systems often requires study in aqueous solution, which forms the natural environment for most biologically important systems. Besides critical control of experimental conditions and samples the conventional methods of raman spectroscopy may be applied to aqueous solutions in a quite straightforward manner, cf. the contribution by Lord and Mendelson, Chapter 8. The condition of biological environment, i.e., the study in aqueous solutions, by IR spectroscopy is difficult to achieve by conventional absorption technique, since the high absorption coefficient of water in wide regions of the mid and far infrared implies use of thin layers and high concentrations. As a consequence the application of special techniques for measurement of IR spectra of biological material has been a necessity in many cases. This contribution covers the following topics: (1) specific spectroscopic techniques used in this field, in particular for membrane spectroscopy, (2) discussion of typical results derived from application of IR techniques to model and natural membrane systems and to important constituent molecules of such systems.
Die Arbeit enthält Ergänzungen und Korrekturen zu Teil I der Revision, insbesondere einen revidierten Bestimmungsschlüssel für die in Europa vertretenen Gattungen und Bemerkungen zur Taxonomie und Verbreitung der Arten. Zusätzlich wird die Gattung Baryenemis Förster revidiert. Es werden eine Gattung (Gelanes spec. nov.; Typusart Thersylochus fusculus Holmgren) und 30 Arten neu beschrieben, sechs bisher als Gattungen ausgefaßte Taxa als Untergattungen eingeordnet und neun Arten neu synonymisiert.
El autor hace observaciones sobre diferentes formas de Enmolpidos sudamericanos. Agrega una lista provisoria de especies y variedades argentinas. Llama la atención sobre el hecho que los Eumolpidos son mal conocidos y sobre la necesidad de revisar el sistema de clasificacion de este grupo, en lo que se refiere a los géneros y tribus. Se enumeran 87 especies de Eumolpidos para la República Argentina, varias de ellas señaladas por primera vez en el país.
Hatching asynchrony and the onset of incubation in birds revisited : when is the critical period?
(1995)
1. Birds are unique among animals in being able to influence the birthing intervals of their young through the timing of the onset incubation. However, many species hatch their young asynchronously, frequently resulting in reduced survivorship for later-hatched young. This is the Paradox of Hatching Asynchrony. 2. The Brood Reduction Hypothesis provided a resolution to the paradox by suggesting an adaptive function to the offspring mortality that results from asynchrony. Experimental tests have provided little support, and 16 alternative hypotheses have been proposed, but few have been tested. Most experimental tests have not measured important parameters such as parental effort and postfledging survival. Many have lacked adequate controls or sufficient statistical power. 3. We divide the hypotheses for hatching asynchrony into four categories based on the effects of intrinsic or extrinsic factors during a critical period of the nesting cycle which constrains reproductive success. Hatching asynchrony could be simply the consequence of the early onset of incubation during egg-laying, either as a result of physiological constraints on incubation or because parents derive fitness benefits from the protective function of early incubation. During the nestling period, hatching asynchrony could be adaptive if it allowed parents to eliminate one or more nestlings selectively, or increased parental efficiency. Alternatively, parents could manipulate the duration of the different periods of the nesting cycle to maximize benefits. 4. Because the onset of incubation generally determines hatching patterns, we encourage refocusing attention from the search for adaptive hatching patterns during the nestling period to the events surrounding the onset of incubation during egg-laying. Many factors can affect when incubation is begun, including physiology, and interactions with the environment, predators, competitors, and mates. 5. Patterns of the onset of incubation are difficult to determine and to quantify, in part because many birds begin incubating gradually, or at night. In some species, the onset of incubation varies with clutch size, but not in others. 6. The onset of incubation is the principle proximate control of hatching patterns, but other factors, such as egg size, embryonic vocalizations, and time of year may also affect hatching patterns. 7. Synchronous hatching is the primitive condition in birds, and is widespread in the lower, primarily precocial taxa. Most altricial species hatch their eggs asynchronously, although some exhibit synchrony as a secondarily derived trait. Hatching patterns show wide variation within some orders and families. 8. Patterns of the onset of incubation and hatching in a species may reflect the influence of multiplefactors. The relative importance of those factors may depend on the trade-offs associated with the potential benefits of early incubation to the survival of eggs and the potential costs to the survivor of later-hatching young associatedwith nestling size hierarchies. 9. The relative effects of multiple factors can be examined by integrating the results of empirical tests of single factors through modeling. 10. We demonstrated the use of a stochastic model by using empirical data from the House Sparrow. Results revealed the trade-offs inherent in the onset of incubation from differences in egg viability and nestling survivorship. An intermediate onset of incubation produced the greatest fledging success. 11. Other factors may be integrated into such models if they can be measured in terms of their effects on fledging success. Different factors, represented by different hypotheses, vary in how readily they may be modeled.
Vengono descritti 2 nuovi sottogeneri di Agrilus: Lilliput (specie tipo: A. paracuspidatus Obenberger, 1939) e Agriphylus (specie tipo: A. maddalenae n. sp.). Vengono inoltre descritte 34 nuove specie e 4 nuove sottospecie di Agrilus (sensu lato) provenienti da diverse regioni del continente africano e dall' Arabia Saudita: A. (Paralophotus) sahelicus n. sp. del Marocco; A. (Diplolophotus) rastellii n. sp., A. (Paralophotus) rubescens n. sp., A. (Paralophotus) vo- 101 n. sp. del Senegal; A. (Lilliput) minimus n. sp., A. (Diplolopbotus) somalus n. sp., A. (Paralopbotus) myops n. sp. della Somalia; A. (Robertius) ocellatus n. sp. del Kenya; A. (Duftus) exoletus ugandensis n.ssp. dell'Uganda; A. (Pinarius) muehlei n. sp., A. (Robertius) provincialis n. sp., A. (Robertius) syndici n. sp., A. (Agrilus) wagneri n.sp. del Ruanda; A. (Pantberina) teocchii n. sp., A. (Robertius) delenilor celtivorus n. ssp., A. (Robertius) regius n. sp., A. (Roher/ius) ocularius n. sp., A. (Robertius) boanoi n. sp., A. (Robertius) mabokeamls n. sp.,A. Vlgrilus) parapupala n. sp.) A. (Agrilus) pupalinus n. sp., A. (Agrilus) hal'l7lodius centrafricanu.' n. ssp. della Repubblica Centrafricana; A. (Nigritius) leveyi n. sp., A. (Agrilus) 01- mii tropicus n. ssp. dello Zambia; A. (Agriphylus) maddalenac n. sp., Il. (Robertius) iniudicatus n. sp. della Sierra Leone; A. (Robertius) scutatus n. sp., Il. (Rohertius) rotundus n. sp. della Costa d'Avorio; A. (Robcrtius) zehra/us n. sp., Il. (Rohertius) subgravidus n. sp., A. (Agrilus) balena n. sp. del Camerun; Il. (Agripbylus) trico n. sp., A. (Pantherina) barbutulus n. sp., A. (Agrilus) salurnus 11. sp. dello Zaire; A. (Agrilus) olmii n. sp. del Mozambico; A. (Lilliput) lorscbbammcri n. sp. del Botswana e del Sud Africa.; A. (Robertius) bruschii n. sp. dei Sud Africa, Botswana e del Mozambico; A. (Bubagrilus) saudita n. sp. dell'Arabia Saudita. Sulla base dell\'esame del materiale tipico viene proposta infine una nuova sinonimia: A. schoutedeni Kerremans, 1913 (= A. rothkircbi Obenberger, 1923), nov. syn.
Fly larvae of the Anthomyiidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae, and Sarcophagidae are scavengers and breed in filthy material such as animal dung, human feces, dead animals and decaying vegetables. Therefore, the presence of these larvae in our environment indicates defective sanitary conditions, and offers many problems from the standpoint of public health. Clinically, the larvae of some species cause myiasis in man and animals. On the other hand, in the field of legal medicine postmortem time of dead bodies is estimated in some cases by the species and age of larvae collected from them. Thus, the fly larvae are closely associated with our lives. Morphologic studies on larval stages of flies were started in the beginning of this century by Portchinsky (1910), Banks (1912), MacGregor (1914), and Keilin (1915 and 1917). Portchinsky first described chiefly the habits and metamorphosis, and later MacGregor emphasized structure of posterior spiracles in the identification of the larvae. Keilin (1917) discovered and emphasized the importance of the characteristic structures such as the cephalopharyngeal sclerite, anterior and posterior spiracles and other external and internal characters. Following them, many authors made comparative and systematic studies of fly larvae and there are many reports of such research. However, morphology, taxonomy and ecology of these fly larvae have not been studied systematically in Japan. During the period from 1915 to 1936, 10 or more accounts were made about fly larvae that caused intestinal myiasis in man. In 1937, Kodama and Yasuda reported Ophyra nigra Wied. asa cause of intestinal myiasis. Yasuda (1939) reported 12 species of fly larvae in Seoul, Korea with detailed drawings and descriptions. Lopes (1943 and 1946) reported sarcophagid larvae from Neotropical region. Hall (1947) described calliphorid larvae from North America in his publication "The blow flies of North America". In 1951, Roback used the characters of the larvae such as pharyngeal sclerites and posterior spiracles for the classification of the Calypterate, Diptera. In the same year, Zimin reported Russian muscoicllarvae in his publication "Fauna USSR, Muscidae" using the external characters such as spines, papillae, and anal plate on the body surface as well as anterior and posterior spiracles and cepahlopharyngeal sclerite. Fan (1957) reported some filth fly larvae from China. In Japan, Kana et a!. (1950-1958) described larvae of 39 species belonging to 4 families. In the present paper, the author describes 3rd stage larvae belonging to 70 species in 33 genera of 4 families. In addition, photographs of internal and external structures and keys to families and species of 3rd stage larvae are given. Moreover, 6 species belonging to Muscidae and 1 species ofSarcophagidae for which the larvae were not seen are cited from the descriptions and figures published by Keilin (1917), Zimin (1951), Kano and Sato (1951), and Fan (1957). Those species are also included in the keys of this paper.
Fauna of Isopoda and Tanaidacea in the coastal zones of the Antarctic and Subantarctic waters
(1968)
This work presents results of the processing of the material collected by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955 - 1963), chiefly on the "Ob" and to a lesser extent by the geographer E. S. Korotkevich and the ichthyologist V. M. Makushek., during their wintering at the Mirnyi station, as well as by the hydrobiologist G. A. Solyanik on board the whalers "Slava" and "Ivan Nosenko."
Notes on some primates, Carnivora and the babirusa from the Indo-Malayan and Indo-Australian regions
(1949)
The Great Spotted Woodpecker is the most common and best-known woodpecker species in the W Palearctic. The sections Habitat, Distribution, Population, Movements, Food, Social pattern and behaviour, Voice, Breeding, Plumages, Bare parts, Moults, Measurements, Weights, and Geographical variation have been updated or completely rewritten, and a new section has been added on Conservation. High flexibility enables the Great Spotted Woodpecker to utilize a great variety of habitats, from Arctic taiga through boreal and temperate to Mediterranean (N Africa and Canary Islands) and Alpine forest zones, wherever there are mature trees of any sort with sufficient growth to accommodate nest-holes and with a supply of available food. The Distribution and Population sections include new data of population tendencies, with stable or positive trends in most European countries and fluctuating populations in N Europe. Recent negative range trends with small decreases only in S Europe, apparently due to loss of wooded habitats. The Conservation section presents literature on the Great Spotted Woodpecker as the key or umbrella species for secondary cavity-nesting species. This section also demonstrates the importance of woodpeckers as indicators for naturally dynamic forests with tree species diversity, forest management, and sustainable forestry. Woodpeckers can be part of a monitoring system of e.g. sustainable forestry, but species from other organism groups are also required. The section on Movements has been updated with new data on dispersal and summer/autumn and spring migration. The Great Spotted Woodpecker uses a very wide and varied diet and is characterized as a 'universalist' in food-gathering; pecking and hammering are most important in autumn and winter, gleaning and probing are important at times of high food availability at the tree surface in spring and summer. It takes arthropods and insect larvae, coniferous seeds and various nuts mainly in autumn and winter, and drills holes for sap-sucking in spring, takes surface dwelling arthropods and caterpillars, bird eggs and nestlings, and fruits and berries in spring and summer. The Social pattern and behaviour section presents new data on the mating system, parental effort, pair-bond, divorce rate, survival rate, and mortality. Great Spotted Woodpeckers are socially and genetically monogamous with a potential to polyandry, which was recorded in Japan. Changes of partner between seasons common. Males usually invest more in nesthole construction and guarding than the females and contribute the same amount or more to brood care. Males usually incubate and brood at night, as with all studied woodpeckers, and defend territories, which seem to be important for female choice. Females compete intensely for access to males and perform male-like courtship behaviours such as drumming. Great Spotted Woodpeckers are intelligent and currently doing damage to house facades. The Voice section presents mainly new data on calls and instrumental signals of the young. The Breeding section has been updated with new information about nest-sites, breeding behaviour, and breeding success. New data on age determination are shown in the Bare parts and Moults sections. Additional data are provided on size and weight.