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The Great Spotted Woodpecker is the most common and best-known woodpecker species in the W Palearctic. The sections Habitat, Distribution, Population, Movements, Food, Social pattern and behaviour, Voice, Breeding, Plumages, Bare parts, Moults, Measurements, Weights, and Geographical variation have been updated or completely rewritten, and a new section has been added on Conservation. High flexibility enables the Great Spotted Woodpecker to utilize a great variety of habitats, from Arctic taiga through boreal and temperate to Mediterranean (N Africa and Canary Islands) and Alpine forest zones, wherever there are mature trees of any sort with sufficient growth to accommodate nest-holes and with a supply of available food. The Distribution and Population sections include new data of population tendencies, with stable or positive trends in most European countries and fluctuating populations in N Europe. Recent negative range trends with small decreases only in S Europe, apparently due to loss of wooded habitats. The Conservation section presents literature on the Great Spotted Woodpecker as the key or umbrella species for secondary cavity-nesting species. This section also demonstrates the importance of woodpeckers as indicators for naturally dynamic forests with tree species diversity, forest management, and sustainable forestry. Woodpeckers can be part of a monitoring system of e.g. sustainable forestry, but species from other organism groups are also required. The section on Movements has been updated with new data on dispersal and summer/autumn and spring migration. The Great Spotted Woodpecker uses a very wide and varied diet and is characterized as a 'universalist' in food-gathering; pecking and hammering are most important in autumn and winter, gleaning and probing are important at times of high food availability at the tree surface in spring and summer. It takes arthropods and insect larvae, coniferous seeds and various nuts mainly in autumn and winter, and drills holes for sap-sucking in spring, takes surface dwelling arthropods and caterpillars, bird eggs and nestlings, and fruits and berries in spring and summer. The Social pattern and behaviour section presents new data on the mating system, parental effort, pair-bond, divorce rate, survival rate, and mortality. Great Spotted Woodpeckers are socially and genetically monogamous with a potential to polyandry, which was recorded in Japan. Changes of partner between seasons common. Males usually invest more in nesthole construction and guarding than the females and contribute the same amount or more to brood care. Males usually incubate and brood at night, as with all studied woodpeckers, and defend territories, which seem to be important for female choice. Females compete intensely for access to males and perform male-like courtship behaviours such as drumming. Great Spotted Woodpeckers are intelligent and currently doing damage to house facades. The Voice section presents mainly new data on calls and instrumental signals of the young. The Breeding section has been updated with new information about nest-sites, breeding behaviour, and breeding success. New data on age determination are shown in the Bare parts and Moults sections. Additional data are provided on size and weight.
This paper describes the effect of the "Boleslaw" mining and metallurgic complex in Bukowno near Olkusz on the vegetation of the fresh coniferous forest association Vaccinia myrtilli-Pineitum. The increase in concentration of zinc, lead and cadmium in selected plant species under the influence of industrial emission, and the dependence of this increase upon the magnitude of dust fall and site conditions, are analized. The extent of accumulation of heavy metals in plants was assumed to be an indicator of the degree of pressure exerted by the industrial complex. The degradation of fresh coniferous forest was. increasing along with an increase in this pressure. The species composition of the association, and the quantitative relations among species representing various site types underwent considerable changes. In patches extremely degraded, the plant species characteristic of poor sandy grass-lands gained predominance over forest plants.
Echinococcosis/hydatidosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is a chronic and debilitating zoonotic larval cestode infection in humans, which is principally transmitted between dogs and domestic livestock, particularly sheep. Human hydatid disease occurs in almost all pastoral communities and rangeland areas of the underdeveloped and developed world. Control programmes against hydatidosis have been implemented in several endemic countries, states, provinces, districts or regions to reduce or eliminate cystic echinococcosis (CE) as a public health problem. This review assesses the impact of 13 of the hydatid control programmes implemented, since the first was introduced in Iceland in 1863. Five island-based control programmes (Iceland, New Zealand, Tasmania, Falklands and Cyprus) resulted, over various intervention periods (from < 15 to > 50 years), in successful control of transmission as evidenced by major reduction in incidence rates of human CE, and prevalence levels in sheep and dogs. By 2002, two countries, Iceland and New Zealand, and one island-state, Tasmania, had already declared that hydatid disease had been eliminated from their territories. Other hydatid programmes implemented in South America (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay), in Europe (mid-Wales, Sardinia) and in East Africa (northwest Kenya), showed varying degrees of success, but some were considered as having failed. Reasons for the eventual success of certain hydatid control programmes and the problems encountered in others are analysed and discussed, and recommendations for likely optimal approaches considered. The application of new control tools, including use of a hydatid vaccine, are also considered.
La distribuzione geografica delle 21 specie di Zygaena e 8 specie di Adscitinae viventi nelle Alpi Liguri è stata analizzata sia nei suoi rapporti col resto della fauna paleartica, sia a livello italiano e ligure. Tale indagine ha consentito di evidenziare l'esistenza di numerosi centri di rifugio e speciazione e di mettere in luce diverse aree di transizione primaria e secondaria intese secondo il senso di Thorpe (1983). Il significato adattativo del cosiddetto melanismo littorale (Burgeff 1950) è discusso in termini di conquista di una nuova nicchia ecologica e di caduta nel valore aposematico.
As far as we are aware, no previous account of any kind regarding the freshwater and subaerial algal flora of Natal has been published, and the present investigation of one hundred different samples thus affords the first available data on this point. ...
A systematic revision of the genus Dichaeu (Orchidaceae) in Costa Rica is presented. The taxonomic history of the genus and its phylogenetic position are discussed, with emphasis on infragenenc grouping. Characters of vegetative and floral morphology are treated, and their taxonoiilic significance is discussed. Twenty-nine Dichnea taxa are recognized for the flora of Costa Rica, and a key to species is provided. Each taxon is described on the basis of Costa Rican material, illustrated in a composite plate, and its distribution in the country is assessed. Distribution maps for all the taxa are given. Overall distribution, derivation of name, notes on species ecology, and diagnostic features are presented for each taxon. Lectotypes are selectcd for D. acostae Schltr., D. acroblephara Schltr., D. amparoana Schltr., D. costaricensis Schltr., D. dammeriana Kraenzl., D. lycopodioides Rchb. f. ex Kraenzl., D. poicillantha Schltr., D. selaginella Schltr., D. tuercklheimii Schltr., Epidendrum echinocarpon Sw., and E. trichocarpon Sw. A new species, D. gomez-lauritoi, is described and illustrated from the wet Caribbean plains of central Costa Rica.
The following new species are described from the Maghreb: Tapinocyba algirica n. sp. and Walckenaeria heimbergi n. sp. The unknown male of Minicia elegans and the unknown females of Alioranus pauper, Cherserigone graciipes and Entelecara truncatifrons are described. Tmeticus hipponense is transfered to the genus Gongylidiellum and HybocoptliS ericicola is removed from synonymy with H. corrugis and revalidated. The Maghrebian species of the genera Alioranus, Brachycerasphora, Cherserigone, Didectoprocnemis, Entelecara, Eperigone, Erigone, Gnathonarium, Gonatium, Gongylidiellum, Hybocoptus, Lessertia, Maso, Mierargus, Microetenonyx, Minicia, Monocephalus, Nematogmus, Ostearius, Prinerigone, Styloetetor, Tapinocyba, Triehoncoides and Trichoncus are all revised. As a final paper in a series on the Linyphiidae of the Maghreb, all the remaining genera are reviewed. A total of 169 species of Linyphiidae has currently been recorded in the Maghreb.
South-Western Anatolia (including provinces Antalya, Burdur, Isparta, Denizli, Aydın, Muğla) was surveyed for the fauna of Neuroptera during 2000–2002. In total, 2817 specimens representing 77 species, 43 genera and 10 families: Osmylidae (1 species), Chrysopidae (22 species), Hemerobiidae (11 species), Coniopterygidae (7 species), Dilaridae (1 species), Mantispidae (4 species), Berothidae (1 species), Nemopteridae (3 species), Myrmeleontidae (22 species), Ascalaphidae (6 species). The records of Nineta guadarramensis, Sympherobius (S.) elegans, Nimboa ressli, Dilar turcicus, Mantispa aphavexelte, Synclisis baetica, Solter ledereri, Myrmeleon inconspicuous, Megistopus flavicornis are their second records from Turkey. Fourty five species are recorded for the first time from the studied area. As a result of the present study the total number of species reported from Southwest Anatolia increased to 87.
Sensilla styloconica are elongated microscopically conspicuous chemo-mechano receptors found exclusively at the tongue tip of many adult Lepidoptera. These unique proboscis sensilla were comparatively studied using the scanning electron microscope in 107 species of North American and tropical butterflies. Focus was on 76 species of North American Nymphalidae representing 45 genera and 11 subfamily groups, and 15 species of tropical Nymphalidae representing additional genera and subfamilies. Observations of adult nymphalid feeding behaviour and food preference for correlation with morphological characteristics were made largely in North America and substantially in the Neotropics, where bait traps were used in conjunction with aerial netting. The tongue tips of 16 additional species representing 5 more butterfly families were also examined for the presence and morphological characteristics of sensilla styloconica.
A synthesis of the Carabid fauna of the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, from a biogeographical point of view, is presented. Only the Italian side of the Alpine chain is considered, from the basin of the Toce river to the Trieste and Gorizia Karst. Main features of the landscape are: 1. an ancient orogenetic history and evolution, that made this area available to the colonization by carabids, of both gondwanaland and laurasian lineages, since the lower Tertiary; 2. a marked geological and geo-morphological complexity, with highest elevation at Pizzo Bernina m 4.049; 3. the presence of a very developed, dolomitic-calcareous and markedly carsified prealpine belt, rich of deep and large hypogean systems (also at high altitude), which makes this area highly different, from the geo-morphological point of view, from the Western Alps; 4. the geographic position, as a mountain chain of some 750 kms between central Europe and the Padanian plain, connected with the Caravanche and the Dinaric chain and close to the Adriatic sea in me Eastern part; 5. finally, a puzzled climate situation, that includes xero-thermic areas (500-700 mm of rain per year, also in some intra-alpine sectors), close to highly rainy areas - more than 2.500 mm per year - in the westernmost and easternmost parts of the chain. Thus, like in the Western Alps, sub-mediterranean vegetation types, dose to cool-moist forests, coexist with high-altitude environments above the timber line. These facts explain the heterogeneity, the richness, the variety, and the interest of the carabid fauna of the area: the highest number of species (658) ascertained so far, i.e. 112 of the whole Italian carabid fauna and about 115 of the carabid fauna cited so far for the Europe in politic sense, fi·om me Canary islands to the Urals; the high number of euri- or stenoendemites (204, i.e. abour 31 % of the species, 3/5 of which concentrated in the pre-alpine belt), and the complex origins and/or affinities of different taxa. A large number of species (174, i.e. 26%) belongs to European chorotypes (European, South-European or typically Alpine), and even more (255, i.e. 38%) to Holarctic (Holarctic, Palaearccic, West-Palaearctic, Asiatic-European, Siberian-European, Central-Asiatic-European, Central-Asiatic-European-Mediterrancan, Turanic-European, Turanic-EuropeanMediterranean, European-Mediterranean) chorotypes. This darum confirms the well known role, both of connection and separation, that the Alps as a whole played between Europe and the Mediterranean area. Furthermore, it is to be recalled the presence, in some localities of the Eastern Alps, of micro thermophilous, boreal species, like Miscodera arctica, now widespread in Northern regions of the Holarctic Region. Many orophilous, forest-dwelling, riparian and hygrophilolls species, are of northern, north-eastern, ruranic or dinaric-balkanian origin. A very small, bur interesting group of thermophilous elements (mostly Harpalini), originally from the Mediterranean area or temperate steppes, during the hypsothermic periods of the Pleistocene and Olocene, reached the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, and persist in xerothermlc biotopes. Some of these could increase their range of distribution as a consequence human activities in agricultural use overgrazing and deforestation. Some others, like Carabus montivagus and Laemostenus algerinus, seem to be present owing to very recent anthropogenic introduction. From the biogeograpic point of view, however the most important group of species is represented by the impressive number of endemics (204, of which 116 species restricted to politic Italy), either eurendemics to Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, or stenoendemics to single sectors of the area or to very small biotopes (caves, isolated montane massifs): among these, we may cite some large-sized species like Cychrus cylindricollis, endemic at high altitude, to the Central Pre-Alps, several montane, very localized Trechus species, many subterranean, highly specialized Trechini of the peculiar genera Boldoriella, Orotrechus, Anophthalmus, Allegrettia, Italaphaenops, Lessinodytes: many Pterostlchini, and others, Most of them must be considered as pre-Quaternarian elements, With affinltl,es either til Gondwana (such as the blind Reicheina of the genus Alpiodytes), or in the Angarian (as the Broscosoma species) areas, They are, the result of an ancient, subtropical or temperate forest dweller Carabid fauna, tied now to soil: forest littter, superficlal subterranean environment, caves, and upper montane refugia, Both from floristic and faunistic informatlon, It IS a well known fact that the pre-alpine belt as a whole represents a large, unique Pleistocene refugium, that shows a scenario of marked isolation and speciation in mountains, valleys and hypogean compartments. The analysis of the entire Carabid fauna in the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps shows that the present composition and complexity is the result both of ancient clado-vicariance events and of recellt, ecological factors, These facts surprisingly make this area (not only concerning carabids) very close to important towns and to one of the most populated, cultivated and industrialized area of Italy (the Padanian plain), and in spite of its relatively small surface, one of the most important hot spar of biodiversity in Europe, in which many biotopes are presently highly endangered, or in some cases completely destroyed, A checklist of the Carabid species of the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, with their chororypes, is added.
The cirripeds sampled by the N. O. Jean Charcot from the Azores region include thirty-four species: twenty lepadomorphs, eight verrucomorphs and six balanomorphs. Among these are two new species: Arcoscalpellum eponkos n.sp. and Tesseropora arnoldi n.sp. and several little known species. The family Verrucidae is revised, and a key to the genera is included. Verruca and Metaverruca are rediagnosed, two new genera are proposed: Newmaniuerruca n.g. and Costatoverruca n.g. A list of recent species of Verrucidae is provided, reported with keys to all of the species. Forty-five species of cirripeds are reported from the Azores region, of which one third are endemic.
This checklist of the lichens and Iichenicolous fungi of Chile (including the Antarctic ten-itory, Juan Fernandez and Easter island) includes 1415 taxa in 304 genera of which 1383 are lichens (in 281 genera), and 32 are lichenicolaus fungi (in 23 genera). Full bibliographic citations are given for both accepted taxa and for synonyms and references to relevant literature are included for most genera. The following new combinations are proposed: Caloplaca austroshetlandica (Zahlbr.) D.J. Galloway & Quilhot, Dendriscocaulon calithamnion (Taylor) D.J. Galloway & Quilhot, Neuropogon durietzii (Motyka) D.J. Galloway & Qllilhot, Neuropogon patagonicus (F.J. Walker) DJ. Galloway & Quilhot, and Neuropogon subamarcticus (F. J. Walker) D.,T. Galloway & Quilhot.
Chalastogastra (Hym.)
(1916)
En este catálogo provisional se recogen las malaeofaunas arqueológicas asociadas a ocupaciones humanas de la Península Ibérica. Se incluyen un total de 142 análisis malacológicos, y un anexo de 68 yacimientos donde los conjuntos son estrictamente ornament.tles o se encuentran en fase de estudio. Se encuentran reseñadas casi 200 especies de moluscos marinas, de agua dulce y terrestres. Además se ofrecen datos inéditos de 6 yacimientos (Abrigo de la Peila del Perro, Tennas romanas de Gijón, Cabezo Pequeño del Estaño, Pico Ramos, Almontc y La Viña). Consideramos que un trabajo de estas características resulta imprescindible en el actual estado de conocimiento arqueozoológico en la Península Ibérica y confiamos en que el catálogo se convierta en una referencia básica en estudios futuros.
An annotated checklist and bibliography of 197 species (representing 78 genera and 26 families) of non-marine polychaetes of the world is presented, including synonymies, information on ecology, distribution, habitat, and references to the taxonomic and biological literature. Over half (57%) of the checklist species are represented by just three families as follows: Nereididae (61 species including Namanereis, Namalycastis, Neanthes and Hediste), Aeolosomatidae (27 species, mostly Aeolosoma) and Sabellidae (24 species including Caobangia and Manayunkia). Other well-represented taxa are the epizoic histriobdel1id Stratiodrilus (11 species), the inland-sea-specialist ampharetid Hypania and related genera (5 species), and the freshwater-tolerant spionid Marenzelleria (5 species). One new combination is proposed for the nereidid Nereis tenuipalpa Pflugfelder, 1933, viz. Paraleonnates tenuipalpa n. comb.
Nach einigen fehlgeschiagenen Versuchen, in der Frankfurter Nidda-Aue eine große Parkanlage einzurichten, entwickelten Planer und Politiker in den 80er Jahren ein Konzept, um unter dem Motto „Natur in der Stadt" und mit der Hilfe einer Gartenschau ein bisher vorwlegend agrarisch und gartenbaulich genutztes Areal in eine naturnahe Grünanlage zu verwandeln. Der vorliegende Beitrag rekonstruiert in kritischer Weise den Planungs- und Realisierungsprozess vom Ausgangszustand über die BUGA'89 bis hin zur Anlage des Volksparks Niddatal. Etwa zehn Jahre nach Ende der Parkeinrichtung werden die unterschiedlichen Aspekte der Fläche hinsichtlich ihrer Nutzbarkeit und ihrer Potentiale für die Stadtnatur betrachtet. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die unmittelbar auf den Menschen bezogenen Planungszieie durchweg erreicht wurden, bei den auf die Natur abzielenden Vorstellungen aber Defizite festzustellen sind. Drastisch formuliert besteht der ökologische Wert der Maßnahmen derzeit vorrangig in der Bewahrung des Areals vor Bebauung. Die Lebensraumqualität für Pflanzen und Tiere sowie Naturnahe der neuangelegten Bereiche ist bisher noch relativ gering, nicht zuletzt aufgrund der massiven Eingriffe im Rahmen der Bauarbeiten. Auf längere Sicht werden dem Volkspark Niddatal aber sehr gute Chancen einer für urbane Verhältnisse naturnahen Entwicklung zuerkannt.
The paper deals with the biology, morphology and anatomy of seven species of syrphid larvae viz. Syrphus luniger Meig., S. balteatus De Greer, S. ribesii Linne, Catabomba pyrastri Linne, Sphaerophoriae flavicauda Zett., Sph. scripta Linne, and Platychirus scutatus Meig. The habitat, mode of progression, aphidophagous habits and characteristic coloration are described for each species. It is shown that the larvae of aIl the above species, like larvae of other cyclorrhaphous Diptera, definitely pass through three stages separated by two moults. The mode of dehiscence of the puparium is described briefly. Each of the species, except Catabomba pyrustri, has three generations in the breeding season which lasts from May to October. Platychirus scutatus hibernates only in the larval stage, but the other species may be found in both the larval and pupal stages during the winter. The larvae of all the above species, except syrplzus balteatus, are commonly parasitized by ichneumonid larvae. The morphology of the egg, the three larval stages and the puparium of S. luniger is described in detail. The characters common to the third stage larvae of all the species deaIt with are summarized and short descriptions of the third stagelarvae andpuparia of the individual species are given. The general appearance of the living larvae and details of the buccopharyngeal armature, spiracles and puparia of each of the species is represented in figures. In connexion with the pupae a number of new structures are described arid it is suggested that some of them are concerned with the formation of the characteristic shape of the puparium and with the dehiscence of the puparium. Internal pupal spiracles are present in all the species dealt; with, but external pupal spiracles are present only in Platychirus scutatus. The anatomy of P. scutatus is described and figured, an account being given of all the structures except the musculature of the body wall. Study of the anatomy affords evidence as to the carnivorons mode of Iife of the larvae and also indicates that tho larvae have evolved from aquatic forms. The comparative morphology of the Syrphinae is discussed with respect to the relationship of the Syrphinae to other Aschiza aiid to the cyclorrhaphous Diptera.
A review of biological control efforts against Diptera of medical and veterinary importance includes pertinent literature of major dipterous taxonomic groups where some success has been achieved or where work is currently being conducted on species breeding in aquatic (e.g., mosquitoes, blackflies, tabanids) and terrestrial habitats (muscids, tsetse, etc.). Most effort has been directed against aquatic Diptera because of the human and animal disease agents they transmit. Research has established that the natural enemy component frequently is responsible for significant population reduction and indispensable to integrated control which seeks to maintain populations below annoyance or disease transmission levels. The manipulation of natural enemies through introduction and/or augmentation has in some cases provided satisfactory control, and sustained releases of natural enemies over several years may overcome the relative high cost of massive release rates. Ultimately, to guarantee the existence and maximum expression of resident natural enemies has become almost universally accepted, and challenging, to sound control practices. Indeed, chemical industry recognizing this, has sought to manufacture products such as Bacillus toxins, juvenile hormones, and baits that are minimally disruptive to existing natural controls. Although such easily applied products have been widely adopted, their cost continues to become prohibitive with developing resistance, as was observed earlier with many organophosphate and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Further advancements in the control ofthese Diptera should continue to embrace a sound appreciation for the natural control component and nurture ways to allow its maximum expression. Keyword Index: Biological Control, Diptera, Medical, Veterinary.
The re-emergence of tuberculosis in its present-day manifestations - single, multiple and extensive drug-resistant forms and as HIV-TB coinfections - has resulted in renewed research on fundamental questions such as the nature of the organism itself, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the molecular basis of its pathogenesis, definition of the immunological response in animal models and humans, and development of new intervention strategies such as vaccines and drugs. Foremost among these developments has been the precise chemical definition of the complex and distinctive cell wall of M. tuberculosis, elucidation of the relevant pathways and underlying genetics responsible for the synthesis of the hallmark moieties of the tubercle bacillus such as the mycolic acid-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex, the phthiocerol- and trehalose-containing effector lipids, the phosphatidylinositol-containing mannosides, lipomannosides and lipoarabinomannosides, major immunomodulators, and others. In this review, the laboratory personnel who have been the focal point of some to these developments review recent progress towards a comprehensive understanding of the basic physiology and functions of the cell wall of M. tuberculosis.
Se presenta una base de datos taxonómica y distribucional de los moluscos marinos, telTestres y dulceacuícolas de Chile continental e insular. Se ha descrito para Chile un total de 1.288 especies, incluidas en 236 familias. Estas especies representan alrededor del 1,8% de la fauna mundial conocida de moluscos recientes (en total unas 70.000 especies). Los gmpos más diversificados son Gastropoda (882 especies) y Bivalvia (233 especies). Del total, 1.070 son marinas, 132 terrestres y 83 de ambientes dulceacuiolas. Del total de especies, 13 son introducidas (terrestres: Milax gagates, Demceras laeve, D. reticulatum, Limax (Lehmannia) valentianus, L. (Limax)flavus, L. (L.) maximus, Oxychilus (Oxychilus) cellarius, O. (Ortizius) alliarius and Helix (Cryptomphalus) aspersa: marinas: Crassostrea gigas, Pecten mllximus, Haliotis rufescens y H. mimus) y 49 poseen importancia económica. Aun cuando las primeras referencias sobre moluscos chilenos datan de comienzos del siglo XVIII, se los conoce principalmente a través de los resultados de las expediciones oceanográficas de fines del siglo XIX y principios de éste.
Beiträge zur Malakozoologie der Kanarischen Inseln : Lamellibranchien, Cephalopoden, Gastropoden
(1932)
Das Untersuchungsgebiet und seine Gewässer werden beschrieben und die Ergebnisse ungefähr zehnjähriger Sammeltätigkeit für vier Ordnungen aquatischer Insekten zusammengefaßt. Die Nachweise von 68 Steinfliegen, 157 Wasserkäfern und 173 Köcherfliegen werden in Artenlisten aufgeführt. Für eine Reihe ausgewählter Arten werden neben den faunistischen Angaben einige taxonomische, zoogeographische und ökologische Hinweise gegeben. Von den Eintagsffiegen werden 39 Taxa besprochen. Eine Steinfliegen- und sieben Köcherfliegenarten sind neu für die bayerische Fauna; Crunoecia kempnyi MORTON und Prolonemura austriaca THEISCHINGER wurden erstmals für Deutschland nachgewiesen.
Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Wasserinsektenfauna Nordwest-Hessens : 1. Köcherfliegen (Trichoptera)
(1992)
Bei meinen Untersuchungen über die Algenflora Lettlands habe ich bisher einigen Gruppen weniger Aufmerksamkeit widmen können; es sind das besonders die farblosen Monaden und die Chrysophyceen. In den letzten Jahren habe ich von Zeit zu Zeit, unter anderen Arbeihm, nach Möglichkeit auch diese zwei Gruppen beachtet. Selbstverständlich setzt das die Untersuchung von lebendem Materiale voraus und womöglich gleich nach dem Einsammeln, da viele in Frage kommende Formen beim längeren Stehen der Proben sehr bald eingehen und verschwinden; an ihrer Stelle treten danach einige verbreitete Saprophyten und andere ubiquitäre Monaden in Vordergrund: Vielfach erwies es sich auch nötig, um die Entwicklungsgeschichte einzelnen Typen einigermassen lernen zu können, mit isolierten Hängetropfkulturen zu arbeiten,was jedoch meist nur dann möglich war, wenn die Monade für die Isolierung in etwas reichlicherer Menge vorlag. Nun konnten die meisten gefundenen Formen der Rhizomastigaceen, Monadaceen und Bodonaceen, sowie die Mehrzahl der untersuchten Eugleninen nicht mit den schon bekannten Arten identifiziert werden. Von den unten berücksichtigten 12 Cyanophyceen, 125 Flagellaten im engeren Sinne, 1 Kalkflagellate, 8 Peridineen und 14 Volvocineen, insgessamt etwa 160 Arten (incl. einiger Varietäten), erwies sich die reichlich grösste Hälfte als neu.
Aus Bequemlichkeitsgründen habe ich auch in diesem Teil meiner Beiträge vorläufig noch die frühere Gruppeneinteilung beibehalten, obwohl diese unseren gegenwärtigen Kenntnissen über die verwandschaftlichen Beziehungen innerhalb der Protisten nicht völlig entsprechen.
Es werden auch 8 neue Gattungen beschrieben. Davon gehört Parabodo zu den Bodonaceen, Kathablepharis und Spiromonas zu den Cryptomonadalen, Gyropaigne und Protaspis zu den Eugleninen, endlich Aulacomonas, Gyromitus lmd Hemitoma zu den Volvocineen. Drei von diesen repräsentieren
meines Erachtens zwei besondere Familien - die der Kathablepharitdaceen und Protaspidaceen.
Baltic Sea
(1957)
La famille des Pyuridae n'est représentée en Nouvelle-Calédonie que par onze espèces, la plupart vivant dans les zones portuaires. Une seule espèce est nouvelle, Bolteniopsis pacificus, qui vit dans des sables grossiers et représente la première espèce de ce genre trouvée dans le littoral tropical. Les Molgulidae ne sont représentées que par une espèce nouvelle.
Dix-neuf espèces de Styelidae, pour la plupart coloniales, sont décrites ou signalées du lagon. Huit sont nouvelles. Sur les onze espèces connues, neuf sont présentes en Australie. Quatre espèces ont une repartitlon tres vaste couvrant dans certains cas toutes les mers chaudes. Les espèces nouvelles appartiennent toutes à des genres dont la diversité maximale est en zone tropicale.
Quinze espèces dont deux nouvelles pour la Science ont été récoltées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. La plupart d'entre elles sont aussi connues de l'Australie et de l'Indonésie. Une seule espèce est considérée comme faisant partie d'une faune tempérée australe. Toutes les autres sont d'affinités tropicales.
Quinze espèces d'ascidies Phlébobranches ont été récoltées dans le lagon de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Elles appartiennent à quatre familles: Corellidae, Ascidiidae, Perophoridae et Cionidae. Cette dernière n'avait pas encore été signalée de cette région. Quatre espèces sont nduvelles pour la science: Diazona textura (Cionidae), Ascidia dorsalis (Ascidiidae), Ecteinascidia aequale et E. koumaci (Perophoridae). Seules cinq espèces (une Corellidae et quatre Ascidiidae) étaient déjà connues de Nouvelle-Calédonie.
Arthropods inhabiting the sporophores of Fomes fomentarius (Polyporaceae) in Gatineau Park, Quebec
(1971)
The fauna of the sporophores of the perennial bracket fungus Fomes fomentarius (L. ex Fr.) Kickx were examined in a 3-year study. One species of molluscs and more than 152 species of arthropods excluding mites, representing 13 orders, 70 families, and 5400 individuals, emerged from or were found on or in, 1448 sporophores detached from dead birch trees; the sporophores were collected each year in Gatineau Park, Que., kept individually in screen-topped glass jars in a laboratory, and examined for several months. Mites, which were recorded quantitatively only in the final year, added 4 orders, 19 families, and 30 species to the preceding totals. Mites were the most frequently occurring and probably the most numerous arthropods, followed by Coleoptera, Psocoptera, Collembola, Hymenoptera, and Diptera. The key organisms of the fauna were five species of beetles that were primarily responsible for tunnelling and destruction of the sporophores and would therefore exert great influence on the composition of the community. Their tunnels provided shelter and food for many smaller arthropods or facilitated their feeding. Some beetle species tunnelled the sporophores for one season and others, for several, but many living sporophores and most dead ones tunnelled by beetles were tunnelled in the same season by more than one species of beetles. There was considerable latitude in types of sporophores inhabited by various arthropods but some species were particularly attracted to living or dead, to younger or older, and to smaller or larger, sporophores. Some species were also attracted to certain regions of the sporophore more than were other species. Possible economic implications of observations made in the study are discussed.
Araneae : cinquième série ; précédée d'un essai sur l'évolution souterraine et son déterminisme
(1931)
The regular or obligate aphytophagy of certain lycaenid butterflies (Lepidoptera) is discussed within the framework of the most recent general classification of the family. A summary survey of all Lycaenidae known to be aphytophagous is presented, together with a brief account of cannibalism and other opportunistic aphytophagy exhibited by normally phytophagous butterflies. The range of food sources (plants, animals, excretions and regurgitations) exploited by lycaenids is reviewed with emphasis falling on the ecology of myrmecophilous early stages and the significance of their ant-related adaptations. Adult feeding and oviposition behaviour reveal further associations with ants. Specificity oflycaenid/ant relationships and the possible biological effects ofaphytophagy on the Lycaenidae are discussed. Finally, speculations concerning the evolution of aphytophagy by these bulterflies are critically presented.
Analyse morphologique du splanchnocrane chez les primates et ses rapports avec le prognathisme
(1956)
Chez les Mammifères inférieurs, les mâchoire et les cavités orbtitaires sont situées en avant du neurocrâne; chez les Primates, le massif facial se déplace et est en partie situé sous la cavité cranienne; chez l'Homme, non seulement le massif facial est réduit de volume, mais il est logé entièrement sous le neurocrâne. ...
Phytosociological syntaxa of North and Central Anatolia were reviewed almost at all categories and discussed from some methodological viewpoints. Totally 178 diumallepidopteran associations, inhabited on various vegetational units from planar to alpin zone were studied for the first time. The possibility of the application of some phytosociologica1 methods for the Lepidoptera associations were investigated. The selection of the character-species of the higher lepidopteran syntaxa, and the aspect concept, as well as importance of the distribution pattern in biogeography for the character-species to be selected were discussed. Faunistically, 334 diurnal species in 25 lepidopteran families were recorded. Among them, four species and one genus are new to the fauna of Turkey. Each species recorded were also investigated autoecologically. Their habitats were described using the phytosociological syntaxa, as well as the plant formations. Habitat preferences of the species were evaluated. Vertical and horizontal distributions, abundances, phenology, and food-plants of the adult stages were listed. Species recorded in various plant formations and vegetational units were given in separate lists.
A survey of the freshwater fishes of the Sepik River system of northern Papua New Guinea was undertaken by the authors between 1978 and 1985 with the use of gill nets and rotenone, and also by monitoring catches at local villages and markets. We also include records of past expeditions, namely that of the Dutch naturalist Gjellerup in 1910 and the yacht Illyria in 1929. The total known freshwater fauna as reported herein consists of 57 species in 35 genera and 23 families. The fauna is typical of other sections of New Guinea and northern Australia in that it is dominated by catfishes (Ariidae and Plotosidae), rainbow fishes (Melanotaeniidae), gudgeons (Eleotrididae) and gobies (Gobiidae) which collectively comprise 57 percent of the total species. With the exception of 22 widely distributed species that are frequently estuarine dwellers and are confined to the lower Sepik, the fishes are strongly endemic, either to the Sepik-Ramu drainages (which interconnect during Doods), or the "intermontane trough" composed of the combined Markham, Ramu, Sepik, and Mamberamo systems. Individual accounts, including brief descriptions and information pertaining to habitat, distribution and biology are included for each species. In addition illustrations are provided for many of the endemic species.
The objects of this work were to reinvestigate and extend the results announced in a brief note published in 1925 (Murray and Huxley, 1925a). In this paper it was concluded that isolated fragments of the limb buds of the fourday chick are able to self-differentiate when Iiving as grafts on the chorio-allantoic membrane of older chicks; that the bud of the four-day chick is a mosaic; it was hinted that each of the morphological regions of the limb (femur, tibia-fibula, etc.) is represented by a Single piece of the mosaic; that no regeneration or regulation occurs in fragments of the bud, except that it was concluded that if a grafted fragment contains only part of a piece of the mosaic, that part could so regulate its future development as to form the complete morphological region of which it was originally a part, so that a fragment of the bud which contains part only of the region Which would normally form femur will, when growing as a graft, form a complete femur. It will be seen that the results of the present work uphold and confirm the tentative conclusions previously advanced, except in regard to the last point (regulation). A considerable amonnt of further information has also been obtained bearing on tile factors concerned in the development of the form of bones and joints.
An annotated list of Ecuadorian butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae)
(2001)
The A. A. present in this paper their studies about the Aspergillus spp. found by them as contaminants of Lab. cultures, chiefly. The species studied are the following: A. allocotus n. sp., A. amstelodami, A. awamori varo hominis n. var., A. candidus, A. fischeri, A. flavus, A. heteromorphus n. sp., A. japonicus, A. niger (two strains), A. ochraceus, A. ochraceo-petaliformis n. sp., A. quadrilineatus, A. repens var. ramos a n. var. A. sclerotiorutn, A. sydowii, A. terreus, A. unguis and A. variecolor var. major n. var.
In this paper eight tribes (Gyrophaenini, Placusini, Homalotini, Diestotini, Falagriini, Athetini, Lomechusini, and Oxypodini), 19 genera and 42 species are recognized. Four genera (Brachyglyptaglossa n. gen. [Homalotini], Trisporusa n. gen., Daccordiusa n. gen. [Lomechusini], and Antistydatusa n. gen. [Oxypodini]) and 37 species are described as new. Each new genus and species is illustrated. Placusa fauveli Pasnik, 2001, from Sydney, is placed in synonymy with Placusa tridens Fauvel, 1878, from Sydney. A new combination to Spallioda for Calodera carissima Oliff is proposed.
Aeration in higher plants
(1979)
A taxonomic revision of the genus Syntrichia Brid. (Pottiaceae, Musci) in the Mediterranean Region and Macaronesia has been carried out, thus contributing to knowledge of its distinguisliing morphological characters, geographic distribution and nomenclature. Some 3000 specimens, including the most of type material, were studied. An identification key, morphological descriptions, photographs and numerous observations on taxonomic and nomenclatural problems of the 23 taxa accepted in the study area, are provided. New records for some countries of the Mediterranean basin and Macaronesia are given. Five new Synonyms are proposed. The designations of 11 new lectotypes are included and the name Syntrichia aciphylla var. calva J.J. Amann is excluded from the genus Syntrichia.
The Japanese micropterigid moths are revised. Seventeen species in five genera are recognized from Japan, described or redescribed with the male and female genital figures. Of these, two genera, Issikiomartyria HASHIMOTO and Kurolkopteryx HASHIMOTO, and seven species, Issikiomartyria akemiae HASHIMOTO, Issikiomartylia plicata HASHIMOTO, Issihiomartyria distincta HASHIMOTO, Issihiomartyria bisegmentata HASHIMOTO, Kurokopteryx dolichocerata HASHIMOTO, Neomicropteryx hiwana HASHIMOTO, and Neomicropteryx redacta HASHIMOTO, are new to science. A new combination is given: Issikiomartyria nudata (Issuu). Biology and immature structures of the Japanese species are also described together with the keys to genera and to species provided on the basis of the adult characters. Phylogenetic relationships among the Northern Hemisphere genera are analyzed by the cladistic analysis using PAUP* (SWOFFORD, 2002) based on the morphological characters of adults. A monophyly of the Northern Hemisphere genera except for Micropterix is supported by nine apomorphies, but their immediate sister taxon remains unresolved.
Westwoodilla Bate. 1862 is revised and 12 species are recognized as distinct, 2 of which, W. tone and W. helle. are described as new. New characters of taxonomic importance are described and illustrated. The many variable characters that have led to taxonomic confusion in the pas! are converted to morphometries and the intra- and interspecific variation are illustrated. This has led to a new understanding of the genus and a clarification of the "W. caecula complex". The type species Westwoodia caecula Bate. 1857 is redescribed and a neotype is designated. W. megalops (Sars, 1883) is resurrected. The junior synonymy of W. longidactyla Carausu, 1949 with W. caecula is supported by the find of Carausu's original unpublished notes and drawings. Notes on undescribed species are given. New drawings are provided for W. manta Griffiths, 1974, W. longimana Shoemaker, 1934, W. brevicalcar (Goes, 1865) and W. megalops. All species are diagnosed; new distributions are given and plotted on a map; and a key to the named species is included.
In the present revision of Sabia the number of species has been reduced from 55 to 19, including two that are described as new. Below the specific level, a new subspecies and a new variety are described, whereas some new infra specific combinations have been made. Most of the reduced species have been included in the synonymy of S. campanulata, which consequently represents the most complex and most variable species of the genus. Next to a general key, some regional keys are given as on the one hand some widespread species are locally far less variable than taken over their whole area, on the other hand well-delimited species from different regions may be very uniform in some points.
A recently completed field survey of springs throughout the Great Basin yielded collections of hydrobiid snails from more than 500 sites, and revealed a wealth of undescribed diversity of these small gastropods. In this, the first or a two-part taxonomic series treating this material, 58 new species of Pyrgulopsis Call & Pilsbry, 1886, are described; and new records are provided for 10 previously described members of this genus. Assignment of these novelties to Pyrgulopsis is done with the acknowledgement that this large genus, as currently constituted, is probably not monophyletic, but a more refined classiffcation of these snails reflecting evolutionary relationships must await preparation of a phylogenetic analysis, which is beyond the scope of this work. Pyrgulopsis occur in a variety of spring-fed water bodies in the Great Basin, including brackish and/or thermal habitats. Although a few species are widespread in the region, local endemism is prevalent lind 22 of the new species are known only from single localities. Several areas contain concentrations of locally endemic snails which may represent species flocks, notably Duckwater Valley (seven species) and southern Steptoe Valley (five species). This fauna is hugely distributed in an allopatric fashion, although a few springs harbor two or three species. Most of the springs inhabited by hydlrobiids in the region are small, fishless, and have been ignored by state and federal land management agencies. However, many of these sites are degraded by livestock grazing, water withdrawal, anti other activities and will require protection in order to conserve snails and other native aquatic biota. Two of the novellies described herein have become extinct during the past two decades.
This second and final part of a taxonomic treatment of hydrobiid snails of the Great Basin region in the western United States (based principally on material collected during a recently completed field survey) focuses on fauna other than the genus Pyrgulopsis. A new genus of small amnieoline snails, Colligyrlls, is proposed for Hydroia greggi Pilsbry, 1935, together with a new species from the Harney Lake basin of Oregon. This group is strongly differentiated from other amnicolines by a unique female genitalic groundplan. New records are provided for three species of Fluminicola, and two new congeners are described from the northwest Great Basin, both of which had previously been confused with F. turbiniformis (Tryon, 1865). A new genus of cochliopine snails, Eremopyrgus, is erected for a new species from Steptoe Valley, Nevada. Eremopyrgus is distinguished from other cochliopines by unique aspects of its glandular penial lobes and other genitalic features. New records are provided for two species of Tyronia, and a new congener is described from thermal springs in central Nevada. Several new records of Pristincola hemphilli (Pilsbry, 1890) from the extreme northwest Great Basin are provided
A skeletal world revision of the genus is presented to accompany a family account for Flora Malesiana. 82 species are recognised, of which 74 occur in the Malesiana region. Six species are desctibed as new, one species is raised from infraspecific status, and five species are restored from synonymy. Many names are typified for the first time. Three widespread, or locally abundant hybrids are also included. Full descriptions are given for new (6) or recircumscribed (7) species, and emended descriptions of species arc given where necessary (9). Critical notes are given for all the species. Little known and excluded species are discussed. An index to all published species names and an index of exsiccatae is given.
Until recently, up to thirteen specics of the scincid genus, Scincus, were recognized, but examination of some 590 individuals frorn a wide range of localities suggests that only three or four are valid. Of these, S. mitranus is confined to eastern and southern Arabia and S. hemprichii probably to southwest Arabia. The remaining forms constitute the S. scincus complex, which may consist in North Africa of two largely allopatric species, S. scincus and S. albifasciatus, although evidence for this is not conclusive. The S. scincus complex is represented in southwest Asia by two forms : S. scincus meccensis in southern Jordan, northwest and west Arabia and S. s. conirostris in southern and eastern Arabia, Iraq and southwest Iran. Scincus appears to have evolved Erom a primitive scincine, very similar to members of the Eumeces schneideri group, especially E. (schneideri) algariensis; it does not seem to be directly related to the sympatric genus Scincopus. Within Scincus, the S. scincus complex is the least specialized component of the genus and both S. rnitranus and S. hemprechii may have been independently derived from it, or from a closely related form. Possibly the whole range of the genus was once occupied by a S. scincus-like species and its distribution was subsequently restricted by the onset of less desertic conditions leaving reduced populations in North Africa, southwest Arabia and southeast Arabia that gave rise to the S. scincus complex, S. hemprichii and S. mitranus respectively. A renewed expansion of arid areas could then have enabled the S. scincus complex to invade southwest Asia. Some of the characters of its most eastern subspecies, S. s. conirostris, may have arisen, or been maintained, by character displacement through contact with S. mitranus.
Several generic schemes used in classifying species belonging to Prionospio Malmgren, 1867 sensu lato have been reviewed; three taxa have been retained at the generic level, and three additional taxa at the subgeneric level. The following genera and subgenera are recognized: Prionospio Malmgren, 1867, including the subgenera Minuspio Foster, 1971, Aquilaspio Foster, 1971 and Prionospio Malmgren (sensu striclo); Apoprionospio Foster, 1969, and Paraprionospio Caullery, 1914. Prionospio sensu lata includes species with various combinations of branchiae which are smooth (apinnate), wrinkled, or with digitiform pinnules, beginning on setiger 2. Apoprionospio includes species having branchiae from setiger 2, with at least one pair having plate-like pinnules. Paraprionospio includes species with branchiae from setiger 1, with all pairs having platelike pinnules. Fifteen species, including seven new species, belonging to the genus Prionospio are described. Prionospio (Prionospio) steenstrupi Malmgren, 1867 is described from the syntype series, and is newly synonymized with P. fallax Söderström, 1920. The validity of P. bocki Söderström, 1920 as a separate species is discussed, as is the indeterminable nature of P. malmgreni Claparède, 1869. Prionospio (Prionospio) dubia Day, 1961 originally described as a new variety of P. malmgreni from S Africa, is raised to full species status. Prionospio (P.) cristata Foster, 1971 and P. (P.) heterobranchia Moore, 1907 are redescribed. Prionospio (P.) tripinnata, a new species with three pairs of pinnate branchiae, is described from the Mediterranean Sea and compared with P. plumosa Sars, 1872. A new synonymy is proposed for P. lobulata Fauchald, 1972 with P. (P.) ehlersi Fauvel, 1928. Two new species, P. (Minuspio) fauchaldi and P. (M.) laciniosa, are described in which the apinnate branchiae are distinctly wrinkled or sculptured, rather than smooth. P. (M.) laciniosa is also distinguished by dorsal crests modified into semicircular flaps. Several species previously referred to Prionospio (Minuspio) cirrifera Wirén, 1883 are reviewed and described. The seven species recognized by Foster in the genus Minuspio are considered; several are retained, and new species and new synonymies are proposed. Because the types are apparently lost, a description of P. (M.) cirrifera is given based on specimens from near the type locality. Prionospio (M.) aluta new species is separated from P. (M.) cirrifera on the basis of the presence of lateral pouches in P. aluta and their absence in P. cirrifera. Prionospio (M.) delta Hartman, 1965 is retained as a valid species; P. (M.) longibranchiata Reish, 1968 and P. (M.) minor Fauchald & Hancock, 1981 are newly synonymized with P. delta. P. (M.) multibranchiata Berkeley, 1927 is also retained as a valid species, and P. (M.) perkinsi, P. (M.) lighti and P. (M.) wireni are newly described from shallow water. Two species are recognized as belonging to Apoprionospio Foster: A. pygmaea (Hartman, 1961) and A. dayi Foster, 1969. New records and range extensions are given for both species. New records are also presented for Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers, 1901). The specimens examined as part of this study are based primarily on deep-sea materials collected in the Atlantic Ocean, but also include shallow-water specimens from the east, west, and gulf coasts of N America.
This paper is a monographic revision of tlie Holarctic genus Hilarimorpha Schiner. Twenty-seven species are recognized, twenty-two of which are new: Hilarimorpha abuta, bumulla, californica, clavata, cunata, desta, kena, lamara, Iantha, loisae, mandana, mentata, modesta, parva, pitans, punata, reparta, robertsoni, sidora, stena, tampa, and varda. Two described species from Asia, Hilarimorpha maculata and orientalis, are removed from the genus. In addition to a taxonomic revision of the genus, this study treats geographical distribution of the species, and the relationship of the genus to othe families of brachycerous Diptera.
The ant genera Ankylomyrrna Bolton, Atopomyrmex Andre, Cyphoidris Weber, Ocymyrmex Emery, Pristomyrmex Mayr (= Odontomyrmex Andre, = Hylidris Weber, = Dodous Donisthorpe) and Terataner Emery (= Tranetera Arnold) are revised for the Ethiopian zoogeographical region. Keys and descriptions of species are presented for each genus and the genera are defined on a world-wide basis. In Atopomyrmex two species are recognized and four new infraspecific synonyms are established. Three new species are described in the previously monotypic genus Cyphoidris. Twenty-three species of Ocymyrmex are recognized of which seven are described as new; seven new synonyms are established and new Status as valid species is granted to seven previously infraspecific forms. Five Pristomyrmex species are recognized of which one is new; five new Synonyms are proposed in this genus. In Terataner the former subgenus Tranetera is newly synonymized and six species recognized, of which one is new. The six Terataner species of Madagascar are summarized, one new species is described and a key presented. The genus Baracidris is described as new, containing two new species from West and central Africa. A key to Ethiopian region myrmicine genera in which the antennal club has two Segments is given under Baracidris.
In this paper all the Japanese species of the family Lejeuneaceae were critically reviewed. As the result four subfamilies, twenty-one genera, and seventy-eight species were recognized under the family. Discussions were made on the relationship of the genera within the family and with other families (Tables 1-4). The new subfamily Jubuloideae was established (the type is Jubula), and the genera, Hattoria and Nipponolejeunea, were included in it. More than thirty species were reduced to synonymy under others, and eighteen new combinations were made. The seven types of distribution were recognized, according to the distribution patterns of species in Japan (Map 1, Table 5).
In order to elucidate what species among so many kind of marine organisms are likely to be consmed Iargely by the balaenopterid whales, the existing evidence on the food habits of baleen whales is reviewed. To meet with this primary purpose the report was mainly focussed on to describe qualitative aspects of food species having been known to date from the notable whaling grounds over the world rather than documenting quantitative subjects. One of interesting facts noticed throughout the contribution was that there exists fairly intense diversity in the assembly of food species composition by regions such as; northern hemisphere vs. southern hemisphere, Pacific region vs. Atlantic region, inshore waters vs. offshore waters, embayed waters vs. open waters, where the former usually shows more diversed complexity than the latter. The fact however suggests that although the composition of food species locally varies over the various whaling grounds, the food organisms as taxonomical groups are very similar one another even in locally isolated whaIing grounds when the food organisms and their assemblies are considered by the family or genus basis. In this connection many evidences given in the text may suggest that the balaenopterid whales as a whole may substantially live on quite simply compositioned forage assembly in comparison with tremendous variety of organisms existing in the marine ecosystems. One of important aspects of the baleen whales food must be found in their characteristics of forming dense swarms, schools, and/or aggregations in the shallower enough layers to be fed by the whales. The present and past status of larger baleen whales as the mighty monarch through their evolutional pathways may entirely depend upon the spatial distribution pattern of possible food organisms, i.e. the animal aggregations.
The 70 Frullania species (+ 1 subspecies, 9 varieties, and 3 formae) belonging to 9 subgenera are confirmed in China, among which 1 subgenus and 4 species are new to science, and 12 species are newly reported from China. A new name (nom. nov.) and 12 combinations are proposed and several species are reduced to synonyms of other species. This study reveals the Frullania flora of China, particularly Yunnan and the neighboring provinces, to be most highly differentiated, containing many phytogeographic ally interesting taxa, and may be regarded as a center of the Paleotropic Frullania flora.
Keys to the hairs of 44 species of southern African Cricetidae and Muridae have been devised for the identification of these species. The keys are based primarily on the cuticular scale patterns and groove characters. Distribution data and descriptions of the hairs are presented with micrographs to assist in identification.