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Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 exhibits an increased resilience to the antiviral type I interferon response (2022)
Shalamova, Lyudmila ; Felgenhauer, Ulrike ; Schaubmar, Andreas R. ; Büttner, Kathrin ; Widera, Marek ; Ciesek, Sandra ; Weber, Friedemann
The new variant of concern (VOC) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Omicron (B.1.1.529), is genetically very different from other VOCs. We compared Omicron with the preceding VOC Delta (B.1.617.2) and the wildtype strain (B.1) with respect to their interactions with the antiviral type I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) response in infected cells. Our data indicate that Omicron has gained an elevated capability to suppress IFN-beta induction upon infection and to better withstand the antiviral state imposed by exogenously added IFN-alpha.
Reduced interferon antagonism but similar drug sensitivity in Omicron variant compared to Delta variant SARS-CoV-2 isolates (2022)
Bojkova, Denisa ; Widera, Marek ; Ciesek, Sandra ; Wass, Mark N. ; Michaelis, Martin ; Cinatl, Jindrich
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is currently causing a large number of infections in many countries. A number of antiviral agents are approved or in clinical testing for the treatment of COVID-19. Despite the high number of mutations in the Omicron variant, we here show that Omicron isolates display similar sensitivity to eight of the most important anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs and drug candidates (including remdesivir, molnupiravir, and PF-07321332, the active compound in paxlovid), which is of timely relevance for the treatment of the increasing number of Omicron patients. Most importantly, we also found that the Omicron variant displays a reduced capability of antagonising the host cell interferon response. This provides a potential mechanistic explanation for the clinically observed reduced pathogenicity of Omicron variant viruses compared to Delta variant viruses.
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant virus isolates are highly sensitive to interferon treatment (2022)
Bojkova, Denisa ; Rothenburger, Tamara ; Ciesek, Sandra ; Wass, Mark N. ; Michaelis, Martin ; Cinatl, Jindrich
Recently, we have shown that SARS-CoV-2 Omicron virus isolates are less effective at inhibiting the host cell interferon response than Delta viruses. Here, we present further evidence that reduced interferon-antagonising activity explains at least in part why Omicron variant infections are inherently less severe than infections with other SARS-CoV-2 variants. Most importantly, we here also show that Omicron variant viruses display enhanced sensitivity to interferon treatment, which makes interferons promising therapy candidates for Omicron patients, in particular in combination with other antiviral agents.
Efficiently quantifying DNA methylation for bulk- and single-cell bisulfite data (2023)
Fischer, Jonas ; Schulz, Marcel Holger
Motivation DNA CpG methylation (CpGm) has proven to be a crucial epigenetic factor in the gene regulatory system. Assessment of DNA CpG methylation values via whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) is, however, computationally extremely demanding. Results We present FAst MEthylation calling (FAME), the first approach to quantify CpGm values directly from bulk or single-cell WGBS reads without intermediate output files. FAME is very fast but as accurate as standard methods, which first produce BS alignment files before computing CpGm values. We present experiments on bulk and single-cell bisulfite datasets in which we show that data analysis can be significantly sped-up and help addressing the current WGBS analysis bottleneck for large-scale datasets without compromising accuracy. Availability An implementation of FAME is open source and licensed under GPL-3.0 at https://github.com/FischerJo/FAME.
Bipolar multiplex families have an increased burden of common risk variants for psychiatric disorders (2018)
Andlauer, Till F. M. ; Guzman-Parra, José ; Streit, Fabian ; Strohmaier, Jana ; González, Maria José ; Flores, Susana Gil ; Cabaleiro Fabeiro, Francisco J. ; del Rı́o Noriega, Francisco ; Perez, Fermin Perez ; González, Jesus Haro ; Orozco Diaz, Guillermo ; de Diego-Otero, Yolanda ; Moreno-Kuestner, Berta ; Auburger, Georg ; Degenhardt, Franziska ; Heilmann-Heimbach, Stefanie ; Herms, Stefan ; Hoffmann, Per ; Frank, Josef ; Foo, Jerome Clifford ; Treutlein, Jens ; Witt, Stephanie H. ; Cichon, Sven ; Kogevinas, Manolis ; Rivas, Fabio ; Mayoral, Fermı́n ; Müller-Myhsok, Bertram ; Forstner, Andreas Josef ; Nöthen, Markus Maria ; Rietschel, Marcella
Multiplex families with a high prevalence of a psychiatric disorder are often examined to identify rare genetic variants with large effect sizes. In the present study, we analysed whether the risk for bipolar disorder (BD) in BD multiplex families is influenced by common genetic variants. Furthermore, we investigated whether this risk is conferred mainly by BD-specific risk variants or by variants also associated with the susceptibility to schizophrenia or major depression. In total, 395 individuals from 33 Andalusian BD multiplex families as well as 438 subjects from an independent, sporadic BD case-control cohort were analysed. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for BD, schizophrenia, and major depression were calculated and compared between the cohorts. Both the familial BD cases and unaffected family members had significantly higher PRS for all three psychiatric disorders than the independent controls, suggesting a high baseline risk for several psychiatric disorders in the families. Moreover, familial BD cases showed significantly higher BD PRS than unaffected family members and sporadic BD cases. A plausible hypothesis is that, in multiplex families with a general increase in risk for psychiatric disease, BD development is attributable to a high burden of common variants that confer a specific risk for BD. The present analyses, therefore, demonstrated that common genetic risk variants for psychiatric disorders are likely to contribute to the high incidence of affective psychiatric disorders in the multiplex families. The PRS explained only part of the observed phenotypic variance and rare variants might have also contributed to disease development.
Bridging big data: procedures for combining non-equivalent cognitive measures from the ENIGMA Consortium (2023)
Kennedy, Eamonn ; Vadlamani, Shashank ; Lindsey, Hannah M ; Lei, Pui-Wa ; Jo-Pugh, Mary ; Adamson, Maheen ; Alda, Martin ; Alonso-Lana, Silvia ; Ambrogi, Sonia ; Anderson, Tim J. ; Arango, Celso ; Asarnow, Robert F ; Avram, Mihai ; Ayesa-Arriola, Rosa ; Babikian, Talin ; Banaj, Nerisa ; Bird, Laura J. ; Borgwardt, Stefan ; Brodtmann, Amy ; Brosch, Katharina ; Caeyenberghs, Karen ; Calhoun, Vince D ; Chiaravalloti, Nancy D. ; Cifu, David X ; Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto ; Dalrymple-Alford, John C ; Dams-O’Connor, Kristen ; Dannlowski, Udo ; Darby, David ; Davenport, Nicholas ; DeLuca, John ; Diaz-Caneja, Covadonga M ; Disner, Seth G. ; Dobryakova, Ekaterina ; Ehrlich, Stefan ; Esopenko, Carrie ; Ferrarelli, Fabio ; Frank, Lea E. ; Franz, Carol ; Fuentes-Claramonte, Paola ; Genova, Helen ; Giza, Christopher C. ; Goltermann, Janik ; Grotegerd, Dominik ; Gruber, Marius ; Gutiérrez-Zotes, Alfonso ; Ha, Minji ; Haavik, Jan ; Hinkin, Charles ; Hoskinson, Kristen R. ; Hubl, Daniela ; Irimia, Andrei ; Jansen, Andreas ; Kaess, Michael ; Kang, Xiaojian ; Kenney, Kimbra ; Keřková, Barbora ; Khlif, Mohamed Salah ; Kim, Minah ; Kindler, Jochen ; Kircher, Tilo ; Knı́žková, Karolina ; Kolskår, Knut K. ; Krch, Denise ; Kremen, William S. ; Kuhn, Taylor ; Kumari, Veena ; Kwon, Jun Soo ; Langella, Roberto ; Laskowitz, Sarah ; Lee, Jungha ; Lengenfelder, Jean ; Liebel, Spencer W. ; Liou-Johnson, Victoria ; Lippa, Sara M ; Løvstad, Marianne ; Lundervold, Astri ; Marotta, Cassandra ; Marquardt, Craig A. ; Mattos, Paulo ; Mayeli, Ahmad ; McDonald, Carrie R ; Meinert, Susanne ; Melzer, Tracy R ; Merchán Naranjo, Jessica ; Michel, Chantal ; Morey, Rajendra A ; Mwangi, Benson ; Myall, Daniel J ; Nenadić, Igor ; Newsome, Mary R ; Nunes, Abraham ; O’Brien, Terence ; Oertel, Viola ; Ollinger, John ; Olsen, Alexander ; Ortiz Garcı́a de la Foz, Victor ; Ozmen, Mustafa ; Pardoe, Heath ; Parent, Marise ; Piras, Fabrizio ; Piras, Federica ; Pomarol-Clotet, Edith ; Repple, Jonathan ; Richard, Geneviève ; Rodriguez, Jonathan ; Rodriguez, Mabel ; Rootes-Murdy, Kelly ; Rowland, Jared ; Ryan, Nicholas P. ; Salvador, Raymond ; Sanders, Anne-Marthe ; Schmidt, André ; Soares, Jair C ; Spalleta, Gianfranco ; Španiel, Filip ; Stasenko, Alena ; Stein, Frederike ; Straube, Benjamin ; Thames, April ; Thomas-Odenthal, Florian ; Thomopoulos, Sophia I ; Tone, Erin ; Torres, Ivan ; Troyanskaya, Maya ; Turner, Jessica A ; Ulrichsen, Kristine M. ; Umpierrez, Guillermo ; Vilella, Elisabet ; Vivash, Lucy ; Walker, William C ; Werden, Emilio ; Westlye, Lars T. ; Wild, Krista ; Wroblewski, Adrian ; Wu, Mon-Ju ; Wylie, Glenn R ; Yatham, Lakshmi N ; Zunta-Soares, Giovana B ; Thompson, Paul M. ; Tate, David F ; Hillary, Frank G ; Dennis, Emily L. ; Wilde, Elisabeth A.
Investigators in the cognitive neurosciences have turned to Big Data to address persistent replication and reliability issues by increasing sample sizes, statistical power, and representativeness of data. While there is tremendous potential to advance science through open data sharing, these efforts unveil a host of new questions about how to integrate data arising from distinct sources and instruments. We focus on the most frequently assessed area of cognition - memory testing - and demonstrate a process for reliable data harmonization across three common measures. We aggregated raw data from 53 studies from around the world which measured at least one of three distinct verbal learning tasks, totaling N = 10,505 healthy and brain-injured individuals. A mega analysis was conducted using empirical bayes harmonization to isolate and remove site effects, followed by linear models which adjusted for common covariates. After corrections, a continuous item response theory (IRT) model estimated each individual subject’s latent verbal learning ability while accounting for item difficulties. Harmonization significantly reduced inter-site variance by 37% while preserving covariate effects. The effects of age, sex, and education on scores were found to be highly consistent across memory tests. IRT methods for equating scores across AVLTs agreed with held-out data of dually-administered tests, and these tools are made available for free online. This work demonstrates that large-scale data sharing and harmonization initiatives can offer opportunities to address reproducibility and integration challenges across the behavioral sciences.
Mapping cortical brain asymmetry in 17,141 healthy individuals worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium (2017)
Kong, Xiang-Zhen ; Mathias, Samuel R. ; Guadalupe, Tulio ; Abé, Christoph ; Agartz, Ingrid ; Akudjedu, Theophilus N. ; Andre, Aleman ; Saud, Alhusaini ; Allen, Nicholas B. ; Ames, David ; Andreassen, Ole A. ; Arias Vasquez, Alejandro ; Armstrong, Nicola J. ; Bergo, Felipe ; Bastin, Mark E. ; Batalla, Albert ; Bauer, Jochen ; Baune, Bernhard T ; Baur, Ramona ; Biederman, Joseph ; Blaine, Sara K. ; Boedhoe, Premika ; Bøen, Erlend ; Bose, Anushree ; Bralten, Janita ; Brandeis, Daniel ; Brem, Silvia ; Brodaty, Henry ; Bröhl, Henrieke ; Brooks, Samantha J. ; Buitelaar, Jan ; Bürger, Christian ; Bülow, Robin ; Calhoun, Vince ; Calvo, Anna ; Canales-Rodrı́guez, Erick Jorge ; Canive, Jose M. ; Cannon, Dara M. ; Caparelli, Elisabeth C. ; Castellanos, Francisco X. ; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L. ; Cendes, Fernando ; Chaim-Avancini, Tiffany Moukbel ; Chantiluke, Kaylita ; Chen, Qun-lin ; Chen, Xiayu ; Cheng, Yuqi ; Christakou, Anastasia ; Clark, Vincent P. ; Coghill, David ; Connolly, Colm G. ; Conzelmann, Annette ; Cόrdova-Palomera, Aldo ; Cousijn, Janna ; Crow, Tim ; Cubillo, Ana ; Dannlowski, Udo ; de Bruttopilo, Sara Ambrosino ; Zeeuw, Patrick de ; Deary, Ian J. ; Delanty, Norman ; Demeter, Damion V. ; Martino, Adriana Di ; Dickie, Erin W ; Dietsche, Bruno ; Doan, N. Trung ; Doherty, Colin P. ; Doyle, Alysa ; Durston, Sarah ; Earl, Eric ; Ehrlich, Stefan ; Ekman, Carl Johan ; Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn ; Epstein, Jeffery N. ; Fair, Damien A. ; Faraone, Stephen ; Fatouros-Bergman, Helena ; Fernndez, Guillen ; Busatto Filho, Geraldo ; Flyckt, Lena ; Forster, Katharina ; Jean-Paul, Fouche ; Foxe, John J. ; Fuentes-Claramonte, Paola ; Fullerton, Janice ; Garavan, Hugh ; Garcia, Danielle do Santos ; Gotlib, Ian H. ; Goudriaan, Anna E. ; Jorgen Grabe, Hans ; Groenewold, Nynke A. ; Grotegerd, Dominik ; Gruber, Oliver ; Gurholt, Tiril ; Haavik, Jan ; Hahn, Tim ; Hansell, Narelle K. ; Harris, Mathew A. ; Hartman, Catharina ; Hernandez, Maria del Carmen Valdes ; Heslenfeld, Dirk ; Hester, Robert ; Hibar, Derrek Paul ; Ho, Beng-Choon ; Ho, Tiffany C. ; Hoekstra, Pieter J. ; van Holst, Ruth J. ; Hoogman, Martine ; Hovik, Marie F. ; Howells, Fleur M. ; Hugdahl, Kenneth ; Huyser, Chaim ; Ingvar, Martind ; Irwin, Lourdes ; Ishikawa, Akari ; James, Anthony ; Jahanshad, Neda ; Jernigan, Terry L. ; Jonsson, Erik G ; Kahler, Claas ; Kaleda, Vasily ; Kelly, Clare ; Kerich, Michael ; Keshavan, Matcheri S ; Khadka, Sabin ; Kircher, Tilo ; Kohls, Gregor ; Konrad, Kerstin ; Korucuoglu, Ozlem ; Kramer, Bernd ; Krug, Axel ; Kwon, Jun Soo ; Lambregts-Rommelse, Nanda ; Landen, Mikael ; Lazaro, Luisa ; Lebedeva, Irina ; Lenroot, Rhoshel ; Lesch, Klaus-Peter ; Li, Qinqin ; Lim, Kelvin O. ; Liu, Jia ; Lochner, Christine ; London, Edythe D. ; Lonning, Vera ; Lorenzetti, Valentina ; Luciano, Michelle ; Luijten, Maartje ; Lundervold, Astri J. ; Mackey, Scott ; MacMaster, Frank P. ; Maingault, Sophie ; Malpas, Charles B. ; Malt, Ulrik F. ; Mataix-Cols, David ; Martin-Santos, Rocio ; Mayer, Andrew R. ; McCarthy, Hazel ; Mitchell, Philip B. ; Mueller, Bryon A. ; Maniega, Susana Munoz ; Mazoyer, Bernard ; McDonald, Colm ; McLellan, Quinn ; McMahon, Katie L. ; McPhilemy, Genevieve ; Momenan, Reza ; Morales, Angelica M. ; Narayanaswamy, Janardhanan C. ; Moreira, Jose Carlos Vasques ; Nerland, Stener ; Nestor, Liam ; Nigg, Joel T. ; Nordvik, Jan-Egil ; Novotny, Stephanie ; Oberwelland, Eileen ; O’Gorman, Ruth L. ; Oosterlaan, Jaap ; Oranje, Bob ; Orr, Catherine ; Overs, Bronwyn ; Pauli, Paul ; Paulus, Martin ; Plessen, Kerstin ; von Polier, Georg G. ; Pomarol-Clotet, Edith ; Qiu, Jiang ; Radua, Joaquim ; Ramos-Quiroga, Josep Antoni ; Reddy, Y.C. Janardhan ; Reif, Andreas ; Roberts, Gloria ; Rosa, Pedro ; Rubia, Katya ; Sacchet, Matthew D. ; Sachdev, Perminder S. ; Salvador, Raymond ; Schmaal, Lianne ; Schweren, Lisanne ; Seidman, Larry ; Seitz, Jochen ; Serpa, Mauricio Henriques ; Shaw, Philip ; Shumskaya, Elena ; Silk, Timothy J. ; Simmons, Alan N. ; Simulionyte, Egle ; Sinha, Rajita ; Sjoerds, Zsuzsika ; Smelror, Runar Elle ; Soliva, Joan Carlos ; Solowij, Nadia ; Sponheim, Scott R. ; Stein, Dan J. ; Stein, Elliot A. ; Stevens, Michael ; Strike, Lachlan T. ; Sudre, Gustavo ; Sui, Jing ; Tamm, Leanne ; Temmingh, Hendrik S. ; Thoma, Robert J. ; Tomyshev, Alexander ; Tronchin, Giulia ; Turner, Jessica ; Uhlmann, Anne ; van Erp, Theo G.M. ; van den Heuvel, Odile ; van der Meer, Dennis ; van Eijk, Liza ; Vance, Alasdair ; Veer, Ilya M. ; Veltman, Dick J. ; Venkatasubramanian, Ganesan ; Vilarroya, Oscar ; Vives-Gilabert, Yolanda ; Voineskos, Aristotle N. ; Volzke, Henry ; Vuletic, Daniella ; Walitza, Susanne ; Walter, Henrik ; Walton, Esther ; Wardlaw, Joanna M. ; Wen, Wei ; Westlye, Lars T. ; Whelan, Christopher D. ; White, Tonya ; Wiers, Reinout W. ; Wright, Margaret J. ; Wittfeld, Katharina ; Yang, Tony T. ; Yasuda, Clarissa L. ; Yoncheva, Yuliya ; Yucel, Murat ; Yun, Je-Yeon ; Zanetti, Marcus Vinicius ; Zhen, Zonglei ; Zhu, Xing-xing ; Ziegler, Georg C. ; Zierhut, Kathrin ; de Zubicaray, Greig I. ; Zwiers, Marcel ; Glahn, David C. ; Franke, Barbara ; Crivello, Fabrice ; Tzourio-Mazoyer, Nathalie ; Fisher, Simon E. ; Thompson, Paul M. ; Francks, Clyde ; Farde, Lars ; Engberg, Goran ; Erhardt, Sophie ; Cervenka, Simon ; Schwieler, Lilly ; Piehl, Fredrik ; Collste, Karin ; Victorsson, Pauliina ; Malmqvist, Anna ; Hedberg, Mikael ; Orhan, Funda
Genome-wide association study of 40,000 individuals identifies two novel loci associated with bipolar disorder (2016)
Hou, Liping ; Bergen, Sarah E. ; Akula, Nirmala ; Song, Jie ; Hultman, Christina M. ; Landén, Mikael ; Adli, Mazda ; Alda, Martin ; Ardau, Raffaella ; Arias, Bárbara ; Aubry, Jean-Michel ; Backlund, Lena ; Badner, Judith A. ; Barrett, Thomas B. ; Bauer, Michael ; Baune, Bernhard T. ; Bellivier, Frank ; Benabarre Hernandez, Antonio ; Bengesser, Susanne ; Berrettini, Wade H. ; Bhattacharjee, Abesh Kumar ; Biernacka, Joanna M. ; Birner, Armin ; Bloss, Cinnamon S. ; Brichant-Petitjean, Clara ; Bui, Elise T. ; Byerley, William ; Cervantes, Pablo ; Chillotti, Caterina ; Cichon, Sven ; Colom, Francesc ; Coryell, William ; Craig, David W. ; Cruceanu, Cristiana ; Czerski, Piotr M. ; Davis, Tony ; Dayer, Alexandre ; Degenhardt, Franziska ; Del Zompo, Maria ; DePaulo, J. Raymond ; Edenberg, Howard J. ; Étain, Bruno ; Falkai, Peter ; Foroud, Tatiana ; Forstner, Andreas Josef ; Frisén, Louise ; Frye, Mark A. ; Fullerton, Janice M. ; Gard, Sébastien ; Garnham, Julie S. ; Gershon, Elliot S. ; Goes, Fernando S. ; Greenwood, Tiffany A. ; Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Maria ; Hauser, Joanna ; Heilbronner, Urs ; Heilmann-Heimbach, Stefanie ; Herms, Stefan ; Hipolito, Maria ; Hitturlingappa, Shashi ; Hoffmann, Per ; Hofmann, Andrea ; Jamain, Stephane ; Jiménez, Esther ; Kahn, Jean-Pierre ; Kassem, Layla ; Kelsoe, John R. ; Kittel-Schneider, Sarah ; Kliwicki, Sebastian ; Koller, Daniel L. ; König, Barbara ; Lackner, Nina ; Laje, Gonzalo ; Lang, Maren ; Lavebratt, Catharina ; Lawson, William B. ; Leboyer, Marion ; Leckband, Susan G. ; Liu, Chunyu ; Maaser, Anna ; Mahon, Pamela B. ; Maier, Wolfgang ; Maj, Mario ; Manchia, Mirko ; Martinsson, Lina ; McCarthy, Michael J. ; McElroy, Susan L. ; McInnis, Melvin G. ; McKinney, Rebecca ; Mitchell, Philip B. ; Mitjans, Marina ; Mondimore, Francis M. ; Monteleone, Palmiero ; Mühleisen, Thomas W. ; Nievergelt, Caroline M. ; Nöthen, Markus Maria ; Novák, Tomas ; Nurnberger, John I. ; Nwulia, Evaristus A. ; Ösby, Urban ; Pfennig, Andrea ; Potash, James B. ; Propping, Peter ; Reif, Andreas ; Reininghaus, Eva ; Rice, John ; Rietschel, Marcella ; Rouleau, Guy A. ; Rybakowski, Janusz K. ; Schalling, Martin ; Scheftner, William A. ; Schofield, Peter R. ; Schork, Nicholas J. ; Schulze, Thomas G. ; Schumacher, Johannes ; Schweizer, Barbara W. ; Severino, Giovanni ; Shekhtman, Tatyana ; Shilling, Paul D. ; Simhandl, Christian ; Slaney, Claire M. ; Smith, Erin N. ; Squassina, Alessio ; Stamm, Thomas ; Stopkova, Pavla ; Streit, Fabian ; Strohmaier, Jana ; Szelinger, Szabolcs ; Tighe, Sarah K. ; Tortorella, Alfonso ; Turecki, Gustavo ; Vieta, Eduard ; Volkert, Julia ; Witt, Stephanie H. ; Wright, Adam ; Zandi, Peter P. ; Zhang, Peng ; Zollner, Sebastian ; McMahon, Francis J.
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a genetically complex mental illness characterized by severe oscillations of mood and behavior. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk loci that together account for a small portion of the heritability. To identify additional risk loci, we performed a two-stage meta-analysis of >9 million genetic variants in 9,784 bipolar disorder patients and 30,471 controls, the largest GWAS of BD to date. In this study, to increase power we used ~2,000 lithium-treated cases with a long-term diagnosis of BD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics, excess controls, and analytic methods optimized for markers on the Xchromosome. In addition to four known loci, results revealed genome-wide significant associations at two novel loci: an intergenic region on 9p21.3 (rs12553324, p = 5.87×10-9; odds ratio = 1.12) and markers within ERBB2 (rs2517959, p = 4.53×10-9; odds ratio = 1.13). No significant X-chromosome associations were detected and X-linked markers explained very little BD heritability. The results add to a growing list of common autosomal variants involved in BD and illustrate the power of comparing well-characterized cases to an excess of controls in GWAS.
Der Zusammenhang zwischen kognitiver Emotionsregulation, positivem Aufmerksamkeitsbias und Resilienz (2022)
Rogall, Friederike Isolde
Das Verständnis von Faktoren, die die Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Stress fördern, ist entscheidend für die Entwicklung von Stresspräventionsprogrammen und für die Verbesserung der Behandlung stressbedingter Störungen. Zum einen war es Ziel der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit, den Einfluss der kognitiven Emotionsregulation (ER) auf die psychische Gesundheit zu untersuchen und bereits vorhandene Ergebnisse zum Einfluss der Emotionsregulation auf die Resilienz zu replizieren. Es wird zunehmend anerkannt, dass die meisten psychiatrischen Erkrankungen mit Emotionsdysregulation einhergehen und dass klinische Interventionen davon profitieren, wenn sie auf einem empirischen Verständnis der Emotionsprozesse beruhen. Der Hauptfokus lag zudem darauf, zu untersuchen, ob es einen Zusammenhang zwischen Resilienz und einem Aufmerksamkeitsbias auf positive Informationen, einen Positivitätsbias, gibt. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde eine Stichprobe psychisch gesunder Teilnehmer (n=229) im Alter von 18 bis 55 Jahren herangezogen, denen Bilder aus dem „International Affective Picture System“ präsentiert wurden. Dabei bekamen sie die Anweisung, negative Emotionen zu Fotos durch kognitives Umbewerten oder Distanzieren herunterzuregulieren. Die Reaktionszeiten sowie die Erregungsbewertungen wurden für die Bedingungen Neubewertung, Distanzieren, negatives passives Betrachten sowie neutrales passives Betrachten erhoben. Zudem wurde die Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrung gegenüber positiven und negativen Reizen mithilfe einer Visual Dot-Probe Aufgabe untersucht. Gemessen wurden die Reaktionszeiten der Studienteilnehmer bei Reaktionen auf einen Stimulus, der auf die Präsentation emotionaler Gesichter folgt, im Vergleich zu Reaktionen auf einen Stimulus, der an die Stelle von neutralen Gesichtern rückt. Hieraus wurden Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrungen abgeleitet. Die anschließende Datenanalyse und statistische Auswertung konnten zeigen, dass die Neubewertung im Vergleich zum passiven Betrachten der negativen Bilder eine längere Reaktionszeit aufweist, was darauf hinweist, dass die kognitive Emotionsregulation möglicherweise anstrengendere kognitive Kontrollprozesse aktiviert. Hinsichtlich des Zusammenhangs mit der Resilienz konnte eine signifikante positive Korrelation der Reaktionszeitdifferenzen der Emotionsregulationsstrategien Distanzieren und Neubewerten mit dem Resilienz-Score beobachtet werden. Bei den Erregungsbewertungen der Emotionsregulation zeigte sich weder ein signifikanter Effekt der Bedingung noch ein Zusammenhang mit dem Resilienz-Score. Die Ergebnisse der Visual Dot-Probe zeigten, dass es keine Unterschiede in den Reaktionszeiten nach der Präsentation des neutralen sowie des emotionalen Stimulus gab. Auch zeigten sich keine Zusammenhänge mit der Resilienz. Der erwartete Zusammenhang zwischen Resilienz und einem Aufmerksamkeitsbias auf positive Informationen konnte in den Ergebnissen nicht gefunden werden. In den vorliegenden Daten zeigte sich hingegen eine signifikante negative Korrelation der Fähigkeit der kognitiven Neubewertung mit der Höhe des negativen Aufmerksamkeits Bias-Scores. Somit liefert die vorliegende Arbeit einen Hinweis darauf, dass Personen mit einem hohen Maß an Emotionsregulationskapazitäten eine höhere Aufmerksamkeitslenkung weg von emotional negativen Stimuli aufweisen. Bezüglich der Anwendung auf klinische Stichproben besteht noch Raum zu analysieren, ob es sich um ein stabiles Phänomen handelt, das auf diese übertragen werden kann.
Editorial: Novel and improved methods for the prevention and treatment of Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD) (2022)
Ullrich, Evelyn ; Beilhack, Andreas ; Wolf, Dietlinde-Maria
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