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Von den Konflikten auf dem Weg zum guten und schlechten Menschen : 2. Wie lernt man, kalt zu werden?
(1997)
Entre as diversas perspectivas de pesquisa em educação, a Hermenêutica Objetiva se destaca hoje, na Alemanha, como uma das mais difundidas e reconhecidas abordagens da pesquisa sociológica qualitativa. O estágio de pós-doutorado realizado na Faculdade de Ciências da Educação - Instituto de Formação de Professores de Nível Secundário - da Universidade Johann Wolfgang Goethe em Frankfurt am Main foi uma das ações decorrentes do intercâmbio acadêmico firmado entre dois grupos de pesquisa, o "Teoria Crítica e Educação" (UFSCar - Brasil) e o "Reconstrução Pedagógica do Ensinar" (Universidade de Frankfurt - Alemanha). A partir dos conceitos que fundamentam o processo pedagógico (educação, instrução e formação), e da formulação de uma teoria pedagógica com base empírica, operada com o referencial teórico epistemológico da Hermenêutica Objetiva, o artigo aborda a situação atual da formação política nas escolas públicas alemãs. Como resultados, três aspectos gerais se destacam: 1) As análises sobre a metodologia da Hermenêutica Objetiva apontam a pertinência desse tipo de investigação na Educação, se o propósito for evidenciar os aspectos imanentes do processo pedagógico; 2) As reformas recentes na política educacional alemã indicam o processo de instrumentalização do ensino e o empobrecimento da formação em termos sociopolíticos; 3) A reconstrução empírica das aulas de política no ensino público alemão evidencia a superficialidade do conhecimento, o autoritarismo pedagógico, as práticas pedagógicas pseudo-democráticas; além da instrumentalização e judicialização da política, como temática de ensino.
Background: The challenges of delivering interventions for pregnant smokers have been poorly documented. Also, the process of promoting a physical activity intervention for pregnant smokers has not been previously recorded. This study describes the experiences of researchers conducting a randomised controlled trial of physical activity as an aid to smoking cessation during pregnancy and explores how the effectiveness of future interventions could be improved.
Methods: Two focus groups, with independent facilitators, were conducted with six researche rs who had enrolled pregnant smokers in the LEAP trial, provided the interventions, and administered the research measures. Topics included recruitment, retention and how the physical activity intervention for pregnant smokers was delivered and how it was adapted when necessary to suit the women. The focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and subjected to thematic analysis.
Results: Five themes emerged related to barriers or enablers to intervention delivery: (1) nature of the intervention;
(2) personal characteristics of trial participants; (3) practical issues; (4) researchers’ engagement with participants; (5)
training and support needs. Researchers perceived that participants may have been deterred by the intensive and generic nature of the intervention and the need to simultaneously quit smoking and increase physical activity. Women also appeared hampered by pregnancy ailments, social deprivation, and poor mental health. Researchers observed that their status as health professionals was valued by participants but it was challenging to maintain contact with participants. Training and support needs were identified for dealing with pregnant teenagers, participants’ friends and family, and post-natal return to smoking.
Conclusions: Future exercise interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy may benefit by increased tailoring of the intervention to the characteristics of the women, including their psychological profile, socio-economic background, pregnancy ailments and exercise preferences. Delivering an effective physical activity intervention for smoking cessation in pregnancy may require more comprehensive training for those delivering the intervention, particularly with regard to dealing with teenage smokers and smokers’ friends and family, as well as for avoiding post-natal return to smoking.
Child sexual abuse has been discussed thoroughly; however, marginalized groups of victims such as victims of child sexual abuse in early childhood and victims of maternal sexual abuse have rarely been considered. This essay combines these two relevant perspectives in child protection and aims to pin out future directions in the field of child abuse and specifically maternal sexual abuse and its early prevention. In the course of the 7th Haruv International PhD Workshop on Child Maltreatment at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, in 2019 the topics of maternal sexual abuse and early prevention of child maltreatment in Germany were discussed and intertwined. Problems concerning the specific research of maternal sexual abuse in early childhood and prevention were identified. Both, maternal sexual abuse as well as sexual abuse in early childhood, i.e. before the age of three, are underreported topics. Society still follows a “friendly mother illusion” while recent cases in German media as well as research findings indicate that the mother can be a perpetrator of child sexual abuse. Similarly, sexual abuse in early childhood, namely abuse before the age of three, is existent; although the recognition of it is difficult and young children are, in regards to their age and development especially vulnerable. They need protective adults in their environment, who are aware of sexual abuse in the first years of life. Raising awareness on marginalized or tabooed topics can be a form of prevention. An open dialog in research and practice about the so far marginalized topics of maternal sexual abuse and sexual abuse in early childhood is crucial.
This special issue focuses on aging in place in late life. Aging in place is about being able to continue living in one’s own home or neighborhood and to adapt to changing needs and conditions. It is of high concern due to the increasing number of old and very old people in all societies and challenges researchers, practitioners, and policy makers in many societal and scientific areas and disciplines. We invited authors to contribute original research papers as well as conceptually driven review papers that would stimulate the continuing efforts to understand the different aspects of aging in place in late life. The papers that were submitted came from very diverse disciplines, such as sociology, psychology, occupational therapy, nursing, architecture, public planning, and social work. Given the number and diversity of papers submitted, we can conclude that aging in place is an important concern throughout the world and that different kinds of measures are taken to come up with local, national, and international solutions that enhance aging in place. [...]
Er ist ein wenig Mode geworden in der Alltagssprache: der Begriff der Ambivalenz. In Psychologie und Soziologie gilt er als ein hilfreiches Konzept für die Betrachtung von Übergangsphasen in Leben und Gesellschaft. Das Pilotprojekt ALMA an der Goethe-Universität greift darauf zurück, um die Situation alleinlebender Männer im Alter besser verstehen zu können.
Die UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention bringt unter anderem eine „inklusionsorientierte Lehrer*innenbildung“ hervor, die Lehrkräfte für inklusive Settings kompetent machen soll. Damit das gelingen kann, müssen einerseits für inklusive Settings notwendige Kompetenzen identifiziert und operationalisiert werden, andererseits sind Erkenntnisse darüber notwendig, wie Studierende diese Kompetenzen entwickeln. Erst dann können wirksame Lehr- und Lernformate konzipiert werden. Inzwischen liegen Forschungsergebnisse zu inklusionsbezogenen Aufgaben- und Anforderungsprofilen vor, jedoch über vereinzelte Best-Practice-Beispiele kaum evidenzbasierte Erkenntnisse über Kompetenzentwicklungsprozesse in diesem Bereich oder gar Ableitungen für die Vermittlung solcher Kompetenzen. In diesem Artikel wird für die inklusionsbezogene Teilkompetenz „(multi-)professioneller Kooperationsfähigkeit und -bereitschaft“ ein kompetenzorientiertes Lehr- und Lernformat im Rahmen des Lehramtsstudiums an der Universität Paderborn konzipiert. In Anlehnung an das Constructive-Alignment-Modell werden dafür anhand eines Kompetenzmodells Learning Outcomes definiert, didaktisch-methodische Lernwege zugeordnet und Möglichkeiten einer Evidenzbasierung in Form von Prüfungen und Evaluation diskutiert. Dieser Artikel leistet so einen Beitrag zu einer inklusiven Hochschuldidaktik als Werkzeug, aber auch Voraussetzung und gleichzeitig Ergebnis, einer pädagogischen Fachlichkeit im Spannungsfeld inklusiver Realität.
In der letzten Dekade hat sich die Diskursforschung im Anschluss an Michel FOUCAULT im deutschsprachigen Raum interdisziplinär beständig weiterentwickelt. Sie ist dabei, sich im Rahmen qualitativer Sozialforschung – wie auch an sprachwissenschaftlichen Verfahren orientiert – zu etablieren.
Auf der internationalen und interdisziplinären Tagung "Sprache – Macht – Wissen" vom 10.-12.Oktober 2007 in Augsburg wurde der aktuelle Stand von Diskurstheorie und -analyse eruiert und diskutiert. Der Tagungsessay soll einen Einblick in die derzeitige Diskussion geben. Wir zeichnen zunächst die Fragestellungen und Zielsetzungen der Tagung nach. Es folgt eine knappe Zusammenfassung der gehaltenen Vorträge. Im Laufe der Tagung kristallisierten sich verschiedene Schwerpunkte heraus, die wiederholt aufgegriffen und diskutiert wurden: das Verhältnis von Diskursanalyse und Kritik, das Verhältnis von Subjekt(ivität) und Diskurs, das Verhältnis von Macht, Diskurs und Dispositiv sowie das Verhältnis von Diskursanalyse und Visualität. Mit der Systematisierung dieser vier Punkte nehmen wir eine kritische Betrachtung der "Ergebnisse" der Tagung vor. Abschließend verweisen wir auf zwei aktuelle Netzwerkinitiativen zur interdisziplinären Diskursforschung, die während der Tagung vorgestellt wurden.