Institutes
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (159)
- Doctoral Thesis (34)
- Book (21)
- Contribution to a Periodical (2)
Has Fulltext
- yes (216) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (216)
Keywords
- COVID-19 (10)
- Human behaviour (6)
- Children (4)
- PTSD (4)
- Posttraumatic stress disorder (4)
- 创伤后应激障碍 (4)
- Adolescents (3)
- Psychology (3)
- bereavement (3)
- coronavirus (3)
- depression (3)
- executive function (3)
- gaming disorder (3)
- health (3)
- leadership (3)
- mental health (3)
- pain (3)
- positive psychology (3)
- prolonged grief disorder (3)
- quality of life (3)
- social support (3)
- validity (3)
- Beziehungsqualität (2)
- Case-based learning (2)
- Child abuse (2)
- Classroom management (2)
- Constructive support (2)
- Disadvantages (2)
- Emotions (2)
- Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept (2)
- Gaming disorder (2)
- Grundschule (2)
- ICD-11 (2)
- Inert knowledge (2)
- Konstruktive Unterstützung (2)
- Leib (2)
- Leistungsängstlichkeit (2)
- Medical research (2)
- Mental imagery (2)
- Music perception (2)
- Older adults (2)
- Preventive medicine (2)
- Psychopathology (2)
- Selbstkonzept (2)
- Sport (2)
- Stress (2)
- TEPT (2)
- TEPT complejo (2)
- Telecommuting (2)
- Telework (2)
- Tensiomyography (2)
- Theory–practice gap (2)
- Trastorno de estrés postraumático (2)
- Voluntariness (2)
- adolescents (2)
- anxiety (2)
- autobiographical reasoning (2)
- children (2)
- comparability (2)
- complex PTSD (2)
- elementary school (2)
- exercise (2)
- fat-free-mass (2)
- feasibility (2)
- information processing theory (2)
- interpersonal closeness (2)
- leader self-awareness (2)
- leader self-efficacy (2)
- leadership emergence (2)
- math anxiety (2)
- mathematics self-concept (2)
- measurement (2)
- muscle quality (2)
- narrative (2)
- neurocognitive (2)
- positive psychological interventions (2)
- prevention (2)
- proteolysis (2)
- reading comprehension (2)
- self-leadership (2)
- social acceptance (2)
- social cognitive theory (2)
- soziale Integration (2)
- sports nutrition (2)
- strength training (2)
- subjective well-being (2)
- teacher-student-relationships (2)
- team identification (2)
- trastorno de estrés postraumático (2)
- trauma (2)
- vision (2)
- 复杂性PTSD (2)
- Abuso infantil (1)
- Achtsamkeit (1)
- Acoustic signals (1)
- Adherencia terapéutica (1)
- Adolescence (1)
- Aggression (1)
- Alignment (1)
- Anabolism (1)
- Anatomy (1)
- Anerkennung (1)
- Antizipation (1)
- Archeology (1)
- Archery (1)
- Arousal (1)
- Arrow (1)
- Assistive technology (1)
- Associative memory (1)
- Athletes (1)
- Audio signal processing (1)
- Autonomy (1)
- BDNF (1)
- BFR (1)
- Bayesian multiple regression (1)
- Behandlungsvollzug (1)
- Behavior problems (1)
- Bereavement (1)
- Bezeichnungen (1)
- Bildungsarbeit (1)
- Bilingualism (1)
- Biological psychiatry (1)
- Biopsychosocial (1)
- Biopsychosocial model (1)
- Blood flow restriction (1)
- Blutflussrestriktion (1)
- Bobsleigh (1)
- Bobsport (1)
- Borderline personality disorder (1)
- Bow (1)
- Brain imaging (1)
- Business psychology (1)
- CBT (1)
- CCC-2 (1)
- CCTT (1)
- CIE-11 (1)
- COINS (1)
- COVID-19 pandemic (1)
- Cerebellum (1)
- Childhood (1)
- Childhood abuse (1)
- Childhood sexual abuse (1)
- Chronic depression (1)
- Circulating miRNA (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Clinical neuropsychology (1)
- Clinical trials (1)
- Clinician-administered PTSD Scale PTSD (1)
- Cognitive Interviews (1)
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (1)
- Cognitive control (1)
- Cognitive neuroscience (1)
- Cognitive-motor interference (1)
- Collective resilience factor (1)
- Companion-type robots (1)
- Company founders (1)
- Complete survey (1)
- Computerspielstörung (1)
- Conflict-driven memory enhancements (1)
- Consistency of interest (1)
- Contamination (1)
- Corona (1)
- Cortisol (1)
- Cortisol secretion (1)
- Crisis (1)
- Cross-cultural Comparability (1)
- DBT (1)
- DBT-PTS (1)
- DBT-PTSD (1)
- DBTTSD (1)
- DOMS (1)
- Daily diary (1)
- Ddialectic behavioural therapy (1)
- Dead space (1)
- Detachment (1)
- Dialectical behavioral therapy (1)
- Diary study (1)
- Digitale Simulation (1)
- Digitalisierung (1)
- Disengagement research (1)
- Droplets (1)
- Dtherapeutic adherencetreatment integrity (1)
- Dual task walking (1)
- Dyslexia (1)
- EEG (1)
- Ed Diener (1)
- Education – Social Sciences (1)
- Einfühlungsvermögen (1)
- Einstellung (1)
- Einstellungen (1)
- Emotional memory (1)
- Emotionen (1)
- Empathie (1)
- Endurance training (1)
- Entrepreneurship (1)
- Epidemiology (1)
- Erinnerung (1)
- Escala de TEPT administrada por un médico (1)
- Evaluation (1)
- Exercise identity (1)
- Exercise self-schema (1)
- Exposure (1)
- Eye tracking (1)
- F 63.8 (1)
- Face Reader (1)
- Fall risk (1)
- Fear of falling (1)
- Fear of infection (1)
- Felt-Body (1)
- Felt-bodily communication (1)
- Floods (1)
- Flow (1)
- Foreign language (1)
- Fortbildungsgestaltung (1)
- Fragebogenentwicklung (1)
- Gait analysis (1)
- Gaming Disorder (1)
- Gender (1)
- Gender-specific task material (1)
- Germ aversion (1)
- Gerontologie (1)
- Gesundheit (1)
- Gewalt (1)
- Glücksspielstörung (1)
- Grit (1)
- H/M ratio (1)
- HPA axis reactivity (1)
- Health (1)
- Health care (1)
- Hebb repetition learning (1)
- Hermann Schmitz (1)
- Hippocampus (1)
- Hochschulklausuren (1)
- Human learning (1)
- ICT (1)
- ICT use (1)
- ICU (1)
- ILT (1)
- ISPCE (1)
- Implicit (1)
- Impostor phenomenon (1)
- Incremental validity (1)
- Informationsverarbeitung (1)
- Injury (1)
- Instructional quality (1)
- Integridad del tratamiento (1)
- Intellectual disability (1)
- Interaktionsmodell (1)
- Internet Gaming Disorder (1)
- Internet use disorders (1)
- Internetabhängigkeit (1)
- Internetbezogene Störungen (1)
- Intracellular pathways (1)
- Invariance testing (1)
- Inventory of Callous–Unemotional Traits (1)
- Item Response Theory (1)
- Jugendlicher (1)
- Jumping (1)
- Kindesalter (1)
- Klassenraumsimulation (1)
- Kognition (1)
- Kreativität (1)
- LBP (1)
- Latent profile analysis (1)
- Latente Profilanalyse (1)
- Law enforcement (1)
- Learning (1)
- Lebenskunst (1)
- Lebensqualität (1)
- Lehramtsstudium (1)
- Lehrevaluation (1)
- Lehrkräftefortbildung (1)
- Leibesübungen (1)
- Leibliche Kommunikation (1)
- Leibphänomenologie (1)
- Lesen (1)
- Leseverständnis (1)
- Longitudinal autoregressive model (1)
- Longitudinal study (1)
- Loving kindness (1)
- Längsschnitt (1)
- MVPA (1)
- Major depressive disorder (1)
- Mathematics (1)
- Measurement Invariance (1)
- Memory (1)
- Mental-age matching (1)
- Meta-analysis (1)
- Metta (1)
- Metta Meditationen (1)
- Mindfulness meditation (1)
- Minimal detectable change (1)
- Mnemonic discrimination (1)
- Morbus Parkinson (1)
- Motivation (1)
- Motor cortex (1)
- Movement behaviour (1)
- Music cognition (1)
- Narrative Analyse (1)
- Narrative analysis (1)
- Negative mental images (1)
- Neurocognition (1)
- Neurology (1)
- Neurosciences (1)
- Neurotrophe Faktoren (1)
- New Phenomenology (1)
- Nocturnal HPA axis activity (1)
- Object vision (1)
- Offender treatment (1)
- PE teachers (1)
- PTS (1)
- Pain management (1)
- Pandemic (1)
- Pattern separation (1)
- PedsQL (1)
- Perceived vulnerability to disease (1)
- Perception (1)
- Perfectionism (1)
- Perfectionistic concerns (1)
- Perfectionistic strivings (1)
- Perfektionisische Einstellung Aussehen (1)
- Perseverance of effort (1)
- Persistent depressive disorder (1)
- Personality traits (1)
- Phenomenological sport research (1)
- Phenomenology (1)
- Physical Education (1)
- Physical activity (1)
- Physical self-perception (1)
- Phänomenologische Sportforschung (1)
- Play sports (1)
- Poor literacy (1)
- Positive mental images (1)
- Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (1)
- Potential analysis (1)
- Pre-service teacher education (1)
- Pre-service teacher education (1)
- Predictive validity (1)
- Premotor cortex (1)
- Preventive behavior (1)
- Prolonged grief disorder (1)
- Prominenz (1)
- Protein degradation (1)
- Protein synthesis (1)
- Prävention (1)
- Psychiatric disorders (1)
- Psychische Störungen (1)
- Psychological detachment (1)
- Psychological disorders (1)
- Psychological stress (1)
- Psychometric properties (1)
- Psychopathologie (1)
- Pädokriminalität (1)
- Pädophilie (1)
- Pädosexualität (1)
- R software (1)
- R-Software (1)
- Randomized controlled trials (1)
- Recognition memory (1)
- Recovery (1)
- Refugees (1)
- Replikation (1)
- Representative survey (1)
- Research Methods (1)
- Risk behavior (1)
- Risky sexual behavior (1)
- Robot acceptance (1)
- SF-36 (1)
- Schools (1)
- Selbstkultivierung (1)
- Self concept (1)
- Self-Congruity Theory (1)
- Self-esteem (1)
- Self-injury (1)
- Sensory perception (1)
- Sensory processing (1)
- Service Learning (1)
- Sexual offenders (1)
- Sexualstraftäter (1)
- Sexueller Missbrauch (1)
- Sickness absence (1)
- Simulationsmodell (1)
- Social Network Interview (1)
- Social behaviour (1)
- Social identity (1)
- Social neuroscience (1)
- Spatial memory (1)
- Speech (1)
- Speech signal processing (1)
- Sportpsychologie (1)
- Sports medicine (1)
- Sportunterricht (1)
- Stereotype threat (1)
- Stichtagserhebung (1)
- Stochastische Resonanztherapie (1)
- Straftäterinnen (1)
- Strengths Use Scale (1)
- Subiculum (1)
- Substance use (1)
- Suicidality (1)
- Supplemental work (1)
- TPACK (1)
- Taijiquan (1)
- Task performance (1)
- Teacher (1)
- Teacher professional development (1)
- Teaching Quality (1)
- Team sports (1)
- Technology (1)
- Terapia Dialéctica Conductual (1)
- Testentwicklung (1)
- Thin slices ratings (1)
- Treatment (1)
- Unfinished tasks (1)
- Unterrichtssimulation (1)
- Upper airway infection (1)
- Urbanicity (1)
- Validität (1)
- Verbal fluency (1)
- Verhaltenssucht (1)
- Verletzung (1)
- Vision (1)
- Visual imagery (1)
- Visual signals (1)
- Vollerhebung (1)
- WHO-5 (1)
- Walking interaction (1)
- Weight loss (1)
- Weight training (1)
- Work (1)
- Work-related technology use (1)
- Zeitdruck (1)
- abuso sexual infantil (1)
- accelerometry (1)
- acculturation (1)
- achievement gaps (1)
- action-effect association (1)
- active aging (1)
- activities of daily life (1)
- acupuncture (1)
- adaptation (1)
- adolescent (1)
- adolescentes (1)
- adverse childhood experiences (1)
- adversity (1)
- affect (1)
- affective flexibility (1)
- affective rumination (1)
- ageing (1)
- alcohol use disorder (1)
- allostasis (1)
- ambiguous loss (1)
- anger (1)
- aplicabilidad (1)
- artifact removal (1)
- athletes (1)
- attachment (1)
- attitude (1)
- auditory action effects (1)
- autism (1)
- autobiographical memory (1)
- backlash effect (1)
- behavioral addiction (1)
- behavioral economics (1)
- biomarker (1)
- blood drawing (1)
- blood-flow restriction (1)
- brainstem (1)
- burnout (1)
- cell-free DNA – cfDNA (1)
- cerebellum (1)
- challenges (1)
- childhood (1)
- childhood sexual abuse (1)
- children and adolescents (1)
- chronic depression (1)
- chronic low back pain (1)
- clinical diagnoses (1)
- clinical interview (1)
- clinical sample (1)
- cognition (1)
- cognitive behaviour therapy (1)
- cognitive dissonance (1)
- cognitive flexibility (1)
- cognitive functioning (1)
- cognitive impairment (1)
- cognitive impairment (CI) (1)
- cognitive load (1)
- cognitive load measurement (1)
- cognitive performance (1)
- cognitive processing therapy (1)
- cognitive psychology (1)
- cognitive-behavioral therapy (1)
- collective resilience (1)
- comorbidities (1)
- compassion (1)
- compassionate love (1)
- computer-based testing (1)
- computerbasiertes Testen (1)
- computerisiertes adaptives Teste (1)
- computerisiertes adaptives Testen (1)
- computerized adaptive testing (1)
- confinement (1)
- confirmatory factor analysis (1)
- conservation of resources theory (1)
- continuous item calibration (1)
- coping (1)
- corona (1)
- craving (1)
- criticisms of positive psychology (1)
- critiques (1)
- cross-cultural leadership (1)
- cross-cultural study (1)
- cross-transfer effect (1)
- cultural psychology (1)
- cut-off design (1)
- cyclical processes (1)
- cycling (1)
- defensive decision making (1)
- deoxygenation (1)
- diabetes (1)
- dichotomization (1)
- dichotomous data (1)
- diet (1)
- dietary assessment (1)
- digital reading (1)
- dimensional comparison (1)
- display rules (1)
- dorsiflexion range of motion (1)
- dual task (1)
- dynamic networks (1)
- dynamic postural control (1)
- dynamic system (1)
- eccentric exercise (1)
- ecological momentary assessment (1)
- efficacy (1)
- elderly (1)
- emotion regulation (1)
- emotional exhaustion (1)
- employee health (1)
- endurance performance (1)
- ensayo controlado aleatorizado (1)
- entrevista clínica (1)
- estrés (1)
- evaluation (1)
- everyday life (1)
- everyday tasks (1)
- executive functioning (1)
- executive processes (1)
- exercise therapy (1)
- exhaustion (1)
- expectations (1)
- expectile (1)
- eye tracking (ET) (1)
- fNIRS (1)
- factor structure (1)
- family identification (1)
- fascia (1)
- fatigue (1)
- fatigue resistance (1)
- feedback-based flexibility (1)
- fixed-links modeling (1)
- fluid intelligence (1)
- follower well-being (1)
- future perspectives (1)
- gait performance (1)
- gambling disorder (1)
- gender role theory (1)
- gender stereotypes (1)
- genetic predisposition (1)
- goal assessment (1)
- graph theory (1)
- grief (1)
- guidelines (1)
- happiness (1)
- hardware demonstrator (1)
- health locus of control (1)
- health mindset (1)
- health-oriented leadership (1)
- health-promoting leadership (1)
- health-related anxiety (1)
- healthcare workers (1)
- heterogeneity (1)
- higher education (1)
- homeostasis (1)
- human action sounds (1)
- hyperglycemia (1)
- hypertext (1)
- hypertrophy (1)
- identification with humankind (1)
- identifying moment conditions (1)
- identity confusion (1)
- identity leadership (1)
- imagery rescripting (1)
- inclusion of other in the self (1)
- individual differences (1)
- information set (1)
- informative prior distributions (1)
- inhibitory control (1)
- injury susceptibility (1)
- innovative behavior (1)
- innovative moments (1)
- insulin sensitivity (1)
- intellectual disability (1)
- intelligence (1)
- intercultural (1)
- internet addiction (1)
- interpersonal contact (1)
- interpersonal problems (1)
- interval-level data (1)
- intervention (1)
- investigación de resultados psicoterapéuticos (1)
- job demand–control model (1)
- kinematics (1)
- kognitive Dissonanz (1)
- kontinuierliche Kalibrierung (1)
- language impairment (1)
- large-scale assessment (1)
- latent structure (1)
- leader–member exchange (1)
- learning loss (1)
- leisure time activity (1)
- life satisfaction (1)
- liver transplantation (1)
- lockdowns (1)
- locus coeruleus (1)
- longitudinal invariance (1)
- longitudinal study (1)
- loss (1)
- loss function (1)
- lumbago (1)
- lumbalgia (1)
- mHealth (1)
- major depression (1)
- maximum strength (1)
- meaning-making (1)
- medical training (1)
- memory (1)
- mental and physical health (1)
- meta-analysis (1)
- miR-142-5p (1)
- miR-197-3p (1)
- miR-342-3p (1)
- miR-424-5p (1)
- microtemporal processes (1)
- mixed methods (1)
- mobile phone (1)
- modularity (1)
- modulation (1)
- motor control exercise (1)
- multi-informant questionnaire (1)
- multilevel modeling (1)
- multiple sclerosis (1)
- muscle strength (1)
- muscular fatigue (1)
- navigation behavior (1)
- neurocognition (1)
- neuroinflammation (1)
- neurophysiology (1)
- nonspecific (1)
- norms (1)
- nucleotide polymorphism (1)
- obituary (1)
- obituary announcement (1)
- online learning (1)
- opportunities (1)
- optimality of point forecasts (1)
- organisational psychology (1)
- organizational decision-making (1)
- organizational health climate (1)
- organizational identification (1)
- out-of-field (1)
- pain therapy (1)
- pandemic innovations (1)
- parents (1)
- pediatric liver transplantation (1)
- perceived discomfort (1)
- perceived stress (1)
- persistent depressive disorder (1)
- personal initiative (1)
- personality (1)
- perturbation (1)
- physical activity (1)
- piecewise latent growth modeling (1)
- polynomial regression analysis (1)
- positive leadership (1)
- positive psychological assessment (1)
- positive psychological coaching (1)
- positive psychological techniques (1)
- positive psychological tools (1)
- posttraumatic stress (1)
- posttraumatic stress disorder (1)
- postural control (1)
- prediction (1)
- predictors (1)
- present-centered therapy (1)
- prevalence (1)
- prior information (1)
- prisoner’s dilemma (1)
- proactive work behavior (1)
- prosocial motivation (1)
- prospective memory (1)
- psicofisiología (1)
- psychological health (1)
- psychological safety (1)
- psychological strengths (1)
- psychometric properties (1)
- psychotherapy (1)
- psychotherapy outcome research (1)
- pupillometry (1)
- quantile (1)
- randomized-controlled trial (1)
- reaction (1)
- reading achievement (1)
- reescritura de imágenes (1)
- refugees (1)
- refugiados (1)
- relationality (1)
- reliability (1)
- replication (1)
- research agendas (1)
- resilience (1)
- respiración (1)
- response monitoring (1)
- resting-state fMRI (1)
- roller massage (1)
- rumination (1)
- scale development (1)
- school closure (1)
- school performance (1)
- school psychology (1)
- school-based (1)
- schooling (1)
- schulbasiert (1)
- scoping review (1)
- secondary task (1)
- self-assessment (1)
- self-care (1)
- self-determination theory (SDT) (1)
- self-efficacy (1)
- self-other fusion (1)
- sensorimotor (1)
- sensory attenuation (1)
- shear elastic modulus (1)
- shrinkage correction (1)
- silbenbasierte Leseförderung (1)
- similarity (1)
- sleep duration (1)
- smartphone-app (1)
- social anxiety (1)
- social communication (1)
- social comparison (1)
- social connectedness (1)
- social identification (1)
- social identity (1)
- social identity approach (1)
- social negativity (1)
- social network (1)
- sports medicine (1)
- sports performance (1)
- stabilization (1)
- strengths assessment (1)
- strengths based coaching (1)
- stress (1)
- stress mindset (1)
- student achievement (1)
- study resources (1)
- subjective resilience (1)
- switching (1)
- syllable-based reading training (1)
- sympathetic maintained pain (1)
- systematic review (1)
- systemic therapy (1)
- tACS (1)
- tailoring (1)
- taxonomy (1)
- teaching and learning settings (1)
- tension type headache (1)
- terapia cognitivo conductual (1)
- terapia de procesamiento cognitivo (1)
- terminology (1)
- test development (1)
- third wave positive psychology (1)
- traditional Chinese medicine (1)
- trastorno borderline de personalidad (1)
- traumatic experiences (1)
- unfinished tasks (1)
- university students (1)
- unspecific low back pain (1)
- usability (1)
- vegetative nervous system (1)
- venipuncture (1)
- virtual interaction (1)
- visual attention (1)
- visual search (VS) (1)
- visuelle Worterkennung (1)
- vitality (1)
- walking (1)
- within-person factors (1)
- word recognition (1)
- work engagement (1)
- working memory capacity (1)
- Übergewicht und Adipositas im Kindesalter (1)
- 临床用PTSD量表 (1)
- 临床访谈 (1)
- 创伤 (1)
- 可行性 (1)
- 心理治疗结果研究 (1)
- 意向重构 (1)
- 治疗依从性 (1)
- 治疗完整性 (1)
- 童年性虐待 (1)
- 虐待儿童 (1)
- 认知加 工疗法 (1)
- 认知行为治疗 (1)
- 辩证行为疗法 (1)
- 边缘性人格障碍 (1)
- 随机对照试验 (1)
- 难民 (1)
- 青少年 (1)
Institute
Teacher’s self-efficacy is a relevant judgement of self-belief by teachers. Studies reveal inverse response bias of teachers’ self-assessment. Parallel item presentation can be used as a method to reduce such distortions. The major goal of this study was to develop and verify such a measure of parallel item presentation in order to compare self-efficacy of qualified and out-of-field PE teachers. Therefore out-of-field and qualified PE student teachers (N = 68) were randomised into two groups. They responded to 14 self-efficacy items related to classroom subjects and PE teaching. One group of out-of-field (n = 17) and qualified (n = 18) PE student teachers was presented with the items in parallel so that they could compare classroom and PE teaching items. For the other group of out-of-field (n = 11) and qualified (n = 22) PE student teachers, the items were presented sequentially so that no direct comparison was possible. Data was analysed using nested ANOVA. The results reveal that with a dimensional item comparison, out-of-field PE teachers have a significantly lower self-efficacy in PE than qualified PE student teachers (p = .006, ηp2 = .18). Without comparison, there is no significant difference. The method of parallel item representation can thus contribute to the reduction of inverse response bias.
The intergroup sensitivity effect in mergers and acquisitions: testing the role of merger motives
(2021)
Research has shown that people are more defensive to criticism when it stems from an outgroup member, compared to an ingroup member (the intergroup sensitivity effect: ISE). We conducted two online vignette experiments to examine the ISE in the context of an organizational merger and the role of merger motives for the ISE. We predicted that the ISE would also emerge in mergers and acquisitions (M&As), but people would respond less negatively to criticism from the outgroup when the motive for the merger is described as achieving synergies rather than growth. In Experiment 1 (N = 452), which did not mention any motives behind the acquisition, a significant ISE emerged. Experiment 2 (N = 587) again showed an ISE regardless of the merger motive. In both experiments, the ISE was mediated by perceptions of the outgroup criticism as less legitimate and constructive. Overall, this research points to the intergroup sensitivity effect as a relevant phenomenon during post-merger integration.
Trajectories of internalizing disorders and behavioral addictions are still largely unknown. Research shows that both disorders are highly comorbid. Previous longitudinal studies have focused on associations between internalizing disorders and behavioral addictions using screening instruments. Our aim was to develop and examine a theory-based model of trajectories, according to which internalizing disorders foster symptoms of Internet use disorders, mediated by a reward deprivation and maladaptive emotion regulation. We applied clinically relevant measures for depression and social anxiety in a prospective longitudinal study with a 12-month follow-up investigation. On the basis of an at-risk population of 476 students (mean age = 14.99 years, SD = 1.99), we investigated the predictive influence of clinically relevant depression and social anxiety at baseline (t1) on Internet use disorder symptoms at 12-month follow-up (t2) using multiple linear regression analyses. Our results showed that both clinically relevant depression and social anxiety significantly predicted symptom severity of Internet use disorders one year later after controlling for baseline symptoms of Internet use disorders, gender and age. These results remained robust after including both depression and social anxiety simultaneously in the model, indicating an independent influence of both predictors on Internet use disorder symptoms. The present study enhances knowledge going beyond a mere association between internalizing disorders and Internet use disorders. To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating clinically relevant depression and social anxiety to predict future Internet use disorder symptoms at 12-month follow-up. In line with our model of trajectories, a significant temporal relationship between clinically relevant internalizing disorders and Internet use disorder symptoms at 12-month follow-up was confirmed. Further studies should investigate the mediating role of reward deprivation and maladaptive emotion regulation, as postulated in our model. One implication of these findings is that clinicians should pay particular attention to the increased risk of developing behavioral addictions for adolescents with depression and social anxiety.
Background: Researchers who wish to study stress-related disorders need to use valid, reliable, and sensitive instruments and the Clinician-administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) con- stitutes the gold standard in the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While the CAPS corresponds with PTSD criteria according to the DSM-5, researchers face a challenge with the forthcoming ICD-11: ICD-11 introduces the new diagnosis Complex PTSD (CPTSD) that does not exist in DSM-5.
Objective: Researchers as well as clinicians will need to assess the incidence and prevalence of CPTSD and will want to evaluate treatment effects according to both criteria sets. However, using two clinician-rated interviews is often not feasible and a burden to patients, particularly in psychotherapy research.
Method & Results: We have therefore developed the Complex PTSD Item Set additional to the CAPS (COPISAC). This clinician rating is an easy-to-use and economic addition to the CAPS that permits assessing diagnosis and evaluating symptom severity of CPTSD. COPISAC consists of three items that assess disturbances in self-regulation including prompts for symptom description and frequency, and two additional items assessing impairment. Diagnostic status and severity ratings for CPTSD are possible. Items that account for the specific forms of trauma which the ICD-11 describes as precursors of CPTSD (e.g. torture, being enslaved) are further suggested as additions to the Life Events Checklist. Conclusion: With an introduction of COPISAC at this point, we aim at suggesting an easy transition into diagnosing CPTSD and evaluating its course over treatment.
While scene context is known to facilitate object recognition, little is known about which contextual “ingredients” are at the heart of this phenomenon. Here, we address the question of whether the materials that frequently occur in scenes (e.g., tiles in a bathroom) associated with specific objects (e.g., a perfume) are relevant for the processing of that object. To this end, we presented photographs of consistent and inconsistent objects (e.g., perfume vs. pinecone) superimposed on scenes (e.g., a bathroom) and close-ups of materials (e.g., tiles). In Experiment 1, consistent objects on scenes were named more accurately than inconsistent ones, while there was only a marginal consistency effect for objects on materials. Also, we did not find any consistency effect for scrambled materials that served as color control condition. In Experiment 2, we recorded event-related potentials and found N300/N400 responses—markers of semantic violations—for objects on inconsistent relative to consistent scenes. Critically, objects on materials triggered N300/N400 responses of similar magnitudes. Our findings show that contextual materials indeed affect object processing—even in the absence of spatial scene structure and object content—suggesting that material is one of the contextual “ingredients” driving scene context effects.
Über zwei Drittel aller Menschen erleben in ihrem Leben mindestens ein traumatisches Ereignis (Kessler et al., 2017). Gerade nach interpersonellen Traumatisierungen ist die Rate der Betroffenen, welche eine posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (PTBS) entwickeln, sehr hoch (z. B. ca. 50% nach sexuellem Missbrauch; Hauffa et al., 2011). In der Vergangenheit wurden Angst- und Ohnmachtsgefühle als zentrale der PTBS zu Grunde liegende Emotionen aufgefasst (Foa & Kozak, 1986). Neuere Forschungsbefunde legen jedoch nahe, dass traumabezogene Schuld- und Schamgefühle auch eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung der PTBS spielen (z. B. Badour et al., 2017). Dabei leiden besonders Betroffene von interpersonellen Gewalterfahrungen unter diesen Gefühlen (z. B. Badour et al., 2017).
Im Hinblick auf die psychotherapeutische Behandlung der PTBS haben sich traumafokussierte Verfahren als wirksam erwiesen (z. B. Lewis et al., 2020). Hohe Drop-out (z. B. Swift & Greenberg, 2014) und Nonresponse Raten (Fonzo et al., 2020) geben jedoch Hinweise darauf, dass nicht allen PTBS Patient*innen mit diesen Verfahren ausreichend geholfen werden kann, wobei insbesondere Patient*innen mit interpersonellen Traumatisierungen weniger gut davon zu profitieren scheinen (z. B. Karatzias et al., 2019). Zudem hat sich gezeigt, dass Schuldgefühle auch nach einer erfolgreichen PTBS Behandlung weiter persistieren (Larsen et al., 2019). Demnach besteht ein Bedarf an alternativen Therapieverfahren für Patient*innen mit interpersonellen Traumatisierungen und/oder Schuld- und Schamgefühlen.
Besonders vielversprechend sind hierbei achtsamkeitsbasierte Interventionen, die bereits in der PTBS Behandlung eine zunehmend bedeutsame Rolle spielen (Hopwood & Schutte, 2017). Eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die weitere Erforschung dieser Interventionen sind valide und reliable Verfahren zur Veränderungsmessung von Achtsamkeit (Isbel et al., 2020). So scheinen bisherige Studien jedoch hauptsächlich fragebogenbasierte Maße zur Erfassung von Veränderungen in Trait-Achtsamkeit eingesetzt zu haben, obwohl diese Interventionen eher auf die Steigerung von State-Achtsamkeit abzielen (Goodman et al., 2017). Darüber hinaus kristallisierten sich methodische Kritikpunkte in Bezug auf die Validität von Fragebögen zur Erfassung von Trait-Achtsamkeit heraus (van Dam et al., 2018). Demgegenüber erfassen Experience-Sampling Ansätze (z. B. Mindful-Breathing Exercise, MBE; Burg & Michalak, 2011) eher Aspekte der State-Achtsamkeit, sind jedoch in klinischen Untersuchungsstichproben bisher kaum untersucht worden. Darauf aufbauend fokussierte die erste Forschungsfrage der Dissertation die Untersuchung der MBE im klinischen Kontext. Ein Hauptbefund der Studie zeigte, dass die MBE bei PTBS Patient*innen hinsichtlich ihres Prädiktionswertes für die PTBS Symptome Übererregung und Intrusionen gegenüber fragebogenbasierter Trait-Achtsamkeit überlegen war. Mögliche Wirkmechanismen achtsamkeitsbasierter Interventionen könnten demnach durch den Einsatz der MBE besonders gut abgebildet werden.
Innerhalb der achtsamkeitsbasierten Interventionen kommt in der Behandlung der PTBS am häufigsten die Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR; Kabat-Zinn, 2013) als standardisierte Gruppenintervention zum Einsatz (Boyd et al., 2018). Jedoch scheint die MBSR insbesondere für PTBS Patient*innen mit interpersonellen Traumatisierungen nicht eins-zu-eins anwendbar zu sein (Müller-Engelmann et al., 2017). Buddhistische Metta-Meditationen (dt.: Liebende Güte; Salzberg, 2002) sind vor diesem Hintergrund eine vielversprechende Ergänzung zu achtsamkeitsbasierten Interventionen. Metta-Meditationen zielen darauf ab, sich selbst sowie allen anderen Lebewesen bedingungsloses Wohlwollen und Freundlichkeit entgegen zu bringen (Bodhi, 2010). Metta-Meditationen sind noch weniger gut in der klinischen Forschung etabliert. Erste Befunde deuten jedoch darauf hin, dass sie bei PTBS Patient*innen zu einer Reduktion der PTBS Symptomatik führen können (z. B. Kearney et al., 2021). Folglich wurde im Rahmen der zweiten Forschungsfrage eine neue Intervention entwickelt und evaluiert, welche sich an den Bedürfnissen von PTBS Patient*innen mit interpersonellen Traumatisierungen orientiert. Sie kombiniert kürzere, PTBS spezifische Achtsamkeitsübungen mit angepassten Übungen aus MBSR sowie Metta-Meditationen (= Trauma-MILOKI). Trauma-MILOKI zeigte sich in einer multiplen Baseline Studie wirksam zur Reduktion der PTBS Symptome sowie zur Steigerung des Wohlbefindens.
Ein Wirkmechanismus von Metta-Meditationen ist die Förderung positiver Emotionen sowie des Gefühls sozialer Verbundenheit (Salzberg, 2002), weswegen sie auch besonders gut geeignet scheinen, traumabezogene Schuld- und Schamgefühle zu reduzieren. Darüber hinaus haben sich unter den etablierten Therapieverfahren v. a. kognitive Ansätze zur Reduktion von Schuldgefühlen als wirksam erwiesen (Resick et al., 2008)...
Specifying accurate informative prior distributions is a question of carefully selecting studies that comprise the body of comparable background knowledge. Psychological research, however, consists of studies that are being conducted under different circumstances, with different samples and varying instruments. Thus, results of previous studies are heterogeneous, and not all available results can and should contribute equally to an informative prior distribution. This implies a necessary weighting of background information based on the similarity of the previous studies to the focal study at hand. Current approaches to account for heterogeneity by weighting informative prior distributions, such as the power prior and the meta-analytic predictive prior are either not easily accessible or incomplete. To complicate matters further, in the context of Bayesian multiple regression models there are no methods available for quantifying the similarity of a given body of background knowledge to the focal study at hand. Consequently, the purpose of this study is threefold. We first present a novel method to combine the aforementioned sources of heterogeneity in the similarity measure ω. This method is based on a combination of a propensity-score approach to assess the similarity of samples with random- and mixed-effects meta-analytic models to quantify the heterogeneity in outcomes and study characteristics. Second, we show how to use the similarity measure ω as a weight for informative prior distributions for the substantial parameters (regression coefficients) in Bayesian multiple regression models. Third, we investigate the performance and the behavior of the similarity-weighted informative prior distribution in a comprehensive simulation study, where it is compared to the normalized power prior and the meta-analytic predictive prior. The similarity measure ω and the similarity-weighted informative prior distribution as the primary results of this study provide applied researchers with means to specify accurate informative prior distributions.
Empathie ist ein mehrdimensionales psychologisches Konstrukt, das aus verschiedenen Facetten besteht (Decety & Ickes, 2011). Es ist anzunehmen, dass Empathie ein wichtiger Mechanismus ist, um Menschen miteinander zu verbinden und eine Gruppenkohäsion möglich zu machen (Rameson & Lieberman, 2009). Neben der Fähigkeit die Erlebenswelt des Gegenübers mit eigenen mentalen Repräsentationen nachzuvollziehen, werden dadurch Emotionen ausgelöst, die denen des Gegenübers sehr ähnlich sind. Gleichzeitig unterscheidet sich dieses Gefühlserleben aber beispielsweise von reiner Gefühlsansteckung, da eine Selbst-Andere Differenzierung stattfindet und in einer empathischen Episode immer im Vordergrund steht, dass man sich aufgrund der Gefühle des anderen so fühlt (Altmann, 2015). Hier spielt Imitation eine wichtige Rolle, wenn es darum geht, die Erlebenswelt der anderen Person zu erfassen (Meltzoff & Decety, 2003). Besonders auch bei Lehrkräften zeigt sich eine Wichtigkeit von empathischem Handeln und Verstehen (Tausch & Tausch, 2008). In verschiedenen Studien zeigten sich positive Effekte von Empathie auf die Schülerschaft und die Unterrichtsqualität. Die SchülerInnen trauen sich mehr, es herrscht weniger Angst im Klassenzimmer und die Qualität der Unterrichtsbeiträge steigt (vgl. Tausch & Tausch, 1998). Empathie selbst besteht aus State- und Trait-Anteilen, so dass zumindest Teile davon trainierbar sind (Butters, 2010). Eine potentielle Möglichkeit um Empathie zu fördern scheint das Lehr-Lern-Format Service Learning (SL) darzustellen. Hierbei handelt es sich um ein Veranstaltungskonzept, bei dem ein meist fachlicher, akademischer Inhalt mit einem ehrenamtlichen Engagement außerhalb der Universität verknüpft wird (Reinders, 2016). Forschung aus dem angloamerikanischen Raum weist darauf hin, dass Empathie durch derartige Formate gefördert werden kann (Lundy, 2007; Wilson, 2011). Da die meisten Messverfahren von Empathie auf Selbstauskunft basieren und damit nur indirekt Anteile wie das affektive Mitschwingen abbilden können, war es Teil dieser Arbeit im ersten Schritt einen objektiven, videobasierten Test zu entwickeln, der dann mit anderen Verfahren zur Messung eingesetzt werden sollte. In zwei ExpertInnen-Befragungen wurden aus einem Pool von Videosequenzen mit Unterrichtssituationen insgesamt zehn Videoclips mit jeweils vier Items und zugehörigen Antwortoptionen extrahiert. In einer darauf folgenden Validierung mit Studierenden der Goethe-Universität (N = 112) wurden diese Vignetten mit verschiedenen Verfahren zur Messung von Empathie gemeinsam erhoben und die Zusammenhänge analysiert. Die Reliabilitäten der drei Testscores bewegten sich in den beiden gebildeten Testversionen zwischen Cronbachs α = .53 (Verhaltens-Score der Testversion 1) und α = .76 (Intensitäts-Score der Testversion 2). Es zeigten sich zu allen Fragebögen erwartungskonforme Zusammenhänge von kleinen bis mittleren Effekten. Die Itemschwierigkeiten bei den meisten Items lagen zwischen 50 und 65, die Trennschärfen zwischen .18 und .70.
Im nächsten Entwicklungsschritt wurden die Vignetten in neu zusammengestellten Testversionen nur Lehramtsstudierenden (N = 41) vorgelegt und zusätzlich Videoaufnahmen der Gesichter der ProbandInnen gemacht, um sie mit Face-Reader zu analysieren und die Facette Mitschwingen abzubilden. Die Reliabilitäten der Testversionen lagen mit einem neuen Scoring nun zwischen α = .24 (Emotionserkennungs-Score Prä-Testversion) und
α = .57 (Intensitäts-Score Prä-Testversion) sowie zwischen α = .10 (Emotionserkennungs-Score Post-Testversion) und α = .77 (Intensitäts-Score Post-Testversion). Auch die Schwierigkeiten und Trennschärfen änderten sich nach Adaptieren des Scorings und bewegten sich in beiden Testversionen nun von 30 bis 89 (Schwierigkeit) und von .0 bis .5 (Trennschärfe). Die Face-Reader Analysen zeigten nur in Teilen kongruente Emotionen mit den Selbstauskunftsdaten bzw. den eingeschätzten Intensitäten in den Videosequenzen, dann allerdings mittlere bis große Effekte, so dass in Teilen von einem affektiven Mitschwingen ausgegangen werden kann. Da sich die internen Konsistenzen im Vergleich zur Validierung verschlechterten, wurden die Zusammensetzungen der Testversionen für den Praxiseinsatz wieder auf die Validierungs-Versionen umgestellt.
Im Praxiseinsatz wurden Lehramtsstudierende in SL und Non-SL-Veranstaltungen rekrutiert und miteinander verglichen. Insgesamt nahmen N = 68 Personen an drei Messzeitpunkten teil (n = 30 in SL und n = 38 in Non-SL-Seminaren). Die Analysen zeigten, dass es zwischen den Gruppen keine signifikanten Unterschiede in den genutzten Instrumenten gab. Auch über die Zeit gab es nach der Bonferroni-Korrektur nur einen signifikanten Effekt (F (2,52) = 6.57, p = .003, η2 = .20). Es ist anzunehmen, dass diese Ergebnisse vor allem auf methodische Einschränkungen und Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten des entwickelten Testverfahrens zurückzuführen sind. Weitere Möglichkeiten werden diskutiert.
Motor imagery is conceptualized as an internal simulation that uses motor-related parts of the brain as its substrate. Many studies have investigated this sharing of common neural resources between the two modalities of motor imagery and motor execution. They have shown overlapping but not identical activation patterns that thereby result in a modality-specific neural signature. However, it is not clear how far this neural signature depends on whether the imagined action has previously been practiced physically or only imagined. The present study aims to disentangle whether the neural imprint of an imagined manual pointing sequence within cortical and subcortical motor areas is determined by the nature of this prior practice modality. Each participant practiced two sequences physically, practiced two other sequences mentally, and did a behavioural pre-test without any further practice on a third pair of sequences. After a two-week practice intervention, participants underwent fMRI scans while imagining all six sequences. Behavioural data demonstrated practice-related effects as well as very good compliance with instructions. Functional MRI data confirmed the previously known motor imagery network. Crucially, we found that mental and physical practice left a modality-specific footprint during mental motor imagery. In particular, activation within the right posterior cerebellum was stronger when the imagined sequence had previously been practiced physically. We conclude that cerebellar activity is shaped specifically by the nature of the prior practice modality.
Cognitive flexibility – the ability to adjust one’s behavior to changing environmental demands – is crucial for controlled behavior. However, the term ‘cognitive flexibility’ is used heterogeneously, and associations between cognitive flexibility and other facets of flexible behavior have only rarely been studied systematically. To resolve some of these conceptual uncertainties, we directly compared cognitive flexibility (cue-instructed switching between two affectively neutral tasks), affective flexibility (switching between a neutral and an affective task using emotional stimuli), and feedback-based flexibility (non-cued, feedback-dependent switching between two neutral tasks). Three experimental paradigms were established that share as many procedural features (in terms of stimuli and/or task rules) as possible and administered in a pre-registered study plan (N = 100). Correlation analyses revealed significant associations between the efficiency of cognitive and affective task switching (response time switch costs). Feedback-based flexibility (measured as mean number of errors after rule reversals) did not correlate with task switching efficiency in the other paradigms, but selectively with the effectiveness of affective switching (error rate costs when switching from neutral to emotion task). While preregistered confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) provided no clear evidence for a shared factor underlying the efficiency of switching in all three domains of flexibility, an exploratory CFA suggested commonalities regarding switching effectiveness (accuracy-based switch costs). We propose shared mechanisms controlling the efficiency of cue-dependent task switching across domains, while the relationship to feedback-based flexibility may depend on mechanisms controlling switching effectiveness. Our results call for a more stringent conceptual differentiation between different variants of psychological flexibility.
Physical exercise has been shown to alter sensory functions, such as sensory detection or perceived pain. However, most contributing studies rely on the assessment of single thresholds, and a systematic testing of the sensory system is missing. This randomised, controlled cross-over study aims to determine the sensory phenotype of healthy young participants and to assess if sub-maximal endurance exercise can impact it. We investigated the effects of a single bout of sub-maximal running exercise (30 min at 80% heart rate reserve) compared to a resting control in 20 healthy participants. The sensory profile was assessed applying quantitative sensory testing (QST) according to the protocol of the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain. QST comprises a broad spectrum of thermal and mechanical detection and pain thresholds. It was applied to the forehead of study participants prior and immediately after the intervention. Time between cross-over sessions was one week. Sub-maximal endurance exercise did not significantly alter thermal or mechanical sensory function (time × group analysis) in terms of detection and pain thresholds. The sensory phenotypes did not indicate any clinically meaningful deviation of sensory function. The alteration of sensory thresholds needs to be carefully interpreted, and only systematic testing allows an improved understanding of mechanism. In this context, sub-maximal endurance exercise is not followed by a change of thermal and mechanical sensory function at the forehead in healthy volunteers.
The reading acceleration phenomenon refers to the effect that experimentally induced time constraints can generate instantaneous improvements of reading rate, accuracy and comprehension among typical and reading impaired readers of different age groups. An overview of studies applying the fading manipulation (i.e., letters are erased in reading direction), which induces the time constraints causing the acceleration phenomenon, is provided in the first part of this review. The second part summarises the outcomes of studies using a training approach called the reading acceleration program (RAP) that integrated core principles of the acceleration phenomenon to generate persistent reading performance improvements. Our review shows ample evidence for the validity of the acceleration phenomenon, since it has been replicated across various languages and populations. However, although there are several explanatory approaches for underlying mechanisms, none of them is well substantiated by empirical evidence so far. Similarly, although generally positive effects of RAP training were reported for several languages and groups of readers, the exact mechanisms causing improved reading rates and comprehension are not well understood. Our critical discussion points out several limitations of RAP that call for further research. However, we also highlight several benefits regarding RAP's potential as an intervention approach for enhancements in reading performance. Video abstract link: https://youtu.be/wO6aEXavk8w
Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist eine umfassende Analyse der zeitgenössischen Medienprominenz, hier deutschsprachige Singer-Songwriter, eingebettet in die Kontexte ‘psychische Störungen‘ (erhoben mit dem SKID-II/M.I.N.I.), ‘Kreativität‘ (TSD-Z) und ‘Perfektionismus hinsichtlich des Aussehens‘ (AAS), mit der Zielsetzung dieses heterogene Phänomen mittels einer ganzheitlichen Perspektive zu erfassen. An der Studie nahmen insgesamt 31 prominente und 31 nicht promiente deutschsprachige Singer-Songwriter teil, wobei 15 der prominenten Singer-Songwriter in Besitz von mindestens einem ‘ECHO‘, 14 in Besitz von mindestens einer ‘Goldenen Schallplatte‘ und 2 mit mehr als 200 Nennungen in der Gruner + Jahr Pressedatenbank verzeichnet sind. Zunächst geht die Arbeit der Fragestellung nach, ob sich die prominenten Singer-Songwriter in den Störungsbildern ‘affektive Störung‘, ‘narzisstische Persönlichkeitsstörung‘, ‘Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung‘, ‘Alkoholmissbrauch/-abhängigkeit und ‘Substanzmissbrauch/-abhängigkeit‘ von den nicht prominenten Singer-Songwritern unterscheiden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auf, dass prominente Singer-Songwriter signifikant häufiger unter einer narzisstischen Persönlichkeitsstörung, Alkoholabhängigkeit und Substanzmissbrauchs leiden als nicht prominente Singer-Songwriter. Außerdem wird ersichtlich, dass die prominenten Singer-Songwriter vermehrt Kokain und die nicht prominenten Singer-Songwriter vermehrt Marihuana konsumieren. Die Werte der prominenten und nicht prominenten Singer-Songwriter in Bezug auf die narzisstische Persönlichkeitsstörung sowie Alkoholmissbrauch/-abhängigkeit übersteigen bei weitem die Prävalenzzahlen der deutschen Allgemeinbevölkerung. Als nächstes wurde geprüft, ob prominente Singer-Songwriter kreativer sind als nicht prominente Singer-Songwriter. Diese Annahme konnte, ebenso wie die darauffolgende Annahme, nämlich dass die Kreativität den Zusammenhang zwischen einer psychischen Störung und der Prominenz erklärt, nicht bestätigt werden. Die Kreativität stellt des Weiteren auch kein Moderatoreffekt dar und wirkt somit nicht, gemeinsam mit einer narzisstischen Persönlichkeitsstörung, verstärkend auf die Prominenz. Wiederum ergab sich hypothesenkonform, dass prominente Singer-Songwriter perfektionistischer hinsichtlich ihres Aussehens eingestellt sind als nicht prominente Singer-Songwriter. Zuletzt zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die Prominenz den Zusammenhang zwischen einer narzisstischen Persönlichkeitsstörung und der perfektionistischen Einstellung hinsichtlich des Aussehens nicht erklärt, jedoch verstärkt die Prominenz den Einfluss einer Depression auf die soziale Isolation.
Bisherige Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass auch Frauen sexuellen Kindesmissbrauch begehen und somit eine potentielle Gefahr für das Kindeswohl darstellen können. Aus Deutschland liegen bisher nur regionale oder Studien mit geringer Stichprobengröße vor. Die vorliegende Studie verfolgt das Ziel, eine umfassende Bestandserhebung des sexuellen Kindesmissbrauchs durch Frauen in Deutschland zu dokumentieren. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden zum ersten Mal bundesweit Strafakten von 465 pädokriminellen Frauen ausgewertet, die in den letzten 30 Jahren nach §§174, 176, 180 oder 182 des StGB verurteilt wurden. Die standardisierte Analyse umfasst 185 Variablen und 54 selbst definierte Skalen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine pädokriminelle Frau durchschnittlich 33 Jahre alt ist, zumeist in einer Ehe in einer Kleinstadt lebt und häufig keiner beruflichen Tätigkeit nachgeht. Sie ist eine Mittäterin, handelt überwiegend aus Abhängigkeit zu ihrem männlichen Komplizen heraus, zu dem sie eine intime Beziehung pflegt und missbraucht mehrheitlich weibliche Opfer (Verhältnis fast 2:1). Beinahe die Hälfte der 614 Opfer, zu denen Informationen vorlagen, waren leibliche Kinder der Täterinnen und rund jedes sechste Kind stammte vom männlichen Mittäter.
Background and aims: One reason for the controversial discussion of whether the dual task (DT) walking paradigm has an added value for diagnosis in clinical conditions might be the use of different gait measurement systems. Therefore, the purpose was 1) to detect DT effects of central gait parameters obtained from five different gait analysis devices in young and old adults, 2) to assess the consistency of the measurement systems, and 3) to determine if the absolut and proportional DT costs (DTC) are greater than the system-measurement error under ST. Methods: Twelve old (72.2 ± 7.9y) and 14 young adults (28.3 ± 6.2y) walked a 14.7-m distance under ST and DT at a self-selected gait velocity. Interrater reliability, precision of the measurement and sensitivity to change were calculated under ST and DT. Results: An age effect was observed in almost all gait parameters for the ST condition. For DT only differences for stride length (p < .029, ɳ2p = .239) as well as single and double limb support (p = .036, ɳ2p = .227; p = .034, ɳ2p = .218) remained. The measurement systems showed a lower absolute agreement compared to consistency across all systems. Conclusions: When reporting DT effects, the real changes in performance and random measurement errors should always be accounted for. These findings have strong implications for interpreting DT effects.
Mit der zunehmenden Relevanz des Internets in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten geht auch die Gefahr einer dysfunktionalen, suchtartigen Nutzung von verschiedenen Internetanwendungen und insbesondere von digitalen Spielen einher. Jugendliche sind von Internetbezogenen Störungen (IbS) in besonderem Maße betroffen. Die vorliegende Dissertation leistet in vier Einzelstudien einen Beitrag zur Beantwortung offener Forschungsfragen auf dem Gebiet der IbS. Studie 1 setzt sich damit auseinander, ob und inwiefern die Aufnahme der „Gaming Disorder“ in die Neuauflage der internationalen Klassifikation der Krankheiten der WHO (ICD-11) gerechtfertigt ist und kommt zu dem Schluss, dass die neue Diagnose sowohl für die Forschung als auch für die klinische Praxis mehr Vor- als Nachteile bietet. Der Gefahr einer Überpathologisierung und Stigmatisierung kann durch eine gründliche Diagnosestellung durch geschulte Fachpersonen begegnet werden. Studie 2 untersucht schulbezogene Risikofaktoren von IbS. Dazu wurden N=418 Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene im Alter von 11 bis 21 Jahren, die vorab auf ein erhöhtes Risiko für IbS gescreent wurden, per Fragebogen nach ihrem Internetnutzungsverhalten, nach IbS-Symptomen, nach Schulnoten und Fehltagen, nach ihrem Lern- und Sozialverhalten sowie nach Prokrastinationstendenzen befragt. Die Daten entstammen dem ersten Messzeitpunkt der PROTECT-Studie (Professioneller Umgang mit technischen Medien). Aufgrund der hierarchischen Datenstruktur wurde zur Analyse ein Mehrebenenansatz gewählt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Online-Zeit, vermehrtes Gaming und Prokrastination auf der Individualebene sowie Sozialverhalten auf der Schulebene Symptome einer IbS vorhersagen. Studie 3 und Studie 4 befassen sich mit der Prävention von IbS. Studie 3 gibt einen Überblick über den internationalen Stand der Forschung im Bereich der Prävention und Frühintervention und stellt die derzeit verfügbaren deutschsprachigen Präventionsprogramme vor.
Während in den westlichen Ländern vor allem gruppenbasierte, verhaltensorientierte Programme zur Anwendung kommen, werden im ostasiatischen Raum auch verhältnispräventive Maßnahmen eingesetzt, wie etwa Spielzeitbeschränkungen für Minderjährige. In Deutschland sind derzeit 12 Präventionsprogramme für IbS verfügbar.
Für zwei dieser Programme wurde die Wirksamkeit in randomisiert-kontrollierten Studien nachgewiesen. Studie 4 ist eine dieser Untersuchungen. Sie stellt die Ergebnisse der Wirksamkeitsprüfung für das von unserer Arbeitsgruppe entwickelte PROTECT-Präventionsprogramm dar. Dazu wurden N=422 Schülerinnen und Schüler, die vorab auf ein erhöhtes Risiko für IbS gescreent wurden, nach Clustern (Schulen) randomisiert in eine Interventions- und eine Beobachtungsgruppe eingeteilt. Während in der Interventionsgruppe das kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutisch orientierte 4-wöchige PROTECT-Programm in Kleingruppen durchgeführt wurde, füllten die Teilnehmenden der Beobachtungsgruppe lediglich zu vier Messzeitpunkten (vor und nach der Intervention, nach 4 Monaten und nach 12 Monaten)
diagnostische Fragebögen zur Soziodemografie, zur Internetnutzung, zur IbS-Symptomatik, zu komorbiden psychischen Störungen, zur Emotionsregulation, zum Sozial- und Lernverhalten, zu Prokrastinationstendenzen sowie zum Selbstwertgefühl aus. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen eine Reduktion der IbSSymptomatik in beiden Gruppen. Die Reduktion ist jedoch in der Interventionsgruppe signifikant stärker, was für die Wirksamkeit des PROTECT-Programms spricht. Die Ergebnisse von Studie 1-4 ergänzen bisherige Forschungsbefunde zu IbS im Bereich der Diagnostik, Entstehung und Prävention.
Das World Wide Web (Web) als die wohl wichtigste Entwicklung von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (engl. information and communication technologies, ICTs) Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts bietet uns Zugang zu einer unbegrenzten Fülle an Informationen. Doch um es als reichhaltige Informationsquelle effektiv nutzen zu können, benötigen wir spezifische ICT-Fähigkeiten. Die Dissertation Development of Interactive Performance Measures for two Components of ICT Literacy: Successfully Accessing and Evaluating Information befasst sich daher mit der Untersuchung zweier grundlegender ICT Fähigkeiten für die erfolgreiche Nutzung des Web als Informationsquelle: der Fähigkeit, auf die gewünschten Information zugreifen zu können, also basale Computerfähigkeiten (engl. basic computer skills, BCS), sowie der Fähigkeit, die Online-Informationen in Bezug auf ihre Glaubwürdigkeit bewerten zu können. Hierzu werden zunächst anhand der Betrachtung des theoretischen Hintergrundes beider ICT-Fähigkeiten Definitionen der Konstrukte vorgestellt. Ziel der Arbeit stellt die Entwicklung zweier Testverfahren zur interaktiven, computer-basierten Erfassung basaler Computerfähigkeiten sowie der Fähigkeit zur Bewertung der Glaubwürdigkeit von Online-Informationen dar. Die den Testverfahren zugrundeliegende faktorielle Struktur sowie die Beziehung beider ICT-Fähigkeiten zu verwandten Konstrukten werden untersucht. Des Weiteren werden Ergebnisse aus der praktischen Anwendung des neu entwickelten Tests zur Evaluation von Online-Informationen (TEO) genutzt, um zu einem tieferen Verständnis über den Suchprozess im Web (engl. web search proccess) zu gelangen und Faktoren zu identifizieren, die diesen beeinflussen. Dabei wird sowohl der Einfluss sogenannter Aufgabencharakteristika (engl. task characteristics) untersucht, die den Kontext des Suchprozesses bestimmen, als auch der Einfluss individueller Prozesscharakteristika (engl. individual process characteristics), welche durch die jeweilige Person bestimmt sind, die die Informationssuche vornimmt.
Um den Forschungszielen der Arbeit gerecht zu werden, wurden drei Studien durchgeführt. Die erste Studie befasst sich mit der Entwicklung der Skala zur Erfassung basaler Computerfähigkeiten (BCS). Im Konkreten wurden Hypothesen über die Zusammenhänge der BCS-Skala mit praktischem Computerwissen, Worterkennung, einer Selbsteinschätzung der eigenen Computerfähigkeiten sowie elektronischer Lesefähigkeit formuliert und analysiert. Die zweite Studie behandelt die Entwicklung des Tests zur Evaluation von Online-Informationen (TEO) und exploriert sowohl die latente Struktur des Konstruktes der Bewertung der Glaubwürdigkeit von Online-Informationen als auch den Zusammenhang mit basalen Computerfähigkeiten, Worterkennung und logischem Denken. In der dritten Studie wird der Suchprozess im Web näher beleuchtet und mögliche Einflussgrößen einer erfolgreichen Bewertung von Online-Informationen erforscht, wobei der Einfluss von Aufgabencharakteristika, individuellen Prozesscharakteristika und deren Interaktion ergründet wird. Im Speziellen wurde der Einfluss dreier Aufgabencharakteristika geprüft, die sich auf die Komplexität einer Aufgabe beziehen: die Anzahl der Suchergebnisse (Links auf der Ergebnisseite einer Suchmaschinenabfrage), die Attraktivität der weniger glaubwürdigen Links auf der Ergebnisseite einer Suchmaschinenabfrage im Vergleich zum glaubwürdigsten Link sowie die Kongruenz zwischen den Glaubwürdigkeitsmerkmalen in den Links auf der Ergebnisseite der Suchmaschinenabfrage und auf den dazugehörigen Webseiten. Dabei war die Attraktivität eines Links definiert als die Gesamtanzahl der Glaubwürdigkeitsmerkmale, welche auf eine hohe Glaubwürdigkeit der Informationen hinweisen. Je mehr Merkmale eines Links hohe Glaubwürdigkeit indizieren, desto attraktiver ist ein Link. Von Kongruenz zwischen den Glaubwürdigkeitsmerkmalen wurde ausgegangen, wenn diese sowohl in einem Link auf der Ergebnisseite der Suchmaschinenabfrage als auch auf der korrespondierenden Webseite gleichermaßen hohe oder gleichermaßen geringe Glaubwürdigkeit anzeigen. Inkongruenz hingegen wurde angenommen, wenn die Glaubwürdigkeitsmerkmale in einem Link auf der Ergebnisseite hohe Glaubwürdigkeit und jene auf der korrespondierenden Webseite geringe Glaubwürdigkeit anzeigen und vice versa. Weiterhin wurde der Einfluss dreier individueller Prozesscharakteristika auf den Bewertungserfolg untersucht: die Anzahl besuchter unterschiedlicher Webseiten, die auf der Ergebnisseite der Suchmaschinenabfrage verbrachte Zeit sowie die auf den korrespondierenden Webseiten verbrachte Zeit.
Zusammengefasst präsentiert die Arbeit reliable Instrumente zur Erfassung basaler Computerfähigkeiten sowie der Fähigkeit zur Bewertung der Glaubwürdigkeit von Online-Informationen. Sie zeigt die hohe Relevanz basaler Lesefähigkeiten (Worterkennung) für beide Konstrukte auf und offenbart die Fähigkeit zum logischen Denken als Prädiktor für die Bewertungskompetenz. Während eine erfolgreiche Bewertung von Online-Informationen durch eine hohe Anzahl von Suchergebnissen negativ beeinflusst wurde, wirkte sich Kongruenz der Glaubwürdigkeitsmerkmale sowie eine hohe Anzahl besuchter unterschiedlicher Webseiten positiv auf den Bewertungserfolg aus. Die Attraktivität der weniger glaubwürdigen Links sowie die zeitbezogenen Prozesscharakteristika beeinflussten den Bewertungserfolg wider Erwarten nicht. Die Anzahl besuchter unterschiedlicher Webseiten erwies sich bei einer hohen Anzahl von Suchergebnissen als weniger prädiktiv für den Bewertungserfolg als bei einer geringen Anzahl von Suchergebnissen.
Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) has been included in the DSM-5 as a diagnosis for further study, and Gaming Disorder as a new diagnosis in the ICD-11. Nonetheless, little is known about the clinical prevalence of IGD in children and adolescents. Additionally, it is unclear if patients with IGD are already identified in routine psychotherapy, using the ICD-10 diagnosis F 63.8 (recommended classification of IGD in ICD-10). This study investigated N = 358 children and adolescents (self and parental rating) of an outpatient psychotherapy centre in Germany using the Video Game Dependency Scale. According to self-report 4.0% of the 11- to 17-year-old patients met criteria for a tentative IGD diagnosis and 14.0% according to the parental report. Of the 5- to 10-year-old patients, 4.1% were diagnosed with tentative IGD according to parental report. Patients meeting IGD criteria were most frequently diagnosed with hyperkinetic disorders, followed by anxiety disorders, F 63.8, conduct disorders, mood disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders (descending order) as primary clinical diagnoses. Consequently, this study indicates that a significant amount of the clinical population presents IGD. Meaning, appropriate diagnostics should be included in routine psychological diagnostics in order to avoid “hidden” cases of IGD in the future.
Cross-sectional findings suggest that volumes of specific hippocampal subfields increase in middle childhood and early adolescence. In contrast, a small number of available longitudinal studies reported decreased volumes in most subfields over this age range. Further, it remains unknown whether structural changes in development are associated with corresponding gains in children’s memory. Here we report cross-sectional age differences in children’s hippocampal subfield volumes together with longitudinal developmental trajectories and their relationships with memory performance. In two waves, 109 participants aged 6–10 years (wave 1: MAge=7.25, wave 2: MAge=9.27) underwent high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging to assess hippocampal subfield volumes (imaging data available at both waves for 65 participants) and completed tasks assessing hippocampus dependent memory processes. We found that cross-sectional age-associations and longitudinal developmental trends in hippocampal subfield volumes were discrepant, both by subfields and in direction. Further, volumetric changes were largely unrelated to changes in memory, with the exception that increase in subiculum volume was associated with gains in spatial memory. Longitudinal and cross-sectional patterns of brain-cognition couplings were also discrepant. We discuss potential sources of these discrepancies. This study underscores that children’s structural brain development and its relationship to cognition cannot be inferred from cross-sectional age comparisons.
Culturally adapted cognitive behavioral therapy (CA-CBT) is a well-evaluated, transdiagnostic group intervention for refugees that uses psychoeducation, meditation, and stretching exercises. In the current study, we added problem-solving training to CA-CBT and evaluated this treatment (i.e., CA-CBT+) in a randomized controlled pilot trial with a sample of Farsi-speaking refugees. Participants (N = 24) were male refugees diagnosed with DSM-5 PTSD, major depressive disorder, and anxiety disorders who were randomly assigned to either a treatment or waitlist control (WLC) condition. Treatment components were adapted both to the specific cultural background and the current social problems of asylum seekers. Assessments were performed pretreatment, 12-weeks posttreatment, and 1-year follow-up. The primary treatment outcome was the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28); secondary outcome measures included the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, Patient Health Questionnaire, Somatic Symptom Scale, World Health Organization Quality of Life, and Emotion Regulation Scale. Eleven of 12 participants were randomized to CA-CBT+ completed treatment. Based on intent-to-treat data, large between-group effect sizes were seen at posttreatment in the GHQ-28, d = 3.0, and for most secondary outcome measures. Improvements for individuals in the treatment group decreased at 1-year follow-up, but effect sizes demonstrated continued large improvements on all measures as compared to pretreatment levels. In summary, CA-CBT+ led to large improvements in general psychopathological distress and quality of life, which were maintained in the long term. In addition, the dropout rate was very low, with delivery in group format. Thus, problem-solving training appears to be a promising addition to CA-CBT.
In the face of the worldwide COVIV-19 pandemic, refugees represent a particularly vulnerable group with respect to access to health care and information regarding preventive behavior. In an online survey the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Scale, self-reported changes in preventive and risk behaviors, knowledge about COVID-19, and psychopathological symptoms (PHQ-4) were assessed. The convenience sample consisted of n = 76 refugees (n = 45 Arabic speaking, n = 31 Farsi speaking refugees) and n = 76 German controls matched with respect to age and sex. Refugees reported a significantly larger fear of infection, significantly less knowledge about COVID-19, and a higher frequency of maladaptive behavior, as compared to the control group. This study shows that refugees are more vulnerable to fear of infection and maladaptive behaviors than controls. Culturally adapted, easily accessible education about COVID-19 may be beneficial in improving knowledge and preventive behaviors related to COVID-19.
Despite the increasing interest in leaders’ health-promoting behavior, the employees’ role in the effectiveness of such behavior and the mechanisms underlying how such leadership behavior affects their well-being have largely been ignored. Drawing on implicit leadership theories, we advance the health-oriented leadership literature by examining employees’ ideals, that is, their expectations regarding such leader behavior, as a moderating factor. We propose that higher expectations increase the association between actual health-oriented leader behavior and employee-rated leader-member relationships (LMX) and health-oriented behaviors by employees, which, in turn, positively relate to their well-being (here: exhaustion and work engagement). We tested our theoretical model in three studies, using a cross-sectional design (Study 1, N = 307), a two-wave time-lagged design (Study 2, N = 144) and an experimental design (Study 3, N = 173). We found that the effect of actual health-oriented leader behavior on LMX is contingent on employees’ ideal health-oriented leader behavior. Yet, for employees’ self-care behavior, the proposed moderation was only significant in Study 1. High expectations strengthened the relationship between actual health-oriented leader behavior with LMX and self-care behavior, which, in turn, were associated with less exhaustion and more work engagement (only LMX), supporting most of our mediation hypotheses. Our results highlight the pivotal role of employees’ expectations regarding leaders’ health support and help in building practical interventions with regard to leaders’ health promotion.
Although researchers and practitioners increasingly focus on health promotion in organizations, research has been mainly fragmented and fails to integrate different organizational levels in terms of their effects on employee health. Drawing on organizational climate and social identity research, we present a cascading model of organizational health climate and demonstrate how and when leaders' perceptions of organizational health climate are linked to employee well-being. We tested our model in two multisource studies (NStudy 1 = 65 leaders and 291 employees; NStudy 2 = 401 leader–employee dyads). Results showed that leaders' perceptions of organizational health climate were positively related to their health mindsets (i.e., their health awareness). These in turn were positively associated with their health-promoting leadership behavior, which ultimately went along with better employee well-being. Additionally, in Study 1, the relationship between perceived organizational health climate and leaders' health mindsets was moderated by their organizational identification. High leader identification strengthened the relationship between perceived organizational health climate and leaders' health mindsets. These findings have important implications for theory and practice as they show how the dynamics of an organizational health climate can unfold in organizations and how it is related to employee well-being via the novel concept of health-promoting leadership.
The ability to respond appropriately to employees' work-related well-being requires leaders to pay attention to their employees' well-being in the first place. We propose that leaders' stress mindset, that is, the belief that stress is enhancing versus debilitating, may bias their perception of employees' well-being. We further propose that this judgment then influences leaders' intention to engage in or refrain from health-oriented leadership behavior, to express higher performance expectations, or to promote their employees. We expect this process to be stronger if leaders strongly identify with their team, increasing their perceived similarity with their employees. In three experiments (N1 = 198, N2 = 292, N3 = 250), we tested the effect of participants' stress mindset on their intention to show certain leadership behaviors, mediated by their perception of employee well-being (emotional exhaustion, somatic symptoms, work engagement) and moderated by their team identification. Our findings largely support the association between stress mindset and the perception of well-being. The results for the proposed mediation and the moderating function of identification were mixed. Overall, the results emphasize the critical role of leaders' stress mindset and may, thus, improve health promotion in organizations by helping leaders to adequately recognize employees' well-being and respond appropriately.
The implications of telework are discussed controversially and research on its positive and negative effects has produced contradictory results. We explore voluntariness of employee telework as a boundary condition which may underpin these contradictory findings. Under normal circumstances, individuals who do more telework should perceive fewer disadvantages. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, employees could no longer voluntarily choose to telecommute, as many organizations were forced to introduce telework by governmental regulations. In two studies, we examine whether the voluntary nature of telework moderates the association between the amount of telework and perceptions of disadvantage. In Study 1, we collected data before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 327). Results show that pre-pandemic participants (who were more likely to voluntarily choose this form of work) reported fewer disadvantages the more telework they did, but this was not the case for employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. To validate these findings, we measured employees’ voluntariness of telework in Study 2 (N = 220). Results support the importance of voluntariness: Individuals who experience a high degree of voluntariness in choosing telework perceive fewer disadvantages the more they telework. However, the amount of telework was not related to reduced perceptions of disadvantages for those who experienced low voluntariness regarding the telecommuting arrangement. Our findings help to understand when telework is related to the perception of disadvantages and they can provide organizations with starting points for practical interventions to reduce the negative effects of telework.
The implications of telework are discussed controversially and research on its positive and negative effects has produced contradictory results. We explore voluntariness of employee telework as a boundary condition which may underpin these contradictory findings. Under normal circumstances, individuals who do more telework should perceive fewer disadvantages. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, employees could no longer voluntarily choose to telecommute, as many organizations were forced to introduce telework by governmental regulations. In two studies, we examine whether the voluntary nature of telework moderates the association between the amount of telework and perceptions of disadvantage. In Study 1, we collected data before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 327). Results show that pre-pandemic participants (who were more likely to voluntarily choose this form of work) reported fewer disadvantages the more telework they did, but this was not the case for employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. To validate these findings, we measured employees’ voluntariness of telework in Study 2 (N = 220). Results support the importance of voluntariness: Individuals who experience a high degree of voluntariness in choosing telework perceive fewer disadvantages the more they telework. However, the amount of telework was not related to reduced perceptions of disadvantages for those who experienced low voluntariness regarding the telecommuting arrangement. Our findings help to understand when telework is related to the perception of disadvantages and they can provide organizations with starting points for practical interventions to reduce the negative effects of telework.
Taking blood via venipuncture is part of the necessary surveillance before and after liver transplantation. The spectrum of response from children and their parents is variable, ranging from a short and limited aversion to paralyzing phobia. The aim of this retrospective, cross-sectional study was to determine the level of anxiety amongst children during venipuncture, to compare the anxiety reported by children and parents, and to identify the factors affecting the children’s and parents’ anxiety in order to develop therapeutic strategies. In total, 147 children (aged 0–17 years, 78 female) and their parents completed questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed using qualitative and quantitative methods. Results showed that the majority of children reported anxiety and pain during venipuncture. Younger children had more anxiety (self-reported or assessed by parents). Children and parental reports of anxiety were highly correlated. However, the child’s anxiety was often reported as higher by parents than by the children themselves. The child’s general anxiety as well as the parents’ perceived stress from surgical interventions (but not the number of surgical interventions) prompted parental report of child anxiety. For children, the main stressors that correlated with anxiety and pain were factors during the blood collection itself (e.g., feeling the puncture, seeing the syringe). Parental anxiety was mainly related to circumstances before the blood collection (e.g., approaching the clinic, sitting in the waiting room). The main stressors mentioned by parents were the child’s discomfort and their inability to calm the child. Results indicate that the children’s fear of factors during the blood collection, along with the parents’ perceived stress and helplessness as well as their anticipatory anxiety are important starting points for facilitating the drawing of blood from children before and after liver transplantation, thereby supporting a better disease course in the future.
Resilience has been defined as the maintenance or quick recovery of mental health during and after times of adversity. How to operationalize resilience and to determine the factors and processes that lead to good long-term mental health outcomes in stressor-exposed individuals is a matter of ongoing debate and of critical importance for the advancement of the field. One of the biggest challenges for implementing an outcome-based definition of resilience in longitudinal observational study designs lies in the fact that real-life adversity is usually unpredictable and that its substantial qualitative as well as temporal variability between subjects often precludes defining circumscribed time windows of inter-individually comparable stressor exposure relative to which the maintenance or recovery of mental health can be determined. To address this pertinent issue, we propose to frequently and regularly monitor stressor exposure (E) and mental health problems (P) throughout a study's observation period [Frequent Stressor and Mental Health Monitoring (FRESHMO)-paradigm]. On this basis, a subject's deviation at any single monitoring time point from the study sample's normative E–P relationship (the regression residual) can be used to calculate that subject's current mental health reactivity to stressor exposure (“stressor reactivity,” SR). The SR score takes into account the individual extent of experienced adversity and is comparable between and within subjects. Individual SR time courses across monitoring time points reflect intra-individual temporal variability in SR, where periods of under-reactivity (negative SR score) are associated with accumulation of fewer mental health problems than is normal for the sample. If FRESHMO is accompanied by regular measurement of potential resilience factors, temporal changes in resilience factors can be used to predict SR time courses. An increase in a resilience factor measurement explaining a lagged decrease in SR can then be considered to index a process of adaptation to stressor exposure that promotes a resilient outcome (an allostatic resilience process). This design principle allows resilience research to move beyond merely determining baseline predictors of resilience outcomes, which cannot inform about how individuals successfully adjust and adapt when confronted with adversity. Hence, FRESHMO plus regular resilience factor monitoring incorporates a dynamic-systems perspective into resilience research.
The relationship between exhaustion and work engagement has received considerable attention during the past decades. Although the theoretical proposition exists that work engagement may increase exhaustion over time, previous research has been mixed. Drawing on the transactional stress model and applying latent growth modeling, we aim to provide a more comprehensive picture of the work engagement–exhaustion relationship over time. In two longitudinal studies, with four measurement points each, we found consistent evidence that a higher initial work engagement related to increased exhaustion over time. Consistent with our hypotheses, a higher initial work engagement also related to less initial exhaustion, and increases in work engagement related to decreases in exhaustion over time. However, contrary to our expectations, a higher initial exhaustion related to elevated work engagement over time. In conclusion, our findings suggest that engaged employees are less exhausted but face a higher risk of exhaustion over time. At the same time, exhausted employees are less engaged, but they have the potential to become more so over time. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings will be discussed in this paper.
Recent research on the dynamics between attentional and memory processes have outlined the idea that applying control in a conflicting situation directly leads to enhanced episodic memory of the processed information. However, in spite of a small subset of studies supporting this claim, the majority of the evidence in the field seems to support the opposite pattern. In this study, we used a face–word Stroop task to enforce different control modes either from trial to trial or in an item-specific manner. Both manipulations of congruency proved to be effective in making participants’ responses to conflicting stimuli more efficient over time by applying a trial-specific control mode. However, these manipulations had no impact on memory performance on a surprise recognition memory test. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt at measuring the memory consequences of the application of specific control modes at the trial level. The results reported here call for caution and possibly reconceptualization of the relationship between cognitive control and memory.
Objective: To compare narrative coping with physical and psychological ambiguous loss (AL) and definite loss in terms of distancing (vs. narrative immersion), meaning-making, and subjective biographical consequences.
Methods: Thirty adults who had lost a parent to death, to going missing, or to Alzheimer disease (N = 90, 67 females; mean age 36.73 years, SD = 7.27; mean time since loss 9.0 years) narrated two loss-related and three control memories.
Results: Individuals with AL were not more immersed in the loss experience, but less successful in finding meaning and in evaluating the loss and its consequences positively compared to those with a definite loss. These group differences were not due to differences in depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and protracted grief.
Conclusions: Ambiguity of loss renders meaning-making and coherently narrating loss more difficult, leading to more negative affect, suggesting interventions that help narrating loss coherently in a self-accepting way.
Transcranial alternating-current stimulation (tACS) in the frequency range of 1–100 Hz has come to be used routinely in electroencephalogram (EEG) studies of brain function through entrainment of neuronal oscillations. It turned out, however, to be highly non-trivial to remove the strong stimulation signal, including its harmonic and non-harmonic distortions, as well as various induced higher-order artifacts from the EEG data recorded during the stimulation. In this paper, we discuss some of the problems encountered and present methodological approaches aimed at overcoming them. To illustrate the mechanisms of artifact induction and the proposed removal strategies, we use data obtained with the help of a schematic demonstrator setup as well as human-subject data.
In the application of range of motion (ROM) tests there is little agreement on the number of repetitions to be measured and the number of preceding warm-up protocols. In stretch training a plateau in ROM gains can be seen after four to five repetitions. With increasing number of repetitions, the gain in ROM is reduced. This study examines the question of whether such an effect occurs in common ROM tests. Twenty-two healthy sport students (10 m/12 f.) with an average age of 25.3 ± 1.94 years (average height 174.1 ± 9.8 cm; weight 66.6 ± 11.3 kg and BMI 21.9 ± 2.0 kg/cm2) volunteered in this study. Each subject performed five ROM tests in a randomized order—measured either via a tape measure or a digital inclinometer: Tape measure was used to evaluate the Fingertip-to-Floor test (FtF) and the Lateral Inclination test (LI). Retroflexion of the trunk modified after Janda (RF), Thomas test (TT) and a Shoulder test modified after Janda (ST) were evaluated with a digital inclinometer. In order to show general acute effects within 20 repetitions we performed ANOVA/Friedman-test with multiple comparisons. A non-linear regression was then performed to identify a plateau formation. Significance level was set at 5%. In seven out of eight ROM tests (five tests in total with three tests measured both left and right sides) significant flexibility gains were observed (FtF: p < 0.001; LI-left/right: p < 0.001/0.001; RF: p = 0.009; ST-left/right: p < 0.001/p = 0.003; TT-left: p < 0.001). A non-linear regression with random effects was successfully applied on FtF, RF, LI-left/right, ST-left and TT-left and thus, indicate a gradual decline in the amount of gained ROM. An acute effect was observed in most ROM tests, which is characterized by a gradual decline of ROM gain. For those tests, we can state that the acute effect described in the stretching literature also applies to the performance of typical ROM tests. Since a non-linear behavior was shown, it is the decision of the practitioner to weigh up between measurement accuracy and expenditure. Researchers and practitioners should consider this when applying ROM assessments to healthy young adults.
Background: Running is a popular sport with high injury rates. Although risk factors have intensively been investigated, synthesized knowledge about the differences in injury rates of female and male runners is scarce. Objective: To systematically investigate the differences in injury rates and characteristics between female and male runners. Methods: Database searches (PubMed, Web of Science, PEDro, SPORTDiscus) were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines using the keywords “running AND injur*”. Prospective studies reporting running related injury rates for both sexes were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool the risk ratios (RR) for the occurrence of injuries in female vs. male runners. Potential moderators (effect modifiers) were analysed using meta-regression. Results: After removal of duplicates, 12,215 articles were screened. Thirty-eight studies were included and the OR of 31 could be pooled in the quantitative analysis. The overall injury rate was 20.8 (95% CI 19.9–21.7) injuries per 100 female runners and 20.4 (95% CI 19.7–21.1) injuries per 100 male runners. Meta-analysis revealed no differences between sexes for overall injuries reported per 100 runners (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.90–1.10, n = 24) and per hours or athlete exposure (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.69–1.27, n = 6). Female sex was associated with a more frequent occurrence of bone stress injury (RR (for males) 0.52, 95% CI 0.36–0.76, n = 5) while male runners had higher risk for Achilles tendinopathies (RR 1. 86, 95% CI 1.25–2.79, n = 2). Meta-regression showed an association between a higher injury risk and competition distances of 10 km and shorter in female runners (RR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00–1.69). Conclusion: Differences between female and male runners in specific injury diagnoses should be considered in the development of individualised and sex-specific prevention and rehabilitation strategies to manage running-related injuries.
Individual differences in general cognitive ability (i.e., intelligence) have been linked to individual variations in the modular organization of functional brain networks. However, these analyses have been limited to static (time-averaged) connectivity, and have not yet addressed whether dynamic changes in the configuration of brain networks relate to general intelligence. Here, we used multiband functional MRI resting-state data (N = 281) and estimated subject-specific time-varying functional connectivity networks. Modularity optimization was applied to determine individual time-variant module partitions and to assess fluctuations in modularity across time. We show that higher intelligence, indexed by an established composite measure, the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), is associated with higher temporal stability (lower temporal variability) of brain network modularity. Post-hoc analyses reveal that subjects with higher intelligence scores engage in fewer periods of extremely high modularity — which are characterized by greater disconnection of task-positive from task-negative networks. Further, we show that brain regions of the dorsal attention network contribute most to the observed effect. In sum, our study suggests that investigating the temporal dynamics of functional brain network topology contributes to our understanding of the neural bases of general cognitive abilities.
Background: Handball referees play an important role during a handball match. Surprisingly, not much is known about their sports-related injuries and resulting pain, therefore the purpose of our study was to focus on injuries and sports-related pain in referees in German handball leagues. Methods: During the 2018/19 national German handball season, referees of the German Federation of Handball (DHB) were contacted and asked to complete an injury and pain questionnaire on the penultimate matchday of the first and the second round of the season. Results: Seventy referees participated in the study. One in three referees reported an injury during the last year and perceived some form of pain. Of those suffering from pain, 16.7% referees reported chronic pain disorders. During the season, 31.4% of referees incurred an injury and the majority of the 70 referees officiated despite pain (n = 43). Prospectively-enrolled data suggested an incidence of 11.6 (95% CI: 10.3 to 13.0) injuries per 1000 match hours, and 19.0 (95% CI: 16.8 to 21.3) sports-related pain events per 1000 match hours. The most common injuries were foot and knee injuries and a substantial number of the referees (n = 25) reported taking analgesics for the pain. Conclusion: German handball referees are at risk of sports-related injuries with subsequent pain. Considering the injury profile, the incidence of sports-related pain events, and the high physiological demands of refereeing, it appears that prevention programs should be developed and integrated into the routine of the referee.
With our research, we contribute to the research on proactive work behavior in two ways. First, we examine a person's gender as a boundary condition for proactive behavior at work. Based on social role theory, we argue that women are less likely to receive credit for showing personal initiative (PI) than men. Second, we examine agency and communion as underlying mechanisms that translate PI into a person's evaluation and drive backlash effects. The hypotheses were tested in two complementary experimental studies (Study 1; N = 114, Study 2: N = 163) using simulated job interviews. Our results show that PI relates to better evaluations (likeability, perceived competence, performance evaluations, expected success and hireability) of the job applicant and that these effects are mediated by agency and communion. Further, we find backlash effects for women high in agency and men high in communion on likeability (Study 2). The implications of these results for organizations and future research are discussed.
The papers in this Special Issue Part I “Revisioning, Rethinking, Restructuring Gender at Work: Quo Vadis Gender Stereotypes?” focus on the current state of gender inequality, particularly stereotypes. We present studies showing that differences in gender stereotypes still exist, confirm disadvantages for women in male-dominated roles and sectors and when the employment sector is not specified, but also disadvantages for men in female-dominated roles and sectors. In contrast to this general trend, one paper in Part II of this Special Issue found a preference for women over men as job candidates in their study. Incongruence emerged as a striking common theme to explain these gender differences, whereby some studies focused on the perceived incongruence from the actor's perspective and how external factors contribute to these perceptions, whereas others looked at the perceived incongruence from the observer's perspective. We summarize the papers and briefly discuss the key points of Part I at the end of this editorial.
Based on stereotype threat and stereotype lift theory, this study explores implicit stereotype threat effects of gender stereotypes on the performance of primary school children in mathematics. Moreover, effects of implicit gender stereotypical cues (gender-specific task material) on motivational aspects were explored, which have revealed mixed results in stereotype threat research in the past. N = 151 German primary school children (47.7% female; mean age: M = 9.81, SD = 0.60) calculated either stereotypical or neutral mathematical text problems before motivational aspects were assessed. Contradicting our expectations, results neither revealed a stereotype threat effect on girls’ performance nor a lift effect on the boys. Instead, girls calculating stereotypical tasks outperformed girls in the control group, whereas boys’ performance did not significantly differ compared to the control group. Regarding motivational aspects, only traditional gender differences emerged as girls reported significantly more pressure and tension calculating the mathematical tasks. The discussion focuses on the way in which stereotypes can affect children’s cognitive performance and in turn, their mathematical performance.
Background: Hebb repetition learning is a form of long-term serial order learning that can occur when sequences of items in an immediate serial recall task are repeated. Repetition improves performance because of the gradual integration of serial order information from short-term memory into a more stable long-term memory trace.
Aims: The current study assessed whether adolescents with non-specific intellectual disabilities showed Hebb repetition effects, and if their magnitude was equivalent to those of children with typical development, matched for mental age.
Methods: Two immediate serial recall Hebb repetition learning tasks using verbal and visuospatial materials were presented to 47 adolescents with intellectual disabilities (11–15 years) and 47 individually mental age-matched children with typical development (4–10 years).
Results: Both groups showed Hebb repetition learning effects of similar magnitude, albeit with some reservations. Evidence for Hebb repetition learning was found for both verbal and visuospatial materials; for our measure of Hebb learning the effects were larger for verbal than visuospatial materials.
Conclusions: The findings suggested that adolescents with intellectual disabilities may show implicit long-term serial-order learning broadly commensurate with mental age level. The benefits of using repetition in educational contexts for adolescents with intellectual disabilities are considered.
Based on the stressor-detachment model, previous research has assumed that work-related ICT use in the evening impairs psychological detachment. However, since most of the studies to date have assessed cross-sectional relationships, little is known about the actual direction of effects. In this 5-day diary study, we implemented a day-level longitudinal model to shed light on the causal relationships between work-related ICT use, detachment, and task progress (N = 340 employees, N = 1289 day-level cases). We also investigated the role of unfinished work tasks because we assumed, based on boundary theory, that they are a driving force leading to impaired detachment and work-related ICT use in the evening. Contrary to current research consensus but in line with our expectations, we found that low psychological detachment increased work-related ICT use and task progress. We found no evidence for reversed lagged effects. These results applied both to planned and unplanned ICT use. Furthermore, our results support the notion that unfinished work tasks precede ICT use and detachment. Thus, our findings suggest that work-related ICT use should not be treated as a stressor in its own right in the stressor-detachment model. Instead, it needs to be investigated as a behavioral outcome that employees engage in when they cannot detach from work.
Auditory and visual percepts are integrated even when they are not perfectly temporally aligned with each other, especially when the visual signal precedes the auditory signal. This window of temporal integration for asynchronous audiovisual stimuli is relatively well examined in the case of speech, while other natural action-induced sounds have been widely neglected. Here, we studied the detection of audiovisual asynchrony in three different whole-body actions with natural action-induced sounds–hurdling, tap dancing and drumming. In Study 1, we examined whether audiovisual asynchrony detection, assessed by a simultaneity judgment task, differs as a function of sound production intentionality. Based on previous findings, we expected that auditory and visual signals should be integrated over a wider temporal window for actions creating sounds intentionally (tap dancing), compared to actions creating sounds incidentally (hurdling). While percentages of perceived synchrony differed in the expected way, we identified two further factors, namely high event density and low rhythmicity, to induce higher synchrony ratings as well. Therefore, we systematically varied event density and rhythmicity in Study 2, this time using drumming stimuli to exert full control over these variables, and the same simultaneity judgment tasks. Results suggest that high event density leads to a bias to integrate rather than segregate auditory and visual signals, even at relatively large asynchronies. Rhythmicity had a similar, albeit weaker effect, when event density was low. Our findings demonstrate that shorter asynchronies and visual-first asynchronies lead to higher synchrony ratings of whole-body action, pointing to clear parallels with audiovisual integration in speech perception. Overconfidence in the naturally expected, that is, synchrony of sound and sight, was stronger for intentional (vs. incidental) sound production and for movements with high (vs. low) rhythmicity, presumably because both encourage predictive processes. In contrast, high event density appears to increase synchronicity judgments simply because it makes the detection of audiovisual asynchrony more difficult. More studies using real-life audiovisual stimuli with varying event densities and rhythmicities are needed to fully uncover the general mechanisms of audiovisual integration.
Most human actions produce concomitant sounds. Action sounds can be either part of the action goal (GAS, goal-related action sounds), as for instance in tap dancing, or a mere by-product of the action (BAS, by-product action sounds), as for instance in hurdling. It is currently unclear whether these two types of action sounds—incidental or intentional—differ in their neural representation and whether the impact on the performance evaluation of an action diverges between the two. We here examined whether during the observation of tap dancing compared to hurdling, auditory information is a more important factor for positive action quality ratings. Moreover, we tested whether observation of tap dancing vs. hurdling led to stronger attenuation in primary auditory cortex, and a stronger mismatch signal when sounds do not match our expectations. We recorded individual point-light videos of newly trained participants performing tap dancing and hurdling. In the subsequent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session, participants were presented with the videos that displayed their own actions, including corresponding action sounds, and were asked to rate the quality of their performance. Videos were either in their original form or scrambled regarding the visual modality, the auditory modality, or both. As hypothesized, behavioral results showed significantly lower rating scores in the GAS condition compared to the BAS condition when the auditory modality was scrambled. Functional MRI contrasts between BAS and GAS actions revealed higher activation of primary auditory cortex in the BAS condition, speaking in favor of stronger attenuation in GAS, as well as stronger activation of posterior superior temporal gyri and the supplementary motor area in GAS. Results suggest that the processing of self-generated action sounds depends on whether we have the intention to produce a sound with our action or not, and action sounds may be more prone to be used as sensory feedback when they are part of the explicit action goal. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the function of action sounds for learning and controlling sound-producing actions.
Pathological grief has received increasing attention in recent years, as about 10% of the bereaved suffer from one kind of it. Pathological grief in the form of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is a relatively new diagnostic category which will be included into the upcoming ICD-11. To date, various risk and protective factors, as well as treatment options for pathological grief, have been proposed. Nevertheless, empirical evidence in that area is still scarce. Our aim was to identify the association of interpersonal closeness with the deceased and bereavement outcome. Interpersonal closeness with the deceased in 54 participants (27 patients suffering from PGD and 27 bereaved healthy controls) was assessed as the overlap of pictured identities via the inclusion of the other in the self scale (IOS scale). In addition to that, data on PGD symptomatology, general mental distress and depression were collected. Patients suffering from PGD reported higher inclusion of the deceased in the self. By contrast, they reported feeling less close towards another living close person. Results of the IOS scale were associated with PGD severity, general mental distress and depression. Inclusion of the deceased in the self is a significant statistical predictor for PGD caseness.
Objectives: Interpersonal factors, such as impairments in social interaction or lack of social support, have an important share when it comes to the development, maintenance, and progression of various mental disorders.
Methods: Individuals suffering from prolonged grief disorder (PGD) and matched bereaved healthy controls (n = 54) underwent a thorough diagnostic procedure, further completed the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-D-32), and participated in a finitely iterated prisoner's dilemma (FIPD).
Results: Individuals suffering from PGD reported significantly more interpersonal problems. Both groups behaved differently in the FIPD with healthy controls being more carefully, adapting their behavior more flexible, whereas PGD patients displayed a lower responsiveness, which may indicate an inability to adapt to changes in relationships.
Conclusion: We conclude that interpersonal problems appear to be a relevant feature of PGD. Future studies need to clarify the causal relation behind this link, and should also include measures of attachment, social support, and disconnectedness.
Mental imagery is a transdiagnostic feature that has been increasingly researched in mental disorders in the past years. This study is the first to investigate mental imagery in individuals suffering from Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD), a new disorder which will be included into the new edition of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11).
Our objective was to find out to what extent patients suffering from PGD differ from healthy, but equally bereaved, controls in terms of mental imagery, and how mental imagery is related to psychopathology. Patients with PGD and matched bereaved healthy controls (n = 54) completed a mental imagery questionnaire specifically designed for the study, and other established measures of psychopathology. Patients suffering from PGD reported mental images more frequently, had less control over them, and described negative images as more vivid than did healthy controls. Also, in reaction to mental images, patients less frequently experienced joy, but more often grief, anger and guilt. Besides these group differences, significant correlations between mental imagery other psychopathological measures could be found. Mental imagery is clearly related to PGD. The underlying mechanisms on whether it is a developing or maintaining factor need to be addressed in future studies. Future research should also investigate in what way mental imagery might be used in therapeutic approaches.
The COVID-19 pandemic led to numerous governments deciding to close schools for several weeks in spring 2020. Empirical evidence on the impact of COVID-19-related school closures on academic achievement is only just emerging. The present work aimed to provide a first systematic overview of evidence-based studies on general and differential effects of COVID-19-related school closures in spring 2020 on student achievement in primary and secondary education. Results indicate a negative effect of school closures on student achievement, specifically in younger students and students from families with low socioeconomic status. Moreover, certain measures can be identified that might mitigate these negative effects. The findings are discussed in the context of their possible consequences for national educational policies when facing future school closures.
Computational estimation is an important skill in everyday life as well as in educational contexts. In the last decades, research has found that children use several strategies in computational estimation and that children’s strategy use depends on different parameters. Still, little is known about the underlying cognitive processes. In the present work, we addressed this issue by investigating (1) the influence of individual differences in children’s executive functions on their strategy use and (2) the influence of varying specific task and problem characteristics that are discussed to involve different cognitive processes.
In four studies, we asked third and fourth graders to solve computational estimation tasks by rounding the summands. Study 1 addressed the influence of working memory updating. The study found that efficient updating contributed to children’s strategy use and moderated relations with problem characteristics. A deliberate feature of Study 1 was to restrict participants’ strategy choice to the rounding-down and rounding-up strategies. Study 2 in turn investigated children’s strategy use when mixed-rounding was allowed. Results indicated that children did not consider unit digits of both operands jointly. Also, no influence of executive functions could be found. Consequently, in Study 3, children’s strategy selection when they could choose between three versus only two strategies was contrasted and the role of working memory updating was investigated. Indeed, children chose the best available strategy more often when three strategies were available. Importantly, relative strategy selection performance differed with children’s updating capacities.
Finally, Study 4 addressed another task variation that is important in everyday life and educational contexts. That is, presentation duration and modality were varied. Data showed that a permanent, written format was most beneficial for children’s strategy use and that children’s updating moderated presentation effects.
In sum, the results of the present work could shed some light onto cognitive processes in children’s strategy use in computational estimation. Specifically working memory updating
seems to contribute to third and fourth graders strategy use. Interpreting interactions with different task variations, updating most likely influences associative processes, long term memory consolidation and retrieval as well as encoding and calculation processes.
Der Aufbau des World Wide Web hat enorm dazu beigetragen, Wissen zu strukturieren, aufzubereiten und verfügbar zu machen. Die Art und Weise, wie Texte im Web miteinander in Verbindung stehen, kann jedoch das Lesen und Textverstehen stark beeinflussen. Die Dissertation „Demands and Cognitive Processes in Reading Digital Text“ untersucht daher individuelle kognitive Prozesse, die mit der Informationsverarbeitung beim Lesen digitaler Texte einhergehen. Hierzu wird im ersten Teil der Arbeit kurz in die Unterschiede zwischen linearen und nicht-linearen Text (sog. Hypertext) eingeführt. Hypertexte zeichnen sich dabei durch eine verzweigte Verbindungsstruktur zwischen einzelnen Textteilen (engl. nodes) aus. Diese Textteile sind untereinander durch Hyperlinks verbunden, über die sie angesteuert werden können. Das Auswahlprofil, in denen einzelne Textteile aufgerufen werden, wird hierbei als Navigationsverhalten bezeichnet. Entsprechend dieser Unterscheidung werden die Begriffe des linearen und digitalen Lesens eingeführt. Lesen ist nach konstruktivistischer Auffassung ein aktiver Prozess des Lesenden, in dem er ein propositionales Modell eines Textes mental erarbeitet und mit Wissen und Erfahrungen zu einem Situationsmodell anreichert. Digitales Lesen erfordert aber, dass Leserinnen und Leser neben dem eigentlichen Leseprozess zusätzliche kognitive Ressourcen aktivieren, um mit den besonderen Eigenschaften von Hypertext angemessen umzugehen.
Anhand eines Prozessmodells digitalen Lesens wurden zwei Forschungsfragen abgeleitet, die im zweiten Teil der Arbeit vorgestellt werden. Die erste Forschungsfrage konzentriert sich auf die Identifikation kognitiver Fähigkeiten, die das digitale Lesen konstituieren. Im Konkreten wurden Hypothesen über die Zusammenhänge digitalen Lesens mit (1) Lesefähigkeiten auf Wort-, Satz- und Textebene, (2) Arbeitsgedächtnisfähigkeiten, (3) Fähigkeiten, Online-Informationen hinsichtlich ihrer Passung für bestimmte Leseaufgaben zu bewerten, und (4) basalen Fähigkeiten im Umgang mit Computerumgebungen formuliert. Daran anknüpfend thematisiert die zweite Forschungsfrage, wie die angenommenen Beziehungen des digitalen Lesens mit seinen Konstituenten erklärt werden können. Hierzu wurde insbesondere die Informationsauswahl, die Lesende durch ihr Navigationsverhalten treffen, als zentrale vermittelnde Variable betrachtet.
Zur Beantwortung der beiden Forschungsfragen wurden drei Studien herangezogen, die im dritten Teil der Arbeit zusammengefasst dargestellt werden. In diesen Studien wurden kognitive Prozesse des digitalen Lesens mit Hilfe von Daten aus der Nationalen Begleitforschung zur Einführung computerbasierten Assessments (CBA) im Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012 untersucht. Die erste der drei Studien konzentriert sich auf die Rolle, die das Arbeitsgedächtnis beim Lesen digitaler Texte einnimmt. Die zweite Studie behandelt Einflüsse von ICT-bezogenen Fähigkeiten. Als ICT-bezogene Fähigkeitsvariablen wurden basale Computerfähigkeiten sowie Fähigkeiten zur kritischen Bewertung von Online-Informationen hinsichtlich ihrer Relevanz und Nützlichkeit betrachtet. Die Bewertung von Online-Informationen und ihre Auswahl von Ergebnisseiten aus Suchmaschinenabfragen (engl. search engine result pages) werden in der dritten Studie als Spezialfall digitalen Lesens herausgegriffen und gesondert betrachtet. Hierbei wurde untersucht, welche Rolle Lesefähigkeiten auf der Wort-, Satz- und Textebene bei der Bewertung von Online-Informationen einnehmen.
Im abschließenden vierten Teil der Arbeit werden grundlegende kognitive Prozesse der Informationsverarbeitung digitalen Textes diskutiert. Zusammengefasst zeigten die drei Studien, dass fähige Leser zielorientierter aufgabenrelevante Texte identifizieren und verarbeiten können. Schülerinnen und Schüler profitierten dabei von effizienten Arbeitsgedächtnisfunktionen – unabhängig davon, ob sie gute Leser waren oder nicht. Defizite des Arbeitsgedächtnisses wurden durch einen strategischen Umgang mit der Hypertextumgebung kompensiert. Das Textverstehen wurde zudem indirekt durch routinierte Fertigkeiten im Umgang mit Computern und direkt durch Fähigkeiten zur Bewertung von Online-Informationen unterstützt. Es wurde geschlussfolgert, dass kompetente Leser in der Lage sind, ihre kognitiven Ressourcen effizient zu verteilen. Als Resultat der gemeinsamen Betrachtung der drei Studien erscheint digitales Lesen als komplexes Fähigkeitsgemisch. Dieses beruht auf allgemeinen Lesefähigkeiten, auf einer effizienten Allokation kognitiver Ressourcen, auf der strategiegetriebenen Vorhersage von Informationen und auf rudimentären Fertigkeiten im Umgang mit Computerumgebungen. Dabei beschreibt digitales Lesen kein neues, aber ein zeitgenössisches Konstrukt, das sich als Reaktion auf aktuelle individuelle und gesellschaftliche Informationsbedürfnisse entwickelt hat und sich entsprechend der fortschreitenden technischen Weiterentwicklung verändern wird.