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FRAUEN.SCHREIBEN. So hieß das Thema des Symposiums, in dessen Zusammenhang dieser Text entstand. Die Frage, wie "Frau" in Texten von Schriftstellerinnen aus Österreich und China "geschrieben" wird, sollte dabei in den Blick genommen werden - Elfriede Jelinek stand dabei mit im Fokus der Analysen und ist auch meine Wahl im nachfolgenden Text. Diese Frage, nach dem "Wie-Frauen-Schreiben", die zunächst scheinbar recht simpel und unproblematisch gestellt werden kann, evoziert eine komplexe Auseinandersetzung mit Themen und Problemen, die der Literaturwissenschaft und Literaturtheorie konstitutiv zugrunde liegen - Fragen etwa nach einer potentiellen ('weiblichen') Autorschaft, einer 'weiblichen' Ästhetik, Fragen der Repräsentation 'von Frauen', hier im Besonderen 'in Texten von Frauen'.
Background: Bacterial meningitis is associated with high mortality and long-term neurological sequelae. Increasing the phagocytic activity of microglia could improve the resistance of the CNS against infections. We studied the influence of activin A, a member of the TGF-β family with known immunoregulatory and neuroprotective effects, on the functions of microglial cells in vitro.
Methods: Primary murine microglial cells were treated with activin A (0.13 ng/ml–13 μg/ml) alone or in combination with agonists of TLR2, 4, and 9. Phagocytosis of Escherichia coli K1 as well as release of TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL1, and NO was assessed.
Results: Activin A dose-dependently enhanced the phagocytosis of Escherichia coli K1 by microglial cells activated by agonists of TLR2, 4, and 9 without further increasing NO and proinflammatory cytokine release. Cell viability of microglial cells was not affected by activin A.
Conclusions: Priming of microglial cells with activin A could increase the elimination of bacteria in bacterial CNS infections. This preventive strategy could improve the resistance of the brain to infections, particularly in elderly and immunocompromised patients.
Purpose: DINO and DACOTA were prospective, noninterventional studies assessing the health status and quality of life of patients with COPD newly treated with roflumilast 500 µg once-daily add-on therapy.
Patients and methods: Patients were evaluated over 6 months. Clinical COPD questionnaire (CCQ) and COPD assessment test (CAT) scores were recorded at baseline and after 3 and 6 months. In DACOTA, post-bronchodilator FEV1 was recorded at each time point.
Results: Of 5,462 and 3,645 patients recruited into DINO and DACOTA, respectively, 3,274 patients in DINO and 916 patients in DACOTA completed the 6-month visit. Almost all patients had severe or very severe airway obstruction; mean baseline CCQ total score was 3.9 in DINO and 3.7 in DACOTA. Overall, 33.8% of patients in DACOTA and 30.6% in DINO discontinued treatment prematurely. Significant and clinically relevant improvements in CCQ total scores were observed in both studies (mean change from baseline of 1.36 in DINO and 0.91 in DACOTA at Month 6 [all P<0.001]). Changes in CAT total score from baseline to Month 6 indicated that the average clinical impact of COPD was reduced from a severe (score: 21–30) to a moderate (score: 11–20) impairment. In DACOTA, mean change in post-bronchodilator FEV1 was 202 mL (P<0.001). Diarrhea, nausea, and weight decrease were the most frequently reported adverse drug reactions.
Conclusion: In real-life clinical practice, roflumilast treatment as an add-on therapy is associated with clinically relevant improvements in health status and quality of life.
Sprachen, Epochen und Gattungen stellt die Literaturwissenschaften immer wieder vor die Frage, wie sie diese Entwicklung mitgestalten und zu ihrem Vorteil nutzen können. Dabei ist digital nicht gleich digital, sondern es existiert eine Vielzahl sehr unterschiedlicher, digitaler Repräsentationsformen von Text. Nur wenige dieser Repräsentationsformen werden literaturwissenschaftlichen Anforderungen tatsächlich gerecht, darunter diejenige, die den Richtlinien der Text Encoding Initiative folgt. Der vorliegende Beitrag vergleicht zunächst einige derzeit gängige digitale Repräsentationsformen von Text. Für literaturwissenschaftliche Forschung besonders geeignet erweist sich hierbei eine Repräsentationsform, die den Richtlinien der Text Encoding Initiative folgt. Daher informiert der Beitrag anschließend über deren Nutzen für die literaturwissenschaftliche Arbeit, sowohl im Bereich der wissenschaftlichen Textedition als auch im Bereich der Analyse und Interpretation von Texten. Nur wenn die Literaturwissenschaften in ihrer Breite den Nutzen von offenen, expressiven, flexiblen und standardisierten, langfristig nutzbaren Formaten für die Forschung erkennen, können sie sich mit dem erforderlichen Nachdruck für deren Verbreitung einsetzen und durch die zunehmende Verfügbarkeit von Texten in solchen Formaten für die eigene Forschung und Lehre davon profitieren.
Der Artikel stellt aktuelle stilometrische Studien im Delta-Kontext vor. Diskutiert wird, warum die Verwendung des Kosinus-Abstands zu einer Verbesserung der Erfolgsquote führt; durch Experimente zur Vektornormalisierung gelingt es, die Funktionsweise von Delta besser zu verstehen. Anhand von mittelhochdeutschen Texten wird gezeigt, dass auch metrische Eigenschaften zur Autorschaftsattribution eingesetzt werden können. Zudem wird untersucht, inwieweit die mittelalterliche, nicht-normierte Schreibung die Erfolgsquote von Delta beeinflusst. Am Beispiel von arabisch-lateinischen Übersetzungen wird geprüft, inwieweit eine selektive Merkmalseliminierung dazu beitragen kann, das Übersetzersignal vom Genresignal zu isolieren.
Studia Austriaca ; 13.2005
(2012)
Grazie all’accordo concluso con il Console Mario Erschen nel 1994, e rinnovato con la Dr. Stella Avallone nel 2003, anche questo nuovo volume di Studia austriaca esce per iniziativa congiunta del Forum Austriaco di Cultura (già Istituto Austriaco di Cultura) a Milano e della Sezione di Germanistica (già Istituto di Germanistica) del Dipartimento di Studi Linguistici, Letterari e Filologici (DI.LI.LE.FI) dell’Università degli Studi di Milano.
Schiller and Goethe have very different conceptions of tragedy. In his play Don Carlos, Schiller, especially in the character of Philip II, shows us the conflict between blood and positive law. In Goethe´s novel Elective Affinities, the individual will is ignorant of fate and helpless against it. So to speak, Schiller applies the "Antigone´s Model" and Goethe applies the "Oedipus Model". In his dramatic vision of the conflict, Schiller is inspired by Shakespeare´s plays. However, Goethe´s point of view is based on his reflections on Natural Philosophy.
Die Bedeutung des philosophischen Programms John McDowells, das schon in der theoretischen Philosophie eine revolutionäre Neuausrichtung vornimmt, kann erst voll erkannt werden, wenn man auch seine Konsequenzen für die praktische Philosophie in den Blick nimmt. Zwar geht Geist und Welt primär von Dilemmata der Erkenntnistheorie aus. Aus McDowells Vorschlag, die Gleichsetzung der äußeren Natur mit dem bedeutungsfreien Raum der Naturgesetze zugunsten einer Konzeption von Gründen in der Welt aufzugeben, ergibt sich aber die Möglichkeit einer so neuartigen Perspektive auf die Natur moralischer Urteile, dass es fast so scheint, als sei McDowells theoretisches Programm auf diesen Gewinn für die praktische Philosophie hin angelegt worden.
"Ja, Goethe über alles und immer!" : Benns "Doppelleben" in den Briefen an F. W. Oelze (1932-1956)
(2016)
"Goethe über alles"! Das will heißen, mit einer kaum versteckten Anspielung auf die deutsche Nationalhymne: Goethe vor allem über Deutschland! Diese emphatische Parole Gottfried Benns findet sich in seinem Brief vom 8. November 1950 an Friedrich Wilhelm Oelze.1 Zu dieser Zeit stand der Briefwechsel zwischen den beiden Männern schon in seinem achtzehnten Jahr, ausgelöst durch das Goethe-Jahr 1932, zu dem Benn seinen Essay "Goethe und die Naturwissenschaften" beigesteuert hatte. Er erschien in der "Neuen Rundschau" in einem "Sonderheft zum hundertsten Todestag Goethes" und enthielt u. a. Beiträge von Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, André Gide und Ortega y Gasset. Benn war zeitlebens stolz auf diese Leistung und ihre illustre Autoren-Nachbarschaft.
Wasserhäuschen : vom Babbeln mit Bier am Büdchen ; Stadtentwicklung im Zeichen der Trinkhalle
(2004)
Im Sommer 2003 kam es zu folgender Szene an einer Bockenheimer Trinkhalle: Ein offensichtlich armer Schlucker bezahlte mit einem zehn Euro Schein zwei Bier. Anstatt ihm das fällige Restgeld auszuhändigen, fragte die Betreiberin, ob sie ihm das Geld raus geben oder es behalten solle, damit er sich dafür am Abend etwas Warmes zu Essen kaufen könne. ...
Expression of surfactant protein B is dependent on cell density in H441 lung epithelial cells
(2017)
Background: Expression of surfactant protein (SP)-B, which assures the structural stability of the pulmonary surfactant film, is influenced by various stimuli, including glucocorticoids; however, the role that cell-cell contact plays in SP-B transcription remains unknown. The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of cell-cell contact on SP-B mRNA and mature SP-B expression in the lung epithelial cell line H441.
Methods: Different quantities of H441 cells per growth area were either left untreated or incubated with dexamethasone. The expression of SP-B, SP-B transcription factors, and tight junction proteins were determined by qPCR and immunoblotting. The influence of cell density on SP-B mRNA stability was investigated using the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D.
Results: SP-B mRNA and mature SP-B expression levels were significantly elevated in untreated and dexamethasone-treated H441 cells with increasing cell density. High cell density as a sole stimulus was found to barely have an impact on SP-B transcription factor and tight junction mRNA levels, while its stimulatory ability on SP-B mRNA expression could be mimicked using SP-B-negative cells. SP-B mRNA stability was significantly increased in high-density cells, but not by dexamethasone alone.
Conclusion: SP-B expression in H441 cells is dependent on cell-cell contact, which increases mRNA stability and thereby potentiates the glucocorticoid-mediated induction of transcription. Loss of cell integrity might contribute to reduced SP-B secretion in damaged lung cells via downregulation of SP-B transcription. Cell density-mediated effects should thus receive greater attention in future cell culture-based research.
Neural responses to heartbeats in the default network encode the self in spontaneous thoughts
(2016)
The default network (DN) has been consistently associated with self-related cognition, but alsoto bodily state monitoring and autonomic regulation. We hypothesized that these two seemingly disparate functional roles of the DN are functionally coupled, in line with theories proposing that selfhood is grounded in the neural monitoring of internal organs, such as the heart. We measured with magnetoencephalograhy neural responses evoked by heartbeats while human participants freely mind-wandered. When interrupted by a visual stimulus at random intervals, participants scored the self-relatedness of the interrupted thought. They evaluated their involvement as the firstperson perspective subject or agent inthethought (“I”), and on another scaleto what degreethey werethinking aboutthemselves (“Me”). During the interrupted thought, neural responses to heartbeats in two regions of the DN, the ventral precuneus and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, covaried, respectively, with the “I” and the “Me” dimensions of the self, even at the single-trial level. No covariation between self-relatedness and peripheral autonomic measures (heart rate, heart rate variability, pupil diameter, electrodermal activity, respiration rate, and phase) or alpha power was observed. Our results reveal a direct link between selfhood and neural responses to heartbeats in the DN and thus directly support theories grounding selfhood in the neural monitoring of visceral inputs. More generally, the tight functional coupling between self-related processing and cardiac monitoring observed here implies that, even in the absence of measured changes in peripheral bodily measures, physiological and cognitive functions have to be considered jointly in the DN.
Background: Kyrgyzstan, where HIV is concentrated in prisons and driven by injection drug use, provides a prison-based methadone maintenance therapy program as well as abstinence-oriented therapeutic community based on the 12-step model called the “Clean Zone.” We aimed to qualitatively assess how prisoners navigate between these treatment options to understand the persistence of the Clean Zone despite a lack of evidence to support its effectiveness in treating opioid use disorders.
Methods: We conducted an analysis of policy documents and over 60 h of participant observation in February 2016, which included focus groups with a convenience sample of 20 therapeutic community staff members, 110 prisoners across three male and one female prisons, and qualitative interviews with two former Clean Zone participants. Field notes containing verbatim quotes from participants were analyzed through iterative reading and discussion to understand how participants generally perceive the program, barriers to entry and retention, and implications for future treatment within prisons.
Results: Our analyses discerned three themes: pride in the mission of the Clean Zone, idealism regarding addiction treatment outcomes against all odds, and the demonization of methadone.
Conclusion: Despite low enrollment and lack of an evidence base, the therapeutic community is buttressed by the strong support of the prison administration and its clients as an “ordered” alternative to what is seen as chaotic life outside of the Clean Zone. The lack of services for Clean Zone patients after release likely contributes to high rates of relapse to drug use. The Clean Zone would benefit from integration of stabilized methadone patients combined with a post-release program.
Earliest expansion of animal husbandry beyond the Mediterranean zone in the sixth millennium BC
(2017)
Since their domestication in the Mediterranean zone of Southwest Asia in the eighth millennium BC, sheep, goats, pigs and cattle have been remarkably successful in colonizing a broad variety of environments. The initial steps in this process can be traced back to the dispersal of farming groups into the interior of the Balkans in the early sixth millennium BC, who were the first to introduce Mediterranean livestock beyond its natural climatic range. Here, we combine analysis of biomolecular and isotopic compositions of lipids preserved in prehistoric pottery with faunal analyses of taxonomic composition from the earliest farming sites in southeast Europe to reconstruct this pivotal event in the early history of animal husbandry. We observe a marked divergence between the (sub)Mediterranean and temperate regions of Southeast Europe, and in particular a significant increase of dairying in the biochemical record coupled with a shift to cattle and wild fauna at most sites north of the Balkan mountain range. The findings strongly suggest that dairying was crucial for the expansion of the earliest farming system beyond its native bioclimatic zone.
Unequivocal international guidelines regarding the diagnosis and management of patients with acute appendicitis are lacking. The aim of the consensus meeting 2015 of the EAES was to generate a European guideline based on best available evidence and expert opinions of a panel of EAES members. After a systematic review of the literature by an international group of surgical research fellows, an expert panel with extensive clinical experience in the management of appendicitis discussed statements and recommendations. Statements and recommendations with more than 70 % agreement by the experts were selected for a web survey and the consensus meeting of the EAES in Bucharest in June 2015. EAES members and attendees at the EAES meeting in Bucharest could vote on these statements and recommendations. In the case of more than 70 % agreement, the statement or recommendation was defined as supported by the scientific community. Results from both the web survey and the consensus meeting in Bucharest are presented as percentages. In total, 46 statements and recommendations were selected for the web survey and consensus meeting. More than 232 members and attendees voted on them. In 41 of 46 statements and recommendations, more than 70 % agreement was reached. All 46 statements and recommendations are presented in this paper. They comprise topics regarding the diagnostic work-up, treatment indications, procedural aspects and post-operative care. The consensus meeting produced 46 statements and recommendations on the diagnostic work-up and management of appendicitis. The majority of the EAES members supported these statements. These consensus proceedings provide additional guidance to surgeons and surgical residents providing care to patients with appendicitis.
Nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg war das Stadtzentrum Frankfurt am Main fast vollkommen zerstört worden. In den Nachkriegsjahren war nun fraglich, wie die Stadt von den Trümmermassen befreit werden sollte. Der Straßenraum musste von Schutt geräumt werden, Krankenhäuser und Versorgungseinrichtungen mussten wiederhergestellt werden und es musste neuer Wohnraum geschaffen werden. Es herrschte großer Baumaterialmangel, dass damals als großes Problem galt. Über eine Wiederverwertung des Trümmerschutts und die Verarbeitung zu neuen Baustoffen machte sich der damals amtierende Bürgermeister Kurt Blaum im Sommer 1945 die ersten Gedanken. Am 18. Oktober 1945 beschloss man in einer geheimen Sitzung die Gründung der Trümmerverwertungsgesellschaft. Die Aufgaben der Trümmerverwertungsgesellschaft wurde klar festgehalten: 1) Abbruch von Gefahrenstellen, Leitung der Trümmergewinnung und Transport zur Verwertungsanlage 2) Forschung zur Verwertung von Trümmerschutt 3) Errichtung und Betrieb der Aufbereitungsanlage sowie das Betonwerks.
Auf einem 10 Hektar großen Baugelände im Frankfurter Riederwald wurde die Trümmerverwertungsanlage gebaut. Zunächst wurde eine provisorische Aufbereitungsanlage gebaut, die 1947 in Betrieb war. Nach der Fertigstellung der Aufbereitungs- und Sinteranlage sowie das Betonwerk im Jahr 1950, wurde die provisorische Anlage zurückgebaut.
Die Philipp Holzmann AG war einer ihrer Gründer und trug ihren Teil zum Wiederaufbau der Stadt bei.
Background: Only few authors have analyzed the impact of workplace conflicts and the resulting stress on the risk of developing cardiovascular disorders. The goal of this study was to analyze the association between workplace conflicts and cardiovascular disorders in patients treated by German general practitioners.
Methods: Patients with an initial documentation of a workplace conflict experience between 2005 and 2014 were identified in 699 general practitioner practices (index date). We included only those who were between the ages of 18 and 65 years, had a follow-up time of at least 180 days after the index date, and had not been diagnosed with angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, coronary heart diseases, or stroke prior to the documentation of the workplace mobbing. In total, the study population consisted of 7,374 patients who experienced conflicts and 7,374 controls for analysis. The main outcome measure was the incidence of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and stroke correlated with workplace conflict experiences.
Results: After a maximum of five years of follow-up, 2.9% of individuals who experienced workplace conflict were affected by cardiovascular diseases, while only 1.4% were affected in the control group (p-value <0.001). Workplace conflict was associated with a 1.63-fold increase in the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Finally, the impact of workplace conflict was higher for myocardial infarction (OR=2.03) than for angina pectoris (OR=1.79) and stroke (OR=1.56).
Conclusions: Overall, we found a significant association between workplace conflicts and cardiovascular disorders.