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Institute
Lexical access speed and the development of phonological recoding during immediate serial recall
(2022)
A recent Registered Replication Report (RRR) of the development of verbal rehearsal during serial recall revealed that children verbalized at younger ages than previously thought, but did not identify sources of individual differences. Here, we use mediation analysis to reanalyze data from the 934 children ranging from 5 to 10 years old from the RRR for that purpose. From ages 5 to 7, the time taken for a child to label pictures (i.e. isolated naming speed) predicted the child’s spontaneous use of labels during a visually presented serial reconstruction task, despite no need for spoken responses. For 6- and 7-year-olds, isolated naming speed also predicted recall. The degree to which verbalization mediated the relation between isolated naming speed and recall changed across development. All relations dissipated by age 10. The same general pattern was observed in an exploratory analysis of delayed recall for which greater demands are placed on rehearsal for item maintenance. Overall, our findings suggest that spontaneous phonological recoding during a standard short-term memory task emerges around age 5, increases in efficiency during the early elementary school years, and is sufficiently automatic by age 10 to support immediate serial recall in most children. Moreover, the findings highlight the need to distinguish between phonological recoding and rehearsal in developmental studies of short-term memory.
Personal values are considered as guiding principles for humans’ attitudes and behavior, what makes them an essential component of mental health. Although these notions are widely recognized, investigations in clinical samples examining the link between values and mental health are lacking. We assessed n = 209 patients with affective disorders, neurotic disorders, reaction to severe stress, and adjustment disorders and personality disorders and compared them to a stratified random sample (n = 209) drawn from the European Social Survey. Personal values were assessed using the Portraits Value Questionnaire. Severity of psychopathology was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory and the Brief Symptom Inventory. Clinical participants showed a higher preference for the values power, achievement and tradition/conformity and a lower preference for hedonism compared to controls. Patients exhibited more incompatible value patterns than controls. Across diagnostic groups, patients with neurotic disorders reported incompatible values most frequently. Value priorities and value conflicts may have the potential to contribute to a better understanding of current and future actions and experiences in patients with mental disorders.
The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effects of genetic variations and polymorphisms on endurance performance, muscle strength and injury susceptibility in competitive sports. The electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science were searched for eligible studies. The study quality was assessed using the RoBANS tool. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (1) human study in English or German; (2) published in the period 2015–2019; (3) investigation of an association between genetic variants and endurance performance and/or muscle strength and/or endurance/strength training status as well as ligament, tendon, or muscle injuries; (4) participants aged 18–60 years and national or international competition participation; (5) comparison with a control group. Nineteen studies and one replication study were identified. Results revealed that the IGF-1R 275124 A>C rs1464430 polymorphism was overrepresented in endurance trained athletes. Further, genotypes of PPARGC1A polymorphism correlated with performance in endurance exercise capacity tests in athletes. Moreover, the RR genotype of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism, the C allele of IGF-1R polymorphism and the gene variant FTO T>A rs9939609 and/or their AA genotype were linked to muscle strength. In addition, gene variants of MCT1 (T1470A rs1049434) and ACVR1B (rs2854464) were also positively associated with strength athletes. Among others, the gene variants of the MMP group (rs591058 and rs679620) as well as the polymorphism COL5A1 rs13946 were associated with susceptibility to injuries of competitive athletes. Based on the identified gene variants, individualized training programs for injury prevention and optimization of athletic performance could be created for competitive athletes using gene profiling techniques.
Übergewicht und Adipositas im Kindesalter werden als gesellschaftliches Problem diskutiert. Dem Sportunterricht kommt im Umgang mit den Betroffenen eine besondere Bedeutung und Verantwortung zu. In der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit wird die Annahme vertreten, dass der Sportunterricht seinem Auftrag nur dann gerecht werden kann, wenn es gelingt, dass auch die übergewichtigen und adipösen Kinder positive Anerkennungserfahrungen im Feld von Bewegung, Spiel und Sport sammeln können. Das Konstrukt der Anerkennung impliziert zwei Ebenen, die sich gegenseitig beeinflussen: Auf personaler Ebene bezieht sich das Streben nach Anerkennung auf den Selbstwert (sozialpsychologische Perspektive) und auf sozialer Ebene auf den Wunsch nach Anerkennung durch die Mitglieder der Gruppen, denen man angehört (soziologische Perspektive). Die vorliegende Untersuchung befasst sich mit den Anerkennungserfahrungen übergewichtiger (n = 105) und adipöser Kinder (n = 48) im Vergleich zu ihren normalgewichtigen Mitschülerinnen und Mitschülern (n = 447) als wesentlicher Indikator für freudvolle Teilnahme im schulischen Sportunterricht. Operationalisiert werden die Anerkennungsverhältnisse auf sozialer Ebene über das Maß der erhaltenen sozio-emotionalen Anerkennung der Betroffenen mit Hilfe soziometrischer Verfahren und auf personaler Ebene über die sportliche Selbstwahrnehmung mit Hilfe eines konzipierten und validierten Körperkonzept-Fragebogens. Zur Berechnung der Ergebnisse wird ein verteilungsfreies Verfahren – der Kruskal-Wallis-Test – eingesetzt. Die Ergebnisse legen insgesamt einige Unterschiede der Anerkennungsverhältnisse in Abhängigkeit vom Körpergewichtsstatus dar: Die soziometrische Analyse zeigt, dass das Ausmaß des Körpergewichts für die Wahl der Spielgefährten im Sportunterricht eine Rolle spielt (p = .002). Während normal- und übergewichtige Schülerinnen und Schüler sich in den erhaltenen Wahlen nicht statistisch relevant unterscheiden, sind die adipösen signifikant weniger anerkannt. Als besondere Risikogruppe stellen sich adipöse Mädchen mit Migrationshintergrund heraus (p = .010). Hinsichtlich des Körperkonzepts zeigen sich signifikante Unterschiede in der „Selbsteinschätzung der allgemeinen Sportlichkeit“ zugunsten der normalgewichtigen Kinder (p = .000). Im Faktor „Selbsteinschätzung der konditionellen Fähigkeit Kraft“ schätzen sich die Kinder mit dem höchsten Körpergewichtsstatus am positivsten ein (p = .004). Keinen Unterschied in Abhängigkeit vom Körpergewichtsstatus zeigt sich in der „Selbstakzeptanz der äußeren Erscheinung“ (p = .751).
Es bleibt festzuhalten, dass die übergewichtigen Kinder weitgehend diskriminierungsfrei am Sportunterricht teilnehmen, ihre Sportlichkeit realistisch einschätzen und mit ihrem Äußeren zufrieden sind. Eine ähnliche Selbsteinschätzung weisen die adipösen Kinder vor, jedoch ergibt sich auf dem extrem erhöhten Körpergewichtsstatus ein soziales Problem, dem aus pädagogischer Sicht entgegen zu wirken ist.
Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic prompted people and institutions to turn to online virtual environments for a wide variety of social gatherings. In this perspectives article, we draw upon our previous work and interviews with Ghanaian Christian leaders to consider implications of this shift. Specifically, we propose that the shift from physical to virtual interactions mimics and amplifies the neoliberal individualist experience of abstraction from place associated with Eurocentric modernity. On the positive side, the shift from physical to virtual environments liberates people to selectively pursue the most fulfilling interactions, free from constraints of physical distance. On the negative side, the move from physical to virtual space necessitates a shift from material care and tangible engagement with the local community to the psychologization of care and pursuit of emotional intimacy in relations of one’s choosing—a dynamic that further marginalizes people who are already on the margins. The disruptions of the pandemic provide an opportunity to re-set social relations, to design ways of being that better promote sustainable collective well-being rather than fleeting personal fulfillment.