Institutes
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (245) (remove)
Has Fulltext
- yes (245) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (245)
Keywords
- Metabolic Engineering (4)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (3)
- zebrafish (3)
- Biomarker (2)
- Mikroplastik (2)
- Schülerlabor (2)
- Xenorhabdus (2)
- ADAM15 (1)
- ALE (1)
- Acetogenic bacteria (1)
- Adaptation (1)
- Aedes albopictus (1)
- Antikörperdetektion (1)
- Aphanomyces astaci (1)
- Apoptosis (1)
- Asian Tiger Mosquito (1)
- Asiatische Tigermücke (1)
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (1)
- Baleen whales (1)
- Bartonella henselae (1)
- Biotic interactions (1)
- Bovidae (1)
- Bremsen (1)
- Bungarus (1)
- Bungarus niger (1)
- Bungarus walli (1)
- CLPXP-Protease (1)
- CNV 16p11.2 (1)
- Calmodulin (1)
- Carbon capture (1)
- Cardiac regeneration (1)
- Carnivora (1)
- Carotinoide (1)
- Chagas (1)
- Chlorophyll Fluorescence (1)
- Climate (1)
- Climate Change (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Colorectal Cancer (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Coronaries (1)
- Cortisol im Speichel (1)
- Culicidae (1)
- Cytomegalievirus (1)
- DEPDC5 (1)
- DIRAS2 (1)
- Daboia russelii (1)
- Development (1)
- Didaktik Neurowissenschaften (1)
- Digitalisierung (1)
- EMCP (1)
- Ecotoxicogenomics (1)
- Ecotoxicology (1)
- Efferentes System (1)
- Emerging insect model organisms (1)
- Entomologie (1)
- Entomology (1)
- EphrinB2 (1)
- Epigenetik (1)
- Evolution (1)
- Evolutionary developmental biology (1)
- Extracellular matrix (1)
- Extremhabitat (1)
- FVIII (1)
- Fabclavine (1)
- Flavoproteins (1)
- Freshwater (1)
- Freshwater Ecosystems (1)
- Functional Ecology (1)
- Functional traits (1)
- Gal2 (1)
- Galakturonsäure (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Genome (1)
- HWC database (1)
- Haloferax volcanii (1)
- Heart (1)
- Hippocampal development (1)
- Honigbiene (1)
- Hydrogen storage (1)
- Hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductase (1)
- Höhle (1)
- Immunrekonstitution (1)
- Influenza (1)
- Inthraszentin (1)
- Isoprenoide (1)
- Java (1)
- Konkurrenz (1)
- Light sheet-based fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Light-sheet microscopy (1)
- Limonene-3-hydroxylase (1)
- Lineage Through Time (1)
- MEK inhibition (1)
- Macroevolution (1)
- Macrotermes (1)
- Magnetrezeption (1)
- Maternal Immune Activation (1)
- Mediale olivo-cochleäre Efferenz (1)
- Metabolon (1)
- Methanol (1)
- Methylobacterium (1)
- Methyltransferase (1)
- Microbiology (1)
- Migration (1)
- Mikrobiom (1)
- Mikroplastik, Boden, Reifenabrieb, Analytik (1)
- Mikroskopie (1)
- Mitochondrien (1)
- Monoterpenoid (1)
- Monoterpenoid tolerance (1)
- Morphogenesis (1)
- Morphology (1)
- Motivation (1)
- Multivariate Modellierung (1)
- Naja (1)
- Natural Products (1)
- Natural products (1)
- Naturstoffe (1)
- Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders (1)
- Neuronal Differentiation (1)
- Neurosimulation (1)
- Niche (1)
- Non-canonical terpenes (1)
- Novel Object Test (1)
- Nucleus reuniens (1)
- Organic micropollutants (1)
- Organoids (1)
- Parkinson (1)
- Persönlichkeit (1)
- Photorhabdus (1)
- Phylogeny (1)
- Phytoen (1)
- Pink1 (1)
- Pinnotheres (1)
- Plant regeneration (1)
- Plant regeneration; community assembly; diversity (1)
- Plant stress (1)
- Pleistozän (1)
- Podospora anserina (1)
- Poecilia (1)
- Positive reinforcement training (1)
- Prenyl pyrophosphates (1)
- Proteomics (1)
- Pseudomonas (1)
- Pseudomonas putida (1)
- Quercus (1)
- Quercus frainetto Ten. (Ungarische Eiche) (1)
- Quercus ilex L. (Steineiche) (1)
- Quercus pubescens Willd. (Flaumeiche) (1)
- Quercus robur L. (Stieleiche) (1)
- Quercus rubra L. (Roteiche) (1)
- Quinolinate Phosphoribosyltransferase (1)
- RBFOX1 (1)
- RNA sequencing (1)
- Regeneration (1)
- Regulation (1)
- Reproduction (1)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (1)
- Rheumatoide Arthritis (1)
- Rhodnius prolixus (1)
- Ribosomen, rRNA Prozessierung, snoRNA, Ribosomenbiogenesefaktoren (1)
- Risk assessment (1)
- Russell´s Viper (1)
- SPAD (1)
- SR proteins (1)
- Schistosomiaisis (1)
- Schwefelwasserstoff (1)
- Soziobiologie (1)
- Spatial navigation (1)
- Stammzelltransplantation (1)
- Stat3 Gliom Curcumin (1)
- Stechmücken (1)
- Structured Illumination Microscopy (1)
- Super resolution (1)
- Super resolution fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Svetamycin (1)
- Symbiont evolution (1)
- Symbiosis (1)
- Synovial Fibroblast (1)
- Systematics (1)
- T-Zellen (1)
- Tabanidae (1)
- Taxonomy (1)
- Technologieakzeptanz (1)
- Terpenes (1)
- Terpenoid (1)
- Thermus thermophilus (1)
- Tocochromanol (1)
- Transcriptomics (1)
- Transformation (1)
- Translational Psychiatry (1)
- Transport (1)
- Triatominae (1)
- Trichoptera (1)
- Tropical montane forest (1)
- Truffle (1)
- Trypanosoma cruzi (1)
- Typ 4 Pilus (1)
- Ustilaginomycotina (1)
- V1 (1)
- VEGF (1)
- Verbreitung (1)
- Verhalten (1)
- Verhaltensbiologie (1)
- Vitality monitoring (1)
- Western Kenya (1)
- X-ray crystallography (1)
- Xylose (1)
- Zeaxanthin (1)
- Zebrafish (1)
- Zoologie (1)
- aktuelles Interesse (1)
- alternative splicing (1)
- angiogenesis (1)
- antimicrobial resistance (1)
- arabinose (1)
- aroma (1)
- bacillary angiomatosis (1)
- bacteria-host interaction (1)
- bacterial infection (1)
- biodiversity (1)
- birds (1)
- brain waves (1)
- cobra (1)
- coevolution (1)
- color (1)
- conservation (1)
- consortia (1)
- control theory (1)
- cooperation (1)
- cophylogeny (1)
- cospeciation (1)
- crosslinking-mass spectrometry (1)
- cryo-EM (1)
- development (1)
- ecosystem services (1)
- elapid snake (1)
- elephant (1)
- endothelium (1)
- envenoming (1)
- environmental DNA (1)
- environmental attitudes (1)
- environmental behavior (1)
- environmental education (1)
- environmental knowledge (1)
- extracellular matrix (1)
- failure to diverge (1)
- fitness (1)
- freshwater crayfish (1)
- fungal phylogeny (1)
- fungi (1)
- gamma oscillations (1)
- genotype (1)
- geoecology (1)
- habitat heterogeneity (1)
- heat stress (1)
- hematopoietic stem cell (1)
- herbivores (1)
- hippo (1)
- host-switch (1)
- human-wildlife conflict (1)
- humorale Autoimmunantwort (1)
- infra-slow oscillation (1)
- krait (1)
- lateral line (1)
- livelihood (1)
- mPFC (1)
- mTOR (1)
- macrohabitat (1)
- mathematical modeling (1)
- mechanics (1)
- medically relevant (1)
- microRNA (1)
- microbiome (1)
- mitochondrial dysfunction (1)
- mounting (1)
- myeloid angiogenic cells (1)
- neuromodulation (1)
- non-timber forest products (NTFPs) (1)
- outdoor education (1)
- parathyroid hormone 2 (1)
- propagating waves (1)
- reptiles (1)
- ribosomes, Arabiodpsis thaliana, pre-rRNA processing, snoRNA, (1)
- sRNA (1)
- sage downy mildew (1)
- serine/arginine-rich proteins (1)
- shroom (1)
- siderophore-dependent iron uptake (1)
- sleep (1)
- smut fungi (1)
- snake bite (1)
- social isolation (1)
- socio-economics (1)
- species delimitation (1)
- splicing (1)
- stimulus repetition (1)
- sub-Saharan Africa (1)
- sugar uptake (1)
- surround suppression (1)
- symbiont association patterns (1)
- transglutaminase 2 (1)
- trimeric autotransporter adhesin (1)
- vegetation (1)
- venomous snakes (1)
- virtuelles Mikroskop (1)
- wwtr1 (1)
- xylose (1)
- yap1 (1)
- yeast (1)
- Ökotoxikologie (1)
Institute
- Biowissenschaften (245) (remove)
Understanding global biodiversity patterns is one of the main objectives of ecology. Spatial variation in species richness can be explained by several environmental factors. The relationships between species richness and environmental factors have been associated with latitudinal, longitudinal and elevational gradients. The number of species is determined by birth, death and migration rates of species in a given area. These rates are affected by abiotic and biotic factors acting at local and regional scales. Climatic seasonal variation may also influence biodiversity, directly through physiological limitations and indirectly through biotic interactions, vegetation structure and food availability. Climate and land use change are the main factors for landscape simplification and biotic homogenization. Thus, the study of community patterns across environmental gradients may help to predict the effect of projected environmental change.
I investigated how abiotic and biotic factors influence different facets of bird diversity across an elevational gradient. My study was conducted along an elevational gradient spanning 2000 m within and around Podocarpus National Park and San Francisco reserve on the southeastern slope of the Andes in Ecuador. The climate is humid tropical montane with a bimodal rain regime. The region is characterized by evergreen premontane forest at low elevations, evergreen lower montane forest at mid elevations and upper montane forest at high elevations. The elevational gradient has natural continuous forests within the protected reserves and fragmented forests surrounding the reserves in a matrix of cattle pastures. To monitor bird diversity, I placed nine 20-m radius point counts within 18 one-hectare plots, in continuous and fragmented forest at 1000, 2000 and 3000 m a.s.l. I recorded and identified all birds for 10 minutes within each point count. Bird communities were sampled eight times per plot, in the most humid season and in the least humid season of 2014 and 2015. To estimate flower and fruit availability, I recorded all plants with open flowers and ripe fruits within each point count. To obtain the relative invertebrate availability, I assessed understory invertebrate fresh biomass using a standardized sweep-netting design along 100-metre borders of each plot. Vertical vegetation heterogeneity was estimated at eight layers above the ground within each point count. Temperature for each plot was obtained using an air temperature regionalization tool and precipitation through remote sensing techniques and meteorological data.
In the first chapter of this thesis, I explored the effects of elevation, climate and vegetation structure on overall bird communities as well as on frugivorous and insectivorous birds. I found that elevation was mostly indirectly associated with bird diversity, jointly mediated via temperature, precipitation and vegetation structure. Additionally, elevation was directly and positively associated with both the overall bird community and with insectivores, but not with frugivores. My findings indicate a reduction of bird diversity due to climatic factors and vegetation structure with increasing elevation. However, the direct, positive effect of elevation suggests that bird diversity was higher than expected towards high elevations, probably due to spatial, biotic and evolutionary settings.
In the second chapter, I analysed the influence of climate and resource availability on temporal variation of bird communities. I found a higher bird diversity in the least humid season than in the most humid season. The seasonality of the bird communities was mainly driven by temperature and precipitation. While temperature had a significant positive effect at high elevations, precipitation had a significant negative effect at low elevations. Resource availability had no significant effect. My findings suggest that the temporal fluctuations in bird communities likely occur due to climate
constraints rather than due to resource limitations.
In the third chapter, I studied the effect of forest fragmentation on taxonomic and functional bird diversity. I found that taxonomic diversity was higher in fragmented compared to continuous forests, while functional diversity was negatively affected by fragmentation, but only at low elevations. The increase of taxonomic diversity in disturbed habitats suggests an increase of habitat generalists, which may compensate the loss of forest specialists. My findings suggest that taxonomic diversity can be uncoupled from functional diversity in diverse communities at low elevations.
My results show the effects of environmental factors on the spatio-temporal patterns of bird communities and the potentially uncoupled responses of taxonomic and functional diversity to forest fragmentation. My findings highlight that bird communities respond differently to abiotic and biotic factors across elevational gradients. Overall, my study helps to better understand the mechanisms that drive species communities in response to complex environmental conditions, which could be an essential contribution for the conservation of bird communities in the tropical Andes.
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is considered the cognitive center of the mammalian brain. It is involved in a variety of cognitive functions such as decision making, working memory, goal-directed behavior, processing of emotions, flexible action selection, attention, and others (Fuster, 2015). In rodents, these functions are associated with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Experiments in mice and rats have shown that neurons in the mPFC are necessary for successful performance of many cognitive tasks. Moreover, measurements of neural activity in the mPFC show excitation or inhibition in different cells in relation to specific aspects of the tasks to be solved. To date, however, it is largely unknown whether prefrontal neurons are stably activated during the same behaviors within a task and whether similar aspects are represented by the same neurons in different tasks. In addition, it is unclear how specifically neurons are activated, for example, whether cells that are activated in response to reward are activated in a different task without reward in a different situation or remain inactive. To address these questions, we recorded the same neurons in the mPFC of mice over the course of several weeks while the animals performed various behaviors.
To do this, we expressed GCaMP6 in pyramidal neurons in the mPFC of mice. A small lens was implanted in the same location and a miniature microscope ("miniscope") was used to record neural activity. Later the extracted neurons got aligned based on their shape and position across multiple days and sessions. The mice performed five different behavioral tests while neural activity was measured: A spatial working memory test in a T-maze, exploration of the elevated plus maze (EPM), a novel object recognition (NO) test including free open field (OF) exploration, a social interaction (SI) test and discriminatory auditory fear conditioning (FC). Each task was repeated at least twice to check for stable task encoding across sessions. Behavioral performance and neural correlates to specific task events were similar to earlier studies across all tasks. We utilized generalized linear models (GLM) to determine which behavioral variables most strongly influence neural activity in the mPFC. The position of the mouse in the environment was found to explain most of the variance in neural activity, together with movement speed they were the strongest predictors of neural activity across all tasks. Reward time points in the working memory test, the conditioned stimulus after fear conditioning, or head direction in general were also strongly encoded in the mPFC.
Many of the recorded neurons showed a stable spatial activity profile across multiple sessions of the same task. Similarly, cells that coded for position in one task tended to code for position in other tasks. Not only did the same cells code for position across multiple tasks, but cells also coded for movement speed and head direction. This indicates that at least these general behavioral variables are each represented by the same neurons in the mPFC. Interestingly, the stability of position or speed coding did not depend on the time between two sessions, but only on whether it was within the same or across different tasks. Within the same task, stability was slightly higher than across different tasks.
To find out whether task-specific behavioral aspects were also stably encoded in the mPFC, difference scores as the difference in neural activity between two task aspects like left- and right-choice trials or exposed and enclosed locations were calculated. Many cells encoded these aspects stably across different sessions of each task. Both the left-right differences in the different phases of the working memory test, the open-closed-arm differences in the elevated plus maze, the different activity between center and corners in the open field, the social target-object differences in the social interaction test, and the differences between the two tones during fear conditioning were all stably encoded across the population of mPFC cells. Only the distinction between the novel and the familiar object during object recognition was not stably encoded, but also the preference for the novel object was not present in the second session of novel object exploration.
There was also an overlap in coding for different aspects within a task across multiple sessions. For example, cells stably encoded left-right differences in the T-maze between different sessions as a function of walking direction across different phases of working memory, an aspect that we could already show within one session (Vogel, Hahn et al., 2022). During fear conditioning, the same cells showed a discrimination between CS+ and CS- that also responded to the start of CS+.
Consistency in the neurons activity across different tasks was also found, but only between tasks with similar demands, the elevated plus-maze and free exploration of the open field. Cells that were more active in the open arms also showed more activity in the center of the open field and vice versa. This could be an indicator that the cells were coding for anxiety or exposure across those tasks, indicating that neurons in the mPFC also stably encode general task aspects independent of the specific environment. However, it remains unclear what exactly these neurons encode; in the case of a general fear signal, one would also expect activation during fear conditioning which could not be found.
Overall, we found that neurons in the mPFC of mice encoded multiple general behavioral variables across multiple tasks and task-specific variables were encoded stably within each of the tested tasks. However, we found little task-specific variables that were systematically encoded by the same neurons with the exception being the elevated plus-maze and open field exploration, two tasks with similar features.
Evidence is increasingly pointing towards a significant global decline in biodiversity. The drivers of this decline are numerous, including habitat change and overexploitation, rapid deforestation, pollution, exotic species and disease, and finally climate change as an emerging driver of biodiversity change (Nakamura, et al., 2013; Hancocks, 2001; Pereira, Navarro & Martins, 2012). Raising public awareness of the need to conserve biological diversity is essential to safeguard the richness of life forms all over the world (Lindemann-Matthies, 2002). In this regard, institutions such as science museums, zoos and aquariums have the potential to play an important role (Rennie & Stocklmayer, 2003). Especially, zoos can provide a productive learning environment (Miles & Tout, 1992), facilitating the promotion of public conservation awareness and the adoption of pro-environmental behaviours that would reduce negative human impacts on biodiversity (Barongi, et al., 2015).
Based on these concepts, my study contributes to the developing field of visitor studies. Taking as reference non-zoo visitors and zoo visitors, I have focused on reviewing some aspects of conservation education, such as people's awareness of conservation, people's interest in animals and people's feelings towards animals and attitudes towards zoos. The study identified differences between non-regular and regular zoo visitors in interests in animals, as well as visitor attitudes towards conservation issues and zoos. Therefore, the present study indicated that positive emotional reactions and, in particular, a perceived sense of connection to the animal were linked and depended on the frequency of zoo visits. It was as well remarkable, that conservation awareness was influenced by the interest in animals, the interest in visiting zoos, the attitudes towards these institutions, and the age and the country of origin. All these variables had a greater effect in the conservation consciousness of the participants. Additionally interestingly, the main reason for visiting zoos in every country was to learn something about animals. This highlights the educational role of zoos and broadly supports the idea that people want to visit zoos to learn something about animals, in turn facilitating pro-conservation learning and changes in attitude. They are uniquely positioned to interact with visitors, communities, and society and to contribute by providing an informative and entertaining environment. Visiting zoos could led to contribute to promoting animal connectedness and interest in species.
In the dentate gyrus (DG) of the mammalian hippocampus, neurogenesis continues to take place throughout an organism’s life. Adult neurogenesis includes proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells into dentate granule cells (GCs) that mature and integrate into the existing cellular network. This thesis work presents a novel approach that enables longitudinal examination of living postnatally generated GCs in their endogenous niche by using retroviral (RV) labeling in organotypic entorhino-hippocampal slice cultures (OTCs). Older GCs were fluorescence-labeled with an adeno-associated virus controlled by the synapsin 1 promoter (AAV-Syn). The combination of time-lapse imaging and 3-D reconstruction of newborn developing GCs and older, more mature GCs enabled comparative analyses of dendritic growth and cellular dynamics as well as investigations of spine formation and the establishment of synaptic contacts.
Postnatal neurogenesis was studied in the mouse and rat DG in vivo by analysis of the distribution of chemical neuronal maturation markers doublecortin (DCX) and calbindin in combination with the GC marker Prox1 between P7 and P42. The marker expression patterns at different time points indicated that the number of mature GCs increased gradually over time and that young, immature GCs were added to the inner layers of the granule cell layer (GCL), as is the case in the adult brain. The most substantial shift in GC maturation took place between P7 and P14, though GCs in the rat DG matured faster (i.e. by ~5 days) than GCs in the mouse. Immunocytochemical in vitro analysis in OTCs at DIV 7, 14, and 28 exhibited a distribution of marker expression over time that was comparable to in vivo, though the number of DCX-expressing GCs was low at DIV 28, indicating a considerable decrease in neurogenesis rate over time in the OTC. Nevertheless, RV-labeling of newborn GCs at DIV 0 yielded successful visualization and enabled time-lapse imaging of complete developing GCs up to 4 weeks after mitosis. During the second week of development, newborn GCs exhibited a high level of structural dynamics, including extension and retraction of dendritic segments. In the third week, newborn GCs displayed high dendritic complexity which was followed by pronounced dendritic pruning. Finally, a phase of structural stabilization and local refinement could be observed during the fourth week. Older AAV-Syn-labeled GCs did not exhibit such dynamic structural remodeling. Anterograde tracing of entorhinal projection fibers using the biotinylated dextran amine Mini Ruby showed innervation of the outer molecular layer (OML) by entorhinal axons at early time points, i.e. DIV 8 when newborn GCs started to extend dendrites into the ML, as well as at DIV 20 when RV-labeled GCs exhibited elaborate dendritic trees with processes in the OML intermingling with entorhinal fibers. This shows that newborn GCs in the OTC grow into an area of existing entorhinal axon terminals, which is highly similar to the situation in the adult brain. Hence, the results show that postnatal neurogenesis can be studied effectively in the OTC system as a model of adult neurogenesis. The first appearance of spine-like protrusions in newborn GCs was observed two weeks post RV injection. Ultrastructural electron-microscopic images revealed that spines established synaptic contacts with axonal boutons. These findings suggest that newborn GCs are successfully integrated into the existing cellular circuitry in the OTC system. The high level of structural flexibility found in this study might be a necessary requisite of new neurons for successful dendritic maturation and functional integration into a neuronal network. Thus, live imaging of postnatally born GCs in the OTC appears as a useful novel approach to elucidate the mechanisms that affect cellular dynamics of neurogenesis.
The main aim of this thesis work was to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of several enzyme complexes on the basis of their three-dimensional structure. All investigated enzyme complexes occur in the anaerobic energy metabolism and have an essential function by the challenging degradation of aromatic compounds and the flavin-based electron bifurcation (FBEB)/confurcation, an energy-coupling mechanism. More specifically, I studied the phthaloyl-CoA decarboxylase of Thauera chlorobenzoica (Pcd) involved in phthalate ester decomposition, the FBEB protein complexes lactate dehydrogenase/electron-transfer flavoprotein (Ldh/EtfAB) of Acetobacterium woodii, the heterodisulfide-related subunit HdrA of the sulfur- oxidizing bacteria Hyphomicrobium denitrificans (sHdrA). In addition, I contributed to the structure determination of the caffeyl-CoA reductase- EtfAB complex of A. woodii and the naphthoyl-CoA reductase of the sulfate-respiring enrichment culture N47 (mentioned in the Appendix E and F).
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is part of the super-resolution methods developed at the beginning of this century. To produce a super-resolution image SIM requires three things: 1) illumination of the sample with a periodic pattern, 2) acquisition of multiple images per plane under different pattern’s phases and orientations and 3) the processing of these images has to be carried with a reconstruction algorithm. The result of the reconstruction is an image with a resolution gain that is proportional to the frequency of the pattern (po). The typical SIM set-up uses an epi-fluorescence configuration, thus the interference angle of the beams that create the pattern is restricted by the angular aperture of the objective. Under this restriction the maximum value of po is given by the cut-off frequency of the objective lens and sets at 2 the maximum resolution gain of SIM under linear illumination.
In the first part of this thesis we present the implementation and characterization of the 2D-SIM set-up designed by Dr. Bo-Jui Chang (B-J. Chang et al., PNAS 2017), this design exploits the concept introduced by light-sheet microscopy, i.e. separation of illumination and detection paths to obtain resolution gains larger than the usual two-fold (Chapter 3). The set-up is named coherent structured illumination light-sheet based fluorescence microscopy (csiLSFM) and it consists of a triangular array of three objectives, such that two are used for illumination and one for detection. With the independent illumination arms is possible to interfere two coherent light-sheets at angles beyond the angular aperture of the detection lens, attaining the maximum interference angle of 180° when the light-sheets counter-propagate. This condition delivers a pattern with a po 1.4 times larger than the cut-off frequency (ωo), hence our set-up provides generic resolution gains of 2.4.
The extraction of the high spatial frequencies that produce the resolution gain in the csiLSFM is a challenge due to a low pattern modulation. The low modulation inherently arises because the frequency associated to the pattern period lies beyond the cut-off frequency of the detection lens. To overcome this challenge we developed a filtering strategy that facilitates the withdrawal of information from a SIM data set, simultaneously the proposed filtering process optimizes the reconstruction algorithm by reducing the periodic artifacts that are recurrent in SIM images. In this same chapter we also performed an spectral analysis of the artifacts and determined that they originate from irregularities in the power spectrum that occur due to the partial or total lack of certain spatial frequencies (fig.4.2 and 4.3), our reconstruction reduces this information drops and diminishes the artifact occurrence. The relevance of our reconstruction pipeline is that it delivers a standardized process to enhance the SIM image in a current context in which the commonly used reconstruction algorithms employ empirical tuning to improve it (fig.4.13). Moreover, the pipeline is applicable to the csiLSFM data and also to images acquired with any other 2D-/3D-SIM set-up (fig.4.10 and 4.11).
The processing of various image data sets acquired with the csiLSFM exposed us to the question of how low the modulation of the illumination pattern can be before no super-resolution frequencies can be extracted. Answering this question is important to guarantee that the SIM data contains enough spatial frequencies to provide significant resolution gains. Thus in chapter 5 we developed a quantitative metric to indirectly determine the pattern modulation from the SIM data and find its critical value to use it as evaluation criterion. We called this metric the quality factor (Q-factor) and it represents the normalized strength (amplitude) of the extracted frequencies respect to the Gaussian noise contained in the images. Through simulations we estimated that Q=0.11 is a critical value and a SIM data set requires this as minimum value is to deliver a significant resolution gain. Q works then as an assessment tool for classifying SIM data as optimal or sub-optimal, i.e. Q≥0.11 or Q<0.11. We demonstrated such application with data acquired in various SIM commercial set-ups to prove its feasibility in the field (fig.5.6-5.11)
As mentioned at the beginning of this abstract SIM requires a specialized set-up and a processing algorithm to produce super-resolution images. This thesis contributes to these two areas in the following aspects: first, in its linear version a structured illumination microscope is highly associated to a 2-fold resolution gain. Here we demonstrated the possibility of extending this gain to 2.4 using our custom set-up the csiLSFM. Second, a reconstructed SIM image is prone to artifacts due to the mathematical process it undergoes, here we analyzed the artifact sources and identified them with drops of spatial information in the reconstructed spectrum, based on these conclusions we designed a processing pipeline to facilitate the extraction of spatial frequencies and directly reduce artifacts. A third and final outcome of this thesis is the development and practical implementation of a quantitative index to evaluate the quality of SIM data in terms of its relevant information content (Q-factor). Accordingly, the overall contributions of this work were done in the areas of SIM set-up, SIM reconstruction procedure and SIM data evaluation.
Es gibt viele Theorien, die sich mit der Auswirkung einer zunehmenden carnivoren Ernährung von Homininen auf Carnivorengilden beschäftigen. Aussterbeereignisse in der Carnivorengilde werden oft mit carnivoren Homininen in Verbindung gebracht. Um zu prüfen, ob solche Theorien überhaupt zutreffen, benötigt man zunächst ein Modell, das Effekte von Konkurrenzbeziehungen innerhalb von Carnivorengilden quantifiziert darstellt.
In dieser Arbeit ist daher ein Modell entwickelt worden, das die Konkurrenz um Beute innerhalb einer Carnivorengilde darstellt und ermöglicht Veränderungen durch das Eintreten neuer Mitglieder in die Gilde zu modellieren. Dieses Modell wurde zur Analyse der rezenten Großcarnivorengilden der Serengeti, des Krüger-National-Parks und des Bandipur-Biosphärenreservat verwendet. Ebenso ist es zur Analyse pleistozäner Großcarnivorengilden Javas eingesetzt worden.
In dem Modell wird die verfügbare Beutemasse als limitierende Ressource für die Carnivorengilde betrachtet. Im ersten Schritt wird die Beute kategorisiert – in dieser Arbeit nach ihrer Körpermasse – und geprüft, welche Mitglieder dieselben Beutekategorien nutzen und welche für sie essentiell sind. Im zweiten Schritt wird die konkurrenzfreie Kapazität der Gildenmitglieder berechnet. Hierzu wird die für die gesamte Gilde verfügbare Beutemasse unter der Annahme verwendet, sie stehe einem Gildenmitglied allein zur Verfügung. Die konkurrenzfreie Kapazität ist daher die Populationsgröße, die ein Gildenmitglied mit dieser Beutemasse erreichen kann und stellt einen Referenzwert dar. Basierend auf diesem Referenzwert und der tatsächlichen Populationsgröße kann nun berechnet werden, zu welchem Anteil ein Mitglied diese Kapazität ausschöpft. Ist der Konsum an Beutemasse der übrigen Mitglieder in den essentiellen Beutekategorien bekannt, kann berechnet werden, zu welchem Anteil ein Mitglied durch ein anderes Mitglied von dieser Kapazität verliert. Dieser Verlust an Kapazität wird als Konkurrenzeffekt bezeichnet.
Dieses Modell ist sowohl auf rezente als auch fossile Gilden anwendbar. Um mit dem Modell die Konkurrenzeffekte zu berechnen, werden die Häufigkeit bzw. Populationsgröße, das Beutemassenspektrum sowie der tägliche Bedarf an Beutemasse benötigt.
Diese Größen können bei der Strukturanalyse von rezenten Gilden aus Freilandstudien entnommen werden. Im Falle fossiler Gilden müssen diese Größen erst rekonstruiert werden. Dafür sind in dieser Arbeit vorhandene Rekonstruktionsmethoden ergänzt, aber auch entwickelt worden, mit denen man basierend auf der Körpermasse fossiler Carnivora die benötigten Parameter rekonstruieren kann. Hierzu sind verschiedene Regressionen berechnet worden, die einen Zusammenhang zwischen verschiedenen Zahnparametern und der Körpermasse darstellen. Weiterhin sind Muster der Beutemassenspektren rezenter Carnivora untersucht worden und Regressionen berechnet worden, die zur Rekonstruktion der mittleren Beutemasse eines Carnivoren verwendet werden.
Die benötigten Daten der javanischen Gilden werden mit den eben genannten Regressionen rekonstruiert. Anschließend wird eine Strukturanalyse der genannten rezenten und fossilen Großcarnivorengilden durchgeführt.
Bei den drei rezenten Gilden ist eine generelle sich wiederholende Struktur erkennbar. Die erfolgreichsten Mitglieder schöpfen ihre Kapazität zu ca. 60 % aus und verfolgen eine soziale Lebensweise.
Dennoch werden die erfolgreichsten Mitglieder der Gilden von unterschiedlichen Arten repräsentiert. So sind dies der Löwe im Krüger-Nationalpark, die Tüpfelhyäne in der Serengeti oder der Rothund in Bandipur.
Bei den fossilen Gilden war diese Struktur allerdings nicht erkennbar. Hier schöpft der Tiger seine Kapazität in allen Gilden am stärksten aus und hat extrem hohe Konkurrenzeffekte (bis zu ca. 98 %) auf die übrigen Gildenmitglieder.
Diese Unterschiede können mit Isolationsbedingungen Javas als Insel zusammenhängen, die sich grundsätzlich auf Strukturen der Säugergemeinschaften auswirken.
Vermutlich konnte der Tiger durch Veränderungen der Körpermasse seine konkurrenzstarke Position in der Großcarnivorengilde Javas halten.
Das entwickelte Modell ermöglicht auch eine Modellierung von Szenarien, die verschiedene Möglichkeiten berücksichtigt. Diese sind vor allem Veränderungen der Populationsgrößen, aber auch Veränderungen der Körpermasse und daraus resultierende Verschiebungen der Beutemassenspektren.
In Beispielen der Trinil-Gilde wird gezeigt, dass die Rolle eines hyper- bzw. hypocarnivoren Homo erectus in der Gilde mit dem entwickelten Modell dargestellt werden kann. Auch lassen sich Szenarien modellieren, in denen ein hyper- bzw. hypocarnivorer Homo erectus in die Gilde eindringt und so die übrigen Mitglieder von bei ihrer Kapazitätsausschöpfung Einbuße hinnehmen müssen.
In dem Szenarium von Trinil wird erkennbar, dass nur ein hypercarnivorer Homo erectus einen starken Effekt auf die Gildenmitglieder hatte. Geht man von einem omnivoren Homo erectus aus, ist der Konkurrenzeffekt geringer und es sind keine Aussterbeereignisse zu erwarten.
Das Modell kann in weiteren Studien zur Testung von Hypothesen zu Aussterbeereignissen Aufklärung bieten. Durch Einbeziehung weiterer Faktoren wie Kleptoparasitismus und interspezifische Tötungen kann es noch erweitert werden. Auch eine Dynamisierung des Modells, die eine kontinuierlich zeitliche Veränderung der Gilden modellieren kann, ist in zukünftigen Studien möglich.
Es ist wohl unumstritten, dass das Leben, wie wir es kennen, ohne die sauerstoffproduzierenden Organismen unserer Erde nicht möglich wäre. Zu ihnen gehören nicht nur die Landpflanzen, deren mannigfaltige Nutzung wichtiger Bestandteil unseres Alltags ist. Auch mikroskopisch kleine Algenarten leisten einen entscheidenden Beitrag zu den Stoffwechselkreisläufen dieser Welt. Unter ihnen befinden sich die Kieselalgen (Diatomeen), die mit einer Varietät von bis zu 10000 Spezies etwa 40 % der marinen Primärproduktion verantworten. Der Ursprung der heutigen zur oxygenen Photosynthese befähigten Eukaryoten geht auf Endosymbioseereignisse zurück, von denen aus sich diese Organismen ausgesprochen vielfältig entwickelt haben. Diese Vielfalt wird dabei nicht nur anhand ihrer äußeren Morphologie, sondern auch auf subzellulärer Ebene, deutlich. So zum Beispiel durch die unterschiedlichen Strukturen der Thyakoidmembranen, die sich in Kieselalgen wie Cyclotella meneghiniana in dreilagigen Bändern arrangieren. In Pflanzen wie Nicotiana tabacum (Tabak) hingegen bilden sie große, stapelartige Bereich aus, die zur räumlichen Separation der in den Thylakoiden eingebetteten Photosystemen beitragen. Auch die an die Photosysteme (PS) gebundenen Lichtsammelproteine (Lhcs) haben sich in Tabak und Cyclotella unterschiedlich entwickelt. Gemäß ihrem Namen zeichnen sie sich zwar allesamt durch die Sammlung und Weiterleitung der Lichtenergie an die Photosysteme aus, grenzen sich aber in Hinblick auf Proteingröße und Pigmentierung voneinander ab.
Die Lhcs der höheren Pflanzen werden entsprechend ihrer Zuordnung zu den Photosystemen in den aus zwei Heterodimeren bestehenden LHCI des PSI und die Lhcb-Antennenproteine des PSII unterschieden. Zu letzteren gehören der trimere Hauptantennenkomplex LHCII und die monomeren, minoren Antennenproteine. Die Lhcs binden die zur Lichtsammlung benötigten Pigmente, vor allem Chlorophyll a und Chlorophyll b, aber auch primäre Carotinoide wie Violaxanthin, Lutein und Neoxanthin, in unterschiedlichen Stöchiometrien. Es ist bereits bekannt, dass die Pigmentierung entscheidend zur Stabilität der Lichtsammelproteine beiträgt, wenngleich zum Teil auch eine gewisse Flexibilität in Bezug auf die Art der gebundenen Pigmente an den entsprechenden Bindestellen der Proteine besteht.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit liegt der Fokus auf der Fragestellung inwieweit die in der Regel nicht in Pflanzen vorkommenden Ketocarotinoide die Struktur und Funktion des LHCII aus einer Ketocarotinoide produzierenden N. tabacum - Transformante (bkt-Linie) beeinflussen und welche Auswirkungen sie auf dessen Photosyntheseapparat im Allgemeinen haben. Die bkt-Linie bildet dabei zum Teil auf Kosten ihrer primären Carotinoide sowohl das als antioxidativ und als anti-kanzerogen beschriebene Astaxanthin, als auch dessen Vorstufe Canthaxanthin und einige Derivate dieser Pigmente, die, nach vergleichenden HPLC-Analysen von Blättern und Thylakoidfraktionen, zu einem großen Teil mit der Thylakoidmembran assoziiert sind. Durch spektroskopische Untersuchungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese Ketocarotinoide in Hinblick auf die Energieweiterleitung zum Chlorophyll a nicht funktionell an den LHCII binden, ihre Produktion aber die Trimerisierung dieses Lichtsammelkomplexes in N. tabacum nachhaltig beeinträchtigt. Auch die Assemblierung der PSII-LHCII-Superkomplexe wird dadurch maßgeblich gestört. Elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen von Chloroplasten der bkt-Linie verdeutlichten zudem die Beeinträchtigung der Granathylakoid-Stapelung: Sie fällt ungeordneter aus als im Wildtyp, was durch den Mangel an intakten LHCII-Trimeren begründet sein kann.
In funktioneller Hinsicht stören die Ketocarotinoide die Energieweiterleitung innerhalb des PSII und bewirken die Reduktion der photoprotektorischen, nicht-photochemischen Fluoreszenzlöschung des Wirtsorganismus nachhaltig. Zeitgleich reduzieren sie durch einen abschirmenden Effekt auf Grund ihrer Assoziation mit der Thylakoidmembran und/oder durch einen eventuellen S1-S1-Energietransfer von Chl a auf die Ketocarotinoide aber auch die Menge der Lichtenergie, die über die Lhcs an die Photosysteme weitergeleitet wird. Dadurch kommt ihnen neben dem nachhaltig störenden Einfluss auf die Intaktheit des Photosyntheseapparats zugleich auch eine schützende Wirkung vor einem Übermaß an Lichtenergie zu.
Aus Cyclotella meneghiniana sind zwei Hauptantennenkomplexe bekannt: FCPa und FCPb. Im Gegensatz zu den Lhcs der Chl a/b-haltigen Organismen binden die Lichtsammelproteine der Diatomeen das Xanthophyll Fucoxanthin anstelle des Luteins, und Chlorophyll c anstelle des Chlorophyll b. Im Gegensatz zu der bereits sehr detailliert aufgeklärten Struktur des trimeren LHCII in höheren Pflanzen, existieren für den Aufbau des FCPb in C. meneghiniana bisher nur fundierte Modellvorschläge. Diese postulieren eine homotrimere Grundstruktur für den FCPb, die zu höheren Oligomeren assembliert.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte anhand elektronenmikroskopischer Aufnahmen und der anschließenden Einzelpartikelanalyse nun erstmalig die Struktur des etwa 6-7 nm großen, trimeren FCPb gezeigt und die Richtigkeit der bisher postulierten Modellvorschläge in Hinblick auf die Struktur des Trimers bewiesen werden. Nach den hier dargelegten Erkenntnissen gleicht die Anordnung der Untereinheiten des FCPb-Trimers der des LHCII. Zudem ergibt sich aus dem Zusammenhang der hier erhobenen Daten und den in der Fachliteratur veröffentlichten Ergebnissen zum Thema FCPb ein klares Bild über die Anordnung der höheren Oligomere in Form von Nonameren. Auch diese Erkenntnisse unterstützen das ursprünglich von C. Büchel vorgeschlagene Modell für die oligomere Struktur des FCPb in C. meneghiniana.
Sympathetic influences on articular cartilage regeneration capacity and osteoarthritis manifestation
(2021)
The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) involves articular cartilage, synovial tissue and subchondral bone and is therefore a disease of the whole joint. OA is characterized by progressive degradation of cartilage, synovial inflammation, osteophyte formation and subchondral bone sclerosis. Cartilage-surrounding tissues are innervated by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive sympathetic nerve fibers with the most important sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) detected in the synovial fluid of OA patients. Furthermore, adrenergic receptors are expressed in different knee joint tissues. Most in vitro studies indicate a potential role of the β2-adrenergic receptor, which has been not investigated during OA pathogenesis in vivo. The role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in OA progression has not yet been studied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze how the SNS and NE influence the MSC dependent cartilage regeneration in vitro and the OA pathogenesis and manifestation in vivo.
In the first part of this study, the effect of NE on the chondrogenesis of sASC, which are known to play an important role in cartilage regeneration was analyzed in vitro. In the second part of this study, the role of the SNS was studied in vivo in mice that were sympathectomized chemically followed by surgically induced OA. The specific focus was on the β2-adrenergic receptor effects on OA pathogenesis, which were analyzed in β2-adrenergic receptor-deficient mice.
The in vitro experiments have shown that NE reduced the chondrogenic potential of sASCs by decreasing the expression of type II collagen and sGAG. NE mediated these effects mainly by the α2-AR signalling. Furthermore, NE treatment led to activation of the ERK1/2 signal pathway. These findings suggested that the sympathetic neurotransmitter NE might suppress the chondrogenic capacity of MSC and their dependent cartilage regeneration and may also play a role in OA progression and manifestation.
The in vivo study has shown that sympathectomy reduced synovial TH-positive nerve fibers in the synovium and the NE concentration in the spleen significantly. In WT mice, DMM leads to increased NE concentrations in the spleen compared to sham mice indicating an increased SNS activity after mechanical stress or inflammation due to DMM. Sympathectomy leads to less pronounced cartilage degeneration (OARSI score) after DMM compared to DMM in WT mice. Furthermore, the release of the type II collagen degradation fragment CTX-II was abolished in Syx DMM mice compared to WT DMM mice, suggesting that less SNS activity due to sympathectomy reduced the cartilage degeneration during OA pathogenesis. Similarly, sympathectomy decreased the synovitis score significantly after DMM compared to DMM in
WT mice. Synovitis in WT mice was accompanied by increased MMP-13 expression in the synovium after DMM, compared to Syx mice. Cartilage degeneration seemed to be driven mainly by the increased synovial inflammation accompanied by an increased MMP13 expression in synoviocytes and not in chondrocytes. The pathological changes in synovium and cartilage might also be linked to each other, as indicated by the moderate correlation between the synovial inflammation (synovitis score) and cartilage degeneration (OARSI score). Subchondral bone volume as well the thickness of the subchondral bone plate (SCBP) and calcified cartilage (CC) were increased in Syx mice compared to WT after DMM. The data on DMM induction in β2-AR deficient mice revealed that the β2-AR signaling is involved in cartilage degeneration and the aggravated subchondral bone changes as these mice had less pronounced cartilage degeneration compared to WT mice. While the cartilage degeneration was similar, the subchondral bone changes were more pronounced in β2-AR deficient mice compared to the Syx mice.
Overall, the SNS had differential effects in cartilage, synovium and subchondral bone. A reduced SNS activity by sympathectomy attenuated cartilage degeneration and synovitis but aggravated the OA specific subchondral bone changes. These findings provide new insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies for OA by targeting the SNS in a tissue- specific manner.
Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are bacterial genera that live in symbiosis with entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, respectively. These nematodes infect insect larvae through the trachea and then enter the hemocoel. Once inside the hemocoel, the nematodes release the bacteria through their intestine. Thereafter, the bacteria become active and kill the larvae within 48 h. During this process, the immune system of the insect host is compromised by molecules produced and secreted by the bacteria. This illustrates that the bacteria possess not only a large arsenal of biological weaponry such as antibiotics and fungicides but also lipases, proteases, etc. Therefore, they are not only able to kill the insect but also protect the cadaver from other food competitors.
During the past decades, a large number of natural products have been identified from Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus. However, the targets and functions for many of these biological molecules are still unknown. Therefore, the goal of the doctoral thesis is to elucidate the modes of action of these natural products from Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus with the main focus on non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs). The work can be divided into two parts. Initially, it starts with the synthesis of natural compounds and various chemically modified derivatives. Besides that, a number of peptides were synthesized for other projects to either verify their structures or quantify the amount produced by the bacteria. Then, secondary analysis methods are applied and provide additional insight into the modes of action of these compounds.
During the thesis, I carried out peptide synthesis either manually or with an automatic synthesizer system from Biotage. Here, the Fmoc-protecting group strategy was preferred in most cases. Natural products, such as silathride, xenoautoxin, phenylethylamide, tryptamide, rhabdopeptide, 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid, and PAX, were produced during this process. Furthermore, new peptide derivatives derived from synthetic NRPS approaches using the XU concept or SYNZIP were generated as standards.
Most of these natural compounds were experimentally verified by MIC tests (broth microdilution, plate diffusion) to be biologically active. For example, silathride, phenylethylamide, and tryptamide showed quorum quenching effects when tested against Chromobacterium violaceum. Initial results from collaborators (PD Dr. Nadja Hellmann/Mainz) showed that tryptamide and phenylethylamide interact with membrane or membrane proteins.
(R)-3-hydroxyoctanoic acid was synthesized to verify the molecule structure of phototemtide A, a cyclic lipopeptide with antiprotozoal activity. The rhabdopeptides are another class, which showed remarkable antiprotozoal effects. However, their mode of action was unknown. These compounds are relatively short peptide sequences, which contain hydrophobic residues, such as valine, leucine, or phenylalanine. Moreover, they possess N methylation, resulting in a rod-shaped highly hydrophobic structure. In this work, I synthesized eight new derivatives of rhabdopeptides for photo-affinity labeling (PAL). These molecules should react covalently under UV-light irradiation with the biological target of the peptides. In addition, these derivatives can be enriched in a pull-down assay using click chemistry. Afterward, analytic methods such as mass detection (proteome analysis) can be applied to elucidate the protein targets.
The PAX peptides derivatives are well-known to have anti-microbial activities and believed to be secreted into the environment by the producing bacteria. However, I found that the majority of these peptides are located in the cell pellet fraction and not in the supernatant. This has been shown through quantification using HPLC MS. New PAX derivatives were synthesized, which carry a moiety suitable for covalent modification using click-chemistry, therefore being functionalizable with a fluorescence dye. In collaboration with Dr. Christoph Spahn (Prof. Dr. Mike Heilemann group), we used confocal, as well as super-resolution microscopy, in particular, single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) to investigate the spatial distribution of clickable PAX molecules and revealed that they localize at the bacterial membrane. Furthermore, bioactivity assays revealed that the promotor exchanged X. doucetiae PAX mutants, which do not produce PAX molecules without chemical induction (hereby termed as pax-), were more susceptible to several insect AMPs tested. Based on these findings, a new dual mechanism of action for PAX was proposed. Besides the previously shown antimicrobial activity, these molecules with a positive net charge of +5 (pH = 7) would bind to the negatively charged bacterial surface. Hereby, the surface charge (typically negative) would be inversed resulting in a protective effect for Xenorhabdus against other positively charged AMPs. Furthermore, PAX was investigated as AMP against E. coli to study its antimicrobial mechanism of action. Here, the results show that PAX can disrupt the E. coli membrane at higher concentrations (> 30 µg/ml), enter the cytosol, and lead to reorganization of subcellular structures, such as the nucleoid during this process.
Another aspect of secondary analysis is the application of proteomic analysis. Therefore, I induced X. nematophila, X. szentirmaii, and P. luminescens with insect lysate. These samples were analyzed using HPLC-MS/MS (Q Exactive) together with a database approach (Maxquant/Andromeda). The results showed that in all strains the lipid degradation and the glyoxylate pathway were induced. This is in line with the given insect lysate diet, which mostly contained lipids. Moreover, several interesting unknown peptides and proteins were also upregulated and might get into the focus of future research.