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The study adressed 4 basic issues: (1) What are the substantive contents of human values? (2) Can we identify a comprehensive set of values? (3) To what extent is the meaning of particular values equivalent for different groups of people? (4) How are the relations among different values structured? These issues required resolution before the antecedents and consequences of value priorities, or cross-cultural differences in such priorities, could be studied effectively. Substantial progress has been made toward resolving each of these issues.
A new method of measuring compressibility and thermal expansions of liquids has been developed, in which the liquid is enclosed in a sylphon, which is then exposed to external hydrostatic pressure, and the volume change determined from the change of length of the sylphon. This method has been applied to 18 liquids at 0°, 50°, and 95° up to a pressure of 12000 kg, or to the freezing pressure, and the results are collected into extensive tables giving the volume as a function of pressure aand temperature over this range. In the discussion it is shown that small scale differences in the volumes of various isomers persist to high· pressures, and there is no simple connection between the relative densities at atmospheric pressure and at high pressure, The compressibility falls off rapidly with rising pressure, as was found in a preceding investigation. Two liquids are found to have the abnormally low compressibility of water. Thermal expansion also drops off by a large factor with increasing pressure, but not as much as the compressibility, as was also found before. The "pressure coefficient" (δp /δt) , is not a function of volume only, as has often been supposed, and suggestions are made as to the theoretical significance of this.
Northern Chile, which includes the extremely arid Atacama Desert and the semiarid Andean Highlands, has more than 100 basins with interior drainage; most contain salars (salt-ilncrusted playas). The area of interior drainage totals more than 38,000 square miles, within which salara and clay playas extend over a total area of about 2,800 square miles. In addition, hills and valleys in the Atacama Desert are extensively covered either with a thin hard saline crust, chiefly salt-cemented soil, or with a powdery soil that has a high content of saline material, chiefly anhydrite and gypsum. The region has an exceptional variety of types of hard saline crusts that are generally rare in other deserts, and many morphological and structural salt features, some of which may be unique. Soft saline crusts and clay playas, more characteristic of arid regions elsewhere, are also present. Hard salar crusts have formed by deposition of saline material in open water or by capillary migration and evaporation of near-surface ground water. Such crusts generally range from a few inches to several feet in thickness. Locally, crusts may attain thicknesses of several tens of feet, and one salar, Salar Grande, is a basin filled with high. purity rock salt to a local depth of at least 560 feet. Six general types of hard salar crusts are distinguished: (1) layered massive rock salt with a rugged surface, (2) slabby or nodular silty rock salt, (3) rugged gypsum or anhydrite, (4) massive coarsely crystalline rock salt, (5) smooth rock salt, and (6) silty nitrate-bearing saline crust. Soft surfaces or crusts include moist gypsum-bearing crusts, which commonly contain nodules and layers of ulexite in Andean salars, and moist to dry puffy soils and crusts that contain gypsum, thenardite and mirabilite as the principal saline constituents. An unusual chemical feature of the salars and the desert soils of northern Chile is the general paucity of carbonate minerals (for example, trona, calcite, and aragonite) which are widespread in other desert regions. Among the many morphological and structural features that can be recognized in and near salars of northern Chile, the most unusual occur in hard rock-salt crusts, which in themselves are scarce in other arid regions. Included are features due to corrosion of rock-salt crusts by windblown water or free-flowing surface water, such as: (1) salt cusps and crenulate margins of salars, (2) salt channels, (3) salt pseudobarchans, and (4) salt tubes. Constructional features in the salars include: (1) gypsum buttresses at borders of saline ponds, (2) salt veins, (3) salt stalactites, and (4) salt cones. In some salars, new fresh-water springs have formed steep-walled brine pools in thick rock-salt crusts. Prominent salt cascades and constructional salt terraces have been built up in one Andean valley by springs that are fed by brine from a nearby salar (Salar de Pedernales). Sag basins and prominent scarps occur along faults that cut through the salt mass of Salar Grande. Of, the 67 closed basins in the Andean Highlands of northern Chile, at least 35 show shorelines or deltas of former perennial lakes. Today only flve perennial lakes occur in this area. The former lakes probably formed at one or more times during the Pleistocene and perhaps continued to form into Holocene time. They indicate a climate that was either more rainy or cooler, or both, during the time of their formation. However, the absence of glacial features throughout most of the northern Chilean Andes indicates that the climate during the Pleistocene glacial stages was not greatly different from today's climate. It is estimated that perennial lakes would form in nearly all thil Andean basins if the mean annual rainfall of the region above 10,000 feet in altitude were increased to 15 inches from its present 8 inches, and if the mean annual temperature were about 2° F. less than it is at present.
Bilingual education is the use of the native tongue to instruct limited Englishspeaking children. The authors read studies of bilingual education from the earliest period of this literature to the most recent. Of the 300 program evaluations read, only 72 (25%) were methodologically acceptable - that is, they had a treatment and control group and a statistical control for pre-treatment differences where groups were not randomly assigned. Virtually all of the studies in the United States were of elementary or junior high school students and Spanish speakers; The few studies conducted outside the United States were almost all in Canada. The research evidence indicates that, on standardized achievement tests, transitional bilingual education (TBE) is better than regular classroom instruction in only 22% of the methodologically acceptable studies when the outcome is reading, 7% of the studies when the outcome is language, and 9% of the studies when the outcome is math. TBE is never better than structured immersion, a special program for limited English proficient children where the children are in a self-contained classroom composed solely of English learners, but the instruction is in English at a pace they can understand. Thus, the research evidence does not support transitional bilingual education as a superior form of instruction for limited English proficient children.
This paper integrates elements from the theory of agency, the theory of property rights and the theory of finance to develop a theory of the ownership structure of the firm. We define the concept of agency costs, show its relationship to the "separation and control" issue, investigate the nature of the agency costs generated by the existence of debt and outside equity, demonstrate who bears these costs and why, and investigate the Pareto optimality of their existence. We also provide a new definition of the firm, and show how our analysis of the factors influencing the creation and issuance of debt and equity claims is a special case of the supply side of the completeness of markets problem.
In the Maizuru zone nearly whole the Triassic successions are developed. The Scythian to Aniso-Ladinian strata make a continuous sequence, in which are distinguished three faunizones, Neoschizous-"Bakevellia", Hollandites-"Danubites" and Monophyllites, corresponding to Scythian, lower Anisian and Aniso-Ladinian, respectively. Main portion of the Ladinian series is lacking in this region. The earliest Carnian or Ladino-Carnian Arakuran age is newly proposed founded on the palaeontological and stratigraphical studies on the Arakura formation. In the next Sakawan (not Carnian) Nabae group, two and probably one more, faunizones are recognizable, Palaeopharus-Lima yataensis, Tosapecten-Pseudolimea, and Pleuromya-Neoschizodus. The Sakawan age is classified into two subages better than the three formerly proposed by K. ICHIKAWA. The Norian sediments are probably represented by the Nakaiso conglomerate bed, although barren in fossil. The Rhaetic strata are not found at all like other regions in Japan. From the facies-analysis, the Palaeo-Maizuru Bay during the Scythian to Aniso-Ladinian epochs and the Palaeo-Maizuru Inland Sea during the Carnian epoch are assumed. Finally, the orogenic history of the Triassic period in this zone is briefly stated.
Limited inc abc
(1978)
On Claude Dupuy (1545-1594)
(1991)
Aboriginal migration from South East Asia is the beginning of Australian economic history. Prehistorians have tended to focus on means to sea travel rather than opportunity and motive to migrate. American and Australian measures of sea depth contours throw new light on possible migration paths and the conditions that might have prompted Aboriginal ancestors to move through island SE Asia to Australia. Interpretation of the data depends on a reconsideration of palaeodemography and the introduction of some economic and historical analysis. Several scenarios suggest possible conditions influencing trends and fluctuations in Aboriginal migration over the past 60,000 years.
The Tanzawa mountainland consists of a pyroclastic complex chiefly of basic composition which is intruded by a large mass of quartz-diorite at the center. This complex, well-known as the Misaka series, is the products of largescale geosynclinal volcanisms which took place during the period from the latest Oligocene to the middle Miocene in age. As compared with other geologic units, the present complex is characterized by its unusually thick accumulation of pyroclastic rocks, and by the intense hydrothermal alteration of the rocks, furnishing us an excellent section of the so-called green tuff series in the southeastern region of the Fossa Magna. Also the development of the products of interesting metamorphism of the quartz-diorite to the surrounding pyroclastic rocks is a feature uncommon in the other green tuff series of the above region. The crustal movement occurring during the volcanisms, however, make the structure of this complex highly complicate. In addition, the topographically unfavourable condition of this mountainland causes great hindrance to the geological investigation of this complex. Accordingly, the true natures of the complex remain unknown both stratigraphically and petrographically. Since 1948, the writer has been studying on the complex distributed in the eastern region of the Tanzawa massif from the volcano-stratigraphical point of view, some of the results of which have been published as miscellaneous reports. The main scope of this paper is to describe the stratigraphy, petrography, and the tectonic history of this complex. In this paper are also discussed the characteristics of the volcanic activities and the alterations represented by the same complex.
In addition to a series of questions closely associated with the spatial structure of the Sanctuary of Artemis, from where our work had started, the research has also raised, due to continuous confrontation, matters of greater complexity relating to the structure of the whole city´s layout. Here a brief account is given of the progress made and of the working hypothesis inferring from.
Measurement
(1931)
Der Verfasser untersucht die formalen und materialen Voraussetzungen der Messung in der Physik. Insbesondere sucht er zu zeigen, daß die üblichen Formulierungen, die etwa besagen, daß eine Messung eine Korrelation zwischen Zahlen und nichtnumerischen Gebilden bedeute, oder daß eine Messung im Grunde auf die Feststellung einer raumzeitlichen Koinzidenz hinauslaufe, zum mindesten recht unvollständige Charakterisierungen des physikalischen Verfahrens darstellen; in der Arbeit wird eine genauere Analyse versucht. Diese geht aus von den formalen Eigenschaften der Größenordnung, die jeder Messung zugrunde liegt. Eine geeignete Formulierung dieser Eigenschaften bietet sich dem Verfasser in den zwölf "Axiomen der Quantität" die in der S. 315 angegebenen Gestalt von Hölder aufgestellt worden sind. ...
Guessing
(1929)
The present paper deals mith the results of an environniental isotopic study in western Thessaly valley, carried out during the period 1968 - 1971. The isotopes used are 18O, D, Tritium, 18C and 14C. By the interpretation and evaluation of these resiilts useflil informations as regards the soiirce of recharge, the recharge mechanisrn and the dynamics of the flow system of the valley are provided.
In a joint enterprise, the ground water supplies in some Oases in UAR (namely El Kharga, El Dakhla, El Baharia and Siwa), in Wadi El Natrun (to the west of the Nile Delta), in Ayoun Mousa (West Sinai) and in some places along the Mediterranean Littoral, have been investigated. According to the dating of the water by the C14 method, the age of the artesian water from the Oases is between 25,000 and 40,000 years and the origin is obviously from rain water which fell and infiltrated within the "Nubian Sandstone" layers, occupying almost entirely the southern portion of the western Desert (the water underwent some evaporation before it disappeared in the subsurface as indicated from the loss of the 016). This process took place during one or more of the Pluvial periods which followed (and were not coincident with) the last "Würm" eustatic lowering of the Mediterranean. No infiltration water have presumably recharged the layers in question, so almost entirely fossil water reserves are tapped at present. The quantities of such reserves are unknown. More ancient waters, however, may be expected to the north of El Kharga and El Dakhla Oases. Such waters may- to their greater portions - enter these two oases from that direction. On the other hand, little or almost no water is expected to feed the reservoir from the opposite direction.
Jurassic accretionary complex of the Tamba terrane, southwest Japan, and its formative process
(1993)
Some physical phenomena associated with the anxiety states and their relation to hyperventilation
(1937)
The authors believe that there is a physiological background for the perseverance of an anxiety state as part of a psychoneurosis; that this background is produced by the constant presence of purely emotional disturbances; and that the resultant physiological state aggravates the psychic component to such a degree that a vicioris cycle is instituted, the symptoms of which are manifold. These symptoms increase the severity of the emotional tension ; and, if they are prolonged, permanent structural change with the production of organic clisease results. The mechanism is at first a repetition of attacks, from the stimulation by an emotion such as fear upon the sympathetic nervous system, which in turn becomes increasingly labile. The mechanism is perpetuated by the effects of the simulus on the system of self-defense, which is dispatched by the endocrine group. This reaction causes a state of hyperirritability to exist through the presence of tissue alkalosis, tissue liydremia, and tissue anoxemia; and results in a state of tetany which may be regional or generalized. The Symptoms of tetany, and allied rnanifestations such ac tachycardia, distended stomach and dilated urinary bladder, are enough to aggravate the neurosis because of the patient's fear of impending dissolution. Multiplication of impulses increases the bombardment of the sympathetic nervous system, making repetition of tlie reaction more easy at subsequent intervals. The cure is accomplished through elimination of tlie fear-impulse by psychotherapy. The symptoms may be alleviated medically, and by this rneans that part of the neurosis which is on the basis of anxiety concerning health may be eliminated. Because of the subjective and objective improvement in the patient's condition, contact for psychotherapy is more easily obtained. Medical treatment is directed toward preservation of the acid-base balance; toward decreasing the effect of adrenalin on the nerve-tissue by means of a known chemical antagonist; or toward converting the state of tone of the individual from extreme to moderate, whether parasympathic or sympathetic in type.
The calculation of rate coefficients is a discipline of nonlinear science of importance to much of physics, chemistry, engineering, and biology. Fifty years after Kramers' seminal paper on thermally activated barrier crossing, the authors report, extend, and interpret much of our current understanding relating to theories of noise-activated escape, for which many of the notable contributions are originating from the communities both of physics and of physical chemistry. Theoretical as well as numerical approaches are discussed for single- and many-dimensional metastable systems (including fields) in gases and condensed phases. The role of many-dimensional transition-state theory is contrasted with Kramers' reaction-rate theory for moderate-to-strong friction; the authors emphasize the physical situation and the close connection between unimolecular rate theory and Kramers' work for weakly damped systems. The rate theory accounting for memory friction is presented, together with a unifying theoretical approach which covers the whole regime of weak-to-moderate-to-strong friction on the same basis (turnover theory). The peculiarities of noise-activated escape in a variety of physically different metastable potential configurations is elucidated in terms of the mean-first-passage-time technique. Moreover, the role and the complexity of escape in driven systems exhibiting possibly multiple, metastable stationary nonequilibrium states is identified. At lower temperatures, quantum tunneling effects start to dominate the rate mechanism. The early quantum approaches as well as the latest quantum versions of Kramers' theory are discussed, thereby providing a description of dissipative escape events at all temperatures. In addition, an attempt is made to discuss prominent experimental work as it relates to Kramers' reaction-rate theory and to indicate the most important areas for future research in theory and experiment.
German soldiers were not actively engaged in Gulf War I or the post-11 September war on terrorism. Coincidentally, however, Germany reflected upon fundamental changes in immigration and asylum law in the early 1990s as well as in the early 2000s. Yet, the relationship between immigration, asylum, and terrorism was conceived of very differently. In the early 1990s, measures combating terrorism did not directly relate to immigration and asylum law. Rather, they were primarily connected to criminal law. IN the aftermath of the attacks of 11 September 2001, measures against terrorism and changes in immigration law were intrinsically entwined.