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Guessing
(1929)
The present paper deals mith the results of an environniental isotopic study in western Thessaly valley, carried out during the period 1968 - 1971. The isotopes used are 18O, D, Tritium, 18C and 14C. By the interpretation and evaluation of these resiilts useflil informations as regards the soiirce of recharge, the recharge mechanisrn and the dynamics of the flow system of the valley are provided.
In a joint enterprise, the ground water supplies in some Oases in UAR (namely El Kharga, El Dakhla, El Baharia and Siwa), in Wadi El Natrun (to the west of the Nile Delta), in Ayoun Mousa (West Sinai) and in some places along the Mediterranean Littoral, have been investigated. According to the dating of the water by the C14 method, the age of the artesian water from the Oases is between 25,000 and 40,000 years and the origin is obviously from rain water which fell and infiltrated within the "Nubian Sandstone" layers, occupying almost entirely the southern portion of the western Desert (the water underwent some evaporation before it disappeared in the subsurface as indicated from the loss of the 016). This process took place during one or more of the Pluvial periods which followed (and were not coincident with) the last "Würm" eustatic lowering of the Mediterranean. No infiltration water have presumably recharged the layers in question, so almost entirely fossil water reserves are tapped at present. The quantities of such reserves are unknown. More ancient waters, however, may be expected to the north of El Kharga and El Dakhla Oases. Such waters may- to their greater portions - enter these two oases from that direction. On the other hand, little or almost no water is expected to feed the reservoir from the opposite direction.
Jurassic accretionary complex of the Tamba terrane, southwest Japan, and its formative process
(1993)
Some physical phenomena associated with the anxiety states and their relation to hyperventilation
(1937)
The authors believe that there is a physiological background for the perseverance of an anxiety state as part of a psychoneurosis; that this background is produced by the constant presence of purely emotional disturbances; and that the resultant physiological state aggravates the psychic component to such a degree that a vicioris cycle is instituted, the symptoms of which are manifold. These symptoms increase the severity of the emotional tension ; and, if they are prolonged, permanent structural change with the production of organic clisease results. The mechanism is at first a repetition of attacks, from the stimulation by an emotion such as fear upon the sympathetic nervous system, which in turn becomes increasingly labile. The mechanism is perpetuated by the effects of the simulus on the system of self-defense, which is dispatched by the endocrine group. This reaction causes a state of hyperirritability to exist through the presence of tissue alkalosis, tissue liydremia, and tissue anoxemia; and results in a state of tetany which may be regional or generalized. The Symptoms of tetany, and allied rnanifestations such ac tachycardia, distended stomach and dilated urinary bladder, are enough to aggravate the neurosis because of the patient's fear of impending dissolution. Multiplication of impulses increases the bombardment of the sympathetic nervous system, making repetition of tlie reaction more easy at subsequent intervals. The cure is accomplished through elimination of tlie fear-impulse by psychotherapy. The symptoms may be alleviated medically, and by this rneans that part of the neurosis which is on the basis of anxiety concerning health may be eliminated. Because of the subjective and objective improvement in the patient's condition, contact for psychotherapy is more easily obtained. Medical treatment is directed toward preservation of the acid-base balance; toward decreasing the effect of adrenalin on the nerve-tissue by means of a known chemical antagonist; or toward converting the state of tone of the individual from extreme to moderate, whether parasympathic or sympathetic in type.
The calculation of rate coefficients is a discipline of nonlinear science of importance to much of physics, chemistry, engineering, and biology. Fifty years after Kramers' seminal paper on thermally activated barrier crossing, the authors report, extend, and interpret much of our current understanding relating to theories of noise-activated escape, for which many of the notable contributions are originating from the communities both of physics and of physical chemistry. Theoretical as well as numerical approaches are discussed for single- and many-dimensional metastable systems (including fields) in gases and condensed phases. The role of many-dimensional transition-state theory is contrasted with Kramers' reaction-rate theory for moderate-to-strong friction; the authors emphasize the physical situation and the close connection between unimolecular rate theory and Kramers' work for weakly damped systems. The rate theory accounting for memory friction is presented, together with a unifying theoretical approach which covers the whole regime of weak-to-moderate-to-strong friction on the same basis (turnover theory). The peculiarities of noise-activated escape in a variety of physically different metastable potential configurations is elucidated in terms of the mean-first-passage-time technique. Moreover, the role and the complexity of escape in driven systems exhibiting possibly multiple, metastable stationary nonequilibrium states is identified. At lower temperatures, quantum tunneling effects start to dominate the rate mechanism. The early quantum approaches as well as the latest quantum versions of Kramers' theory are discussed, thereby providing a description of dissipative escape events at all temperatures. In addition, an attempt is made to discuss prominent experimental work as it relates to Kramers' reaction-rate theory and to indicate the most important areas for future research in theory and experiment.
German soldiers were not actively engaged in Gulf War I or the post-11 September war on terrorism. Coincidentally, however, Germany reflected upon fundamental changes in immigration and asylum law in the early 1990s as well as in the early 2000s. Yet, the relationship between immigration, asylum, and terrorism was conceived of very differently. In the early 1990s, measures combating terrorism did not directly relate to immigration and asylum law. Rather, they were primarily connected to criminal law. IN the aftermath of the attacks of 11 September 2001, measures against terrorism and changes in immigration law were intrinsically entwined.
A series of studies using a GO versus No-go task examined the question of whether preliminary information available early in the recognition of a stimulus is made available to later processes before stimulus recognition is finished, a question relevant to the controversy between discrete and continuous models. Experiment 1 showed that a go resporise is faster following a cue indicating that the response probably would be required than following a cue indicating it probably would not be required. Experiments 2-7 were conducted to find out whether analogous preparation occurred when probability of the Go response was signalied by easily discriminable features of a single stimulus rather than a separate cue. The effect was observed when the easily disenminable features uniquely determined the name of the stimulus letter, but not when they merely indicated that the stirnulus name was one of two visually similar letters. These results are consistent with the Asynchronous Discrete Coding model, in which the perceptual system makes available to later processes only preliminary information corresponding to discretely activated stimulus attributes.
The report that follows gives the results of tests to deterrnine the compressive strength of artificial roof supports of various kinds used in the mining of anthracite in Pennsylvania. Some of the types tested also are used in bituminous coal mining in Pennsylvania and other parts of the United States. The report was rendered Bebruary 26, 1913, by the United States Bureau of Mines, then in the Interior Department, to the Pennsylvania State Anthracite Mine Cave Commission and was appended, without discussion, to the general report on mine caving made by that commission under date of March 1, 19 13, to the Governor and Legislature of Pennsylvanin. The commission's reporh remains unpublished. As numerous requests have been made for the test data obtained by the Bureau of Mines at its Pittsburgh Experiment Station in 1912-13 and as the data relate to the strength of artificial supports without reference to particular local places of application, they have permanent value in the designing of mine roof supports. It has therefore been deemed advisable to publish the results of the bureau's tests. In order that the reader may understand the reasons for makig these tests of roof supports and the procedure foIIowed by the Pennsylvania commission, its duties will be briefly described. The commission was created by an act of the Legislature of Pennsylvania, approved March 24, 1911, its members being appointed by the Governor of Pennsylvania under the terms of the act. There had been serious cave-ins of the surface in some of the cities and towns in the anthracite districts of Pennsylvania and particularly in the city of Scranton froin 1909 to 1911, destroying surface buildings, public and private, and seriously endangering life. ....
The basic problem of primary audio and video research materials is clearly shown by the survey: A great and important part of the entire heritage is still outside archival custody in the narrower sense, scattered over many institutions in fairy small collections, and even in private hands. reservation following generally accepted standards can only be carried out effectively if collections represent critical mass. Specialised audiovisual archives will solve their problems, as they will sooner or later succeed in getting appropriate funding to achieve their aims. A very encouraging example is the case of the Netherlands. The larger audiovisual research archives will also manage, more or less autonomously, the transfer of contents in time. For a considerable part of the research collections, however, the concept of cooperative models and competence centres is the only viable model to successfullly safeguard their holdings. Their organisation and funding is a considerable challenge for the scientific community. TAPE has significantly raised awareness of the fact that, unless action is swiftly taken, the loss of audiovisual materials is inevitable. TAPE’s international and regional workshops were generally overbooked. While TAPE was already underway, several other projects for the promotion of archives have received grants from organisations other than the European Commission, inter alia support for the St. Petersburg Phonogram Archive, and the Folklore Archive in Tirana, obviously as a result of a better understanding of the need for audiovisual preservation. When the TAPE project started its partners assumed that cooperative projects would fail because of the notorious distrust of researchers, specifically in the post-communist countries. One of the most encouraging surprises was to learn that, at least in the most recent survey, it became apparent that this social obstacle is fading out. TAPE may have contributed to this important development.
The paper focuses on business negotiation in settings in which participants from different mothertongue backgrounds choose French, English andfor German as one of their languages of communication. A general scheme of the action-pattem of buying and selling will be sketched out which allows us to analyze specific Courses of verbal actions according ta their communicative functions within the negotiation process. In particular, the discourse of business communication is to be specified as a decision making process on the part of the buyer which is executed in a step-by-step order, and which is Open to the application of a bundle of the seller's strategies, tactics, and communicative techniques. In international negotiations, effects of unobserved miscommunication are, among others, far-stretched communicative circles, prolongation of negotiation time, non-functional explanations and several other repetitive structures. 1. Languages of trade and commerce - languages of communication 2. Communication in a Buy-Sell-Context is patterned 2.1. Entering the Pattern 2.2. The Main Phase 2.3. The Bidding Phase 2.4. The Specifc Conditions 2.5. Negotiating the Contract 3. The Central Point 3.1. The Buyer's Decision-Making Process 3.2 Decision-Making and Role-Playing 3.3. Intercultural Difference of the Decision-Making Process 4. Bridging the Buyer's Gap of Knowledge 5. The Language of Trade and Commerce 6. The Needs of Further Research: Data References
The foundations of dynamics
(1893)
In the article, a travel sketch of Danish playwright Kaj Munk (1898 – 1944) is analytically considered. The analysis of this text allows drawing at least three conclusions: 1. Explicit motive of seasickness, figuring here as antithetic modification of implicite present free-standing posture motive, symbolizes idea of disintegrating personality. 2. Such a symbolism is deeply rooted in that of Danish identity. 3. From literary styles and trends history point of view, the sketch appears to be typical of that line in expressionism, which continues tradition of symbolism as artistic and literary trend of late 19th century.
Energy-budget studies
(1954)
Architectural acoustics
(1906)
Bronze age weapons are found in royal lombs and hill fortresses now identified as Indo-Buropean. The diffusion of bronze metallurgy over the Europcan continent follows the routes OE dispercal taken by the Indo-Europeans, whose mobility would account for the rapidity with which the use of bronze supplmted the earlier copper technology.
A sketch of Houailou grammar
(1978)
Houailou is an Oceanic language spoken by approximately 7,000 people in central New Caledonia. Haudricourt, in his classification of the New Caledonia Languages, assigns Houailou to his Southern Group (Haudricourt, 1971). The following grammatical description of Houailou is based primarily on J. de La Fontinelle's La langue de Houailou (La Fontinelle 1976). Since La Fontinellels grammar uses a Pramework that makes comparison of Houailou to other Oceanic-languages rather difficult, it was felt that it might be a worth-while undertaking to rewrite it in a more traditional framework. The main differences between La Fontinelle's treatment of Houailou and its present reinterpretation can be briefly characterized as follows: La Fontinelle begins her description by isolating minimal gramaatical categories and then determitles their cooccurrence privileges in larger constructions. ...
There is an inexhaustible stream of theoretical work on aspect. More than 20 major books of a gelteral nature have come out during the past few years, not to mention the vast amount of shorter articles. The theoretical proposals found in these works are often radically different. What is the state of the art in this highly controversial area? To what extent can the "ordinary working linguist" profit from the flood of theoretical proposals? This paper started out as a review article on five recent books on aspect. These reviews are incorporated here into a general assessment of contemporary aspect theories. We will classify different approaches to aspect and try to sort out their theoretical primitives. The paper concludes wich a brief summary pointing out the most urgent desiderata for a typologically adequate approach to aspect.
If the Bosnian crisis of 1908-9 may properly be described as the dress rehearsal for 1914, the Austrian project, announced early in 1908, to construct a railway from the Bosnian border through the Sandjalc of Novibazar helped to set the stage. Part of the original program to link up the Ottoman realm with central Europc by iron highways, this line had been overlooked for decades as finance, engineering, and diplomacy spent themselves on the great trunk line, the Orientbahn, running like a backbone down the Balkans to Constantinople, with a branch connecting Nish with Salonica via Uskub. From Uskub a spur penetrated northward to Mitrovitza; another linked Salonica with Monastir. Though small in itself, the reappearance of the Novibazar scheme heralded the revival of the perennial Austro-Russian rivalry over the Near East in an acute form, sharpened international animosities generally, strengthened latent dreads of Teutonic hegemony over the Balkans, and gave an impetus to a plethora of competing railway projects. In spite of Austria's renunciation of her rights in the Sandjak as part of the settlement attendant upon the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, the railway plan was not abandoned, and until well along in 1909 hopes were cherished that the Sandjak road - even today unconstructed - would be built.
Constructive waterfalls
(1911)
The excavation of valleys by waterfalls is one of the best known and most effective processes by which rivers cut down the surface of the earth. The influence of waterfalls is usually regarded as solely destructive, and as always helping to lower the land. They undermine and cut backward the rock faces over which they fall : by this recession they excavate deep gorges ; and the existence of these gorges enables the adjacent country to be lowered to the level of the valIey floors. The waterfalls, moreover, empty any lakes they rnay reach in their retreat, while the ravines below the falls may drain the springs and thus desiccate the neighbouring hihlands. Observations in various countries had suggested to me that waterfalls may sometimes be constructive in stead of destructive, and that they may reserse their usual procedure, advancing instead of retreating, filling valleys instead of excavating them, and forrning alluvial plains and lakes instead of destroying them. The best illustrations I have seen of such advancing, constructive waterfalls are on some rivers of Dalmatia and Bosnia, where they occur in various stages of development. ...
On seatangle tent
(1869)
IAD annual report
(2003)
The Institute for Aboriginal Development Incorporated (IAD) was established by the Uniting Church in 1969 to assist community development for Aboriginal people and provide cross-cultural education between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal society. It is now an independent Aboriginal community-controlled language resource centre and adult education centre serving the Aboriginal community of Central Australia. General IAD activities include: * education programs which range from literacy and numeracy to vocational and higher education level courses; * an Aboriginal language and culture centre specialising in language cross-culture and cultural maintenance programs, as well as providing interpreter services and language research * a publishing arm, IAD Press, which produces material on the Aboriginal people, language and culture of Central Australia.
This dissertation investigates developments in the performance of J. S. Bach’s music in the second half of the 20th century, as reflected in recordings of the Mass in B Minor, BWV 232. It places particular emphasis on issues relating to concepts of expression through performance. Between the 1950s and the 1980s, most Bach performers shared a partial consensus as to what constitutes expression in performance (e.g., intense sound; wide dynamic range; rubato). Arguments against the application of such techniques to Bach’s works were often linked with the view that his music is more “objective” than later repertoires; or, alternatively, that expressive elements in Bach’s music are self-sufficient, and should be not be intensified in performance. Historically-informed performance (HIP), from the late 1960s onwards, has been characterised by greater attention to the inflection of local details (i.e., individual figures and motifs). In terms of expressive intensity, this led to contradictory results. On the one hand, several HIP performances were characterised by a narrow overall dynamic range, light textures, fast tempi and few contrasts; these performances were often considered lightweight. On the other hand, HIP also promoted renewed interest in the practical application of Baroque theories of musical rhetoric, inspiring performances which projected varied intensity within movements. More recently, traditional means of expression have enjoyed renewed prominence. Ostensibly “romantic” features such as broad legati, long-range crescendi and diminuendi, and organic shaping of movements as wholes have been increasingly adopted by HIP musicians. In order to substantiate the narrative outlined above, the significance of the evidence preserved in sound recordings had to be checked against other sources of information. This dissertation is divided into two main parts. The first part focuses on specific “schools” of prominent Bach performers. Complete recordings of the Mass are examined in relation to the biographical and intellectual backgrounds of the main representatives of these schools, their verbally-expressed views on Bach’s music and on their own role as performers, and their style as documented in recordings of other works. The second part examines the performance history of specific movements within the Mass, comparing the interpretations preserved in sound recordings with relevant verbal analyses and commentaries. The dissertation as a whole therefore combines the resources of reception and performance studies. Beyond its specific historical conclusions concerning Bach performance in the post-war era, it also provides specific insights into Bach’s music, its meaning and its role in contemporary culture.
Plural semantics for natural language understanding : a computational proof-theoretic approach
(2005)
The semantics of natural language plurals poses a number of intricate problems – both from a formal and a computational perspective. In this thesis I investigate problems of representing, disambiguating and reasoning with plurals from a computational perspective. The work defines a computationally suitable representation for important plural constructions, proposes a tractable resolution algorithm for semantic plural ambiguities, and integrates an automatic reasoning component for plurals. My solution combines insights from formal semantics, computational linguistics and automated theorem proving and is based on the following main ideas. Whereas many existing approaches to plural semantics work on a model-theoretic basis using higher-order representation languages I propose a proof-theoretic approach to plural semantics based on a flat firstorder semantic representation language thus showing that a trade-off between expressive power and logical tractability can be found. The problem of automatic disambiguation of plurals is tackled by a deliberate decision to drastically reduce recourse to contextual knowledge for disambiguation but rely instead on structurally available and thus computationally manageable information. A further central aspect of the solution lies in carefully drawing the borderline between real ambiguity and mere indeterminacy in the interpretation of plural noun phrases. As a practical result of my computational proof-theoretic approach to plural semantics I can use my methods to perform automated reasoning with plurals by applying advanced firstorder theorem provers and model-generators available off-the shelf. The results are prototypically implemented within the two logic-oriented natural language understanding applications DRoPs and Attempto. DRoPs provides an automatic plural disambiguation component for uncontrolled natural language whereas Attempto works with a constructive disambiguation strategy for controlled natural language. Both systems provide tools for the automated analysis of technical texts allowing users for example to automatically detect inconsistencies, to perform question answering, to check whether a conjecture follows from a text or to find equivalences and redundancies.