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Le système des Gobiidés
(1930)
Effects of BPA in snails
(2006)
It is an ethical requirement that new findings be presented in light of and in conjunction with a balanced evaluation of the current knowledge and published literature. We believe that Oehlmann et al. (2006) violated this general principle in several ways. For example, the authors inferred that prosobranch snails have a functional estrogen receptor and therefore a much higher sensitivity to estrogens and endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) than other species previously reported in the literature. We found several other problems in their article...
Die Termiten, von welchen gegenwärtig gegen 200 Arten bekannt geworden sind, bewohnen vorzugsweise die tropischen Esinder und die wärmeren Gegenden der Länder mit gemässigtern Klima. In Europa sind, abgesehen von der aus Nordamerika in die Sohönbrunner Treibhäuser eingeschleppten Art Termes flavipes KOLLAR nur zwei Arten einheimisch: Calotermes marginalis ROSSI (flavicollis FABR.), welche aus Portugal, Spanien, der Provence, Toskana, Neapel, Sardinien, Sizilien, Nordafrika, Syrien, Kleinasien und dem nordwestlichen Kaukasus mitgetheilt wurde und Termes lucifugus ROSSI, welche in Portugal, Spanien, der Provenoe, La Rochelle, Paris, Langres, Toskana, Sizilien, Nordafrika, Dalmatien, der Türkei, Griechenland, Cgpern, Beesarabien und Odessa gefunden worden ist. ...
Fragments mycologiques
(1848)
Beitraege zur Kenntniss der myrmecophilen Pflanzen und der Bedeutung der extranuptialen Nectarien
(1891)
Von den biologischen Fragen des heutigen Tages, die der Beantwortung harren, giebt es wohl wenige, die so ungemein die allgemeine Aufmerksamkeit gefesselt haben wie die Frage über die wechselseitigen Beziehungen von Pflanzen und Ameisen, wie sie sich im Laufe der Zeit entwickelten und worüber Delpino, Belt, Beccari u. A. höchst interessante Thatsachen zu Tage gefördert haben. ...
In the ignorance which still prevails regarding many details of the breeding-habits of the Cuckoo, we have a goof object lesson of how well Nature is able to guard her secrets, since, after years of careful and methodical investigation by distinguished naturalists, comparatively few authentic facts have been established. ...
The North Arnerican species of the genus Cremastocheilus are reviewed. These belong to 5 subgenera, Macropodina, Trinodea, Anatinodia, Mymcotonus, and Cremastocheilus. Taxonomie changes are: She inclusion of Crernastocheilus nitens and C. chapini in the subgenus Cremastocheilus rather than Myrmecotonus. Also Anatinodia is elevated to subgeneric status. A key to the subgenera is provided, as is a key to the species of the 5 subgenera, recognizing that the 35 species in the subgenus Cremastocheilus are in need of revision. A critical review of the host records, geographic distribution, and ecology of the Tribe Crernastocheilini (Family Scarabaeidae. subfamily Cetoniinae) is provided. This contains enormous numbers of new records for both the genera Genuchinus and CremastocheiLus both from the literature and from the extensive field work that is reported here for the first time. A Summary of the host records is presented in tabular form. This table shows the association of all species of Cremastocheilus with ants as adults and the larvae either associated with the vegetable material of the ant nests or with vegetable material in rodent burrows. Genuchinus is shown to be a general predator on soft bodied insects while the other genera of the Cremastocheilini are associated with plants, particularly bromeliads. A detailed study of the external morphology and sexual dimorphism of the genera Genuchinus and Crernastocheilus is presented. All species of Cremastocheilus can be sexed with the naked eye by the difference in the shapes of the abdominal terminal Segments, wherein males have the posterior border of the last ventral abdominal segment either straight or slightly bowed, while females have this border broadly rounded. There are other microscopic sexual differences in the structure of the legs. The rest of the external morphology is also presented, particularly from the point of view of adaptations to either a predaceous or rnyrmecophilous existente. Particularly adapted for predation are the pointed maxillae which are used for piercing prey. Particularly adapted for myrmecophily are the mentum, the maxillae, the generally thick exoskeleton, trichomes on both the anterior and posterior angles of the pronotum, the elytra, and the legs (which are adapted to the nest substrate of the host ant nests. Exocrine glands are described for Genuchinus ineptus and at least 1 species of each of the 5 subgenera of Cremastocheilus. In general, there are no gland cells nor glandular areas in Genuchinuc that are comparable to those of Cremastocheilus. The gland cells and glandular areas are quite extensive andvariable arnong species of Cremastocheilus. The frontal gland of some Cremastocheilus (strongly developed in C. castaneus and the C. canaliculatus species group, but weakly developed in the C. wheeleri species group) is described for the first time. Because these glands are not found in Genuchinus ineptuc, a species with general predatory habits, it is thought that these play a role, as yet unknown, in interactions with ants. The life cycles of the subgenera of Cremastocheilus are described. The general life cycle entails adult beetles eclosing in ant nests during the summer and then undertaking dispersal flights. The adults then enter ant nests and ovenivinter there, eating ant larvae during the Winter. Another dispersal flight occurs in the spring during which the adults mate and enter ant nests again. The females then lay eggs and the adults die. The eggs hatch and the larvae spend 3 instars feeding upon vegetable material in the nests. The lmae then pupate in typical scarabaeine earthen cells made of fecal material and soil. These eclose in the summer and the cycle is repeated. Variation from species to species is largely in the timing. Leaving the nest in late Summer, mating seems to be triggered by rainfall in all the species studied. Mating of C. (Macropodina) beameri takes place in rodent burrows. Males seem attracted to females from a distance but the mechanism of this remains obscure. In the subgenus Trinodia, mating takes place on sandy washes or roadsides where females land. In the subgenus Myrmecotonus, maüng also takes place in sandy areas. In C. (Cremastocheilus) mating takes place on sand bars along rivers in the southeastern U.S. and in sand dunes in northeastern U.S. The femaies dig down into the sand. Males locate these places by some unknown mechanism and then dig down to copulate with the females. Field experiments showed unequivocaily that males dig only into areas occupied by females. No sex-specific Sex attractant glands have been located in females so far. Dispersal to ant nests occurs after mating except for C. (Macropodina) beameri which lays its eggs in the rodent burrows and then probably disperses to ant nests. Beetle activity going in and out of nests was studied using wire hardware cloth screens over entrances to Mynnecocystus nests. The mesh size was such that the ants could move freely in or out but the beetles got stuck by their thoraces. The direction then could be interpreted by the direction in which they got stuck. By this method, C. stathamae was shown to leave nests from 23 June to 1 September with a peak on 6 July, just after the beginning of the summer rains. Beetles entered nests from June 23 to August 3, however 39% entered on July 16, probably pulsed by the leaving time which was correlated with the rains. Life cycle timing: C. (Macropodina) develop in the nests of Wood rats (Neotoma sp.]. Females lay about 40 eggs each. The 3 larval instars to pupation take about 1 month. Pupae are found from late August to weil into September. In other subgenera as well, larvae are found in parts of the nest devoid of ants, The timing is similar in all the subgenera found with ants. Mortality factors: While ants attack Cremastocheilus adults, there is no evidence that they are ever killed by ants nor is there evidence that ants kill larvae nor hard earthen pupae cases which protect the pupae. During dispersal fiights and mating, the adults are exposed to predation and evidence is presented that shows predation by horned toads, spiders, magpies, and tiger beetles. Probably most mortality occurs in the larval and pupd stages where the beetles are attacked by internal parasites and fungus. Further rnortality is caused by limitation of the food supply during the larval stage. Reentering nests: Females of C. (Macropodina) beameri select specific rodent and other burrows, attract males for rnating. and then enter the burrow for oviposition. C. stathamae are carried into the ants nests from as far away as 25ft. The beetles appear to land spontaneously after flying randomly over M. depilis nesting areas. Then the wander about waiting for the ants to carry them into the nests. Cremastocheilus hirsutus fly low over the ground searching for Pogonomyrrnex barbatus nests, land. and move straight for the nest entrances which they enter unhindered. Among all species, the ants frequently eject beetles but the net rnovement is in. Ants frequently attacked Cremastocheilus in laboratory observation nests when they were introduced. These attacks seldom resulted in the death of the beetles and the beetles were eventually ignored. When the beetles entered brood chambers, where they fed upon larvae, they were mostly ignored and even licked assiduously by the ants. A principle defensive behavior by the beetles is feigning death (letisimulation). The beetles give off an unpleasant "dead fish odor when collected in the I field. Experiments show that this substance functions to fend off some predators but further experiments indicated that these substances were ineffective against both ants and kangaroo rats. Experiments with various species of Cremastocheilus adults indicate that the adults eat only ant larvae. The beetles will eat larvae of non-host ants but show preferences for the larvae of their normal hosts. Under the same experimental conditions. Genuchinus ineptus adults will feed on a variety of insect adults and larvae. Field experiments on the function of trichome secretions did not indicate that they function to attract ants at a distance nor are they involved in worker acceptance. Laboratory experiments in which areas with a high concentration of gland cells were presented to ants showed that no ants were attracted. Laboratory introduction of Cremastocheilus hamisii adults into Fomica schau.si nests yielded many interactions including ants licking the anterior pronotal angles, the mentum area where the frontal glands empty and a carina over the eye with a dense pad of short setae. These are areas of concentration of gland cells and these are the first observations of licking by ants in specific sites containing exocrine glands. Radioisotope experiments showed food exchange among ants but never from ants to beetles. Other experiments showed that ants can pick up radioactivity from the beetles without feeding on trichome secretions. Evolutionary pathways: Adult Cremastocheilini probably followed the evolutionary route from adult predation on soft bodied insects to specialized feeding upon ant brood and the subsequent development of the beetle larvae in vegetable material in the ant colonies. Thus Genuchininseptus makes a logical outgroup in that they are general predators probably feeding mostly on Diptera larvae associated with Sotol plants in the field. The rnajor evolutionary step taken by Cremastocheiluswas to specialize on ant brood. Then the species radiated into ant colonies inhabiting southwestem North Arnenca. Most of the ant hosts invaded have quantities of vegetable material in their nests sufficient to support several developing scarab larvae. Host colonies are large, contain accessible brood, and are usually dominant foragers Evidence supports the idea that the species of Cremastocheilus have differentes in behavior and morphology that reflect adaptation to the behavioral ecology of different species of ants rather than different evolutionary levels of integration into ant colonies.
Octavo et infra...
Da seit Ostern 1877 ein amtlicher Lehrplan für die Landesgymnasien (Revidierte Ausgabe von 1884, Darmstadt, Buchhandlung Grossherzoglichen Staatsverlags) die Aufgaben und Ziele der einzelnen Unterrichtsgegenstände für die betr. Klassen festgestellt hat, so erscheinen nur diejenigen Angaben hier, welche nicht aus dem allgemeinen Lehrplan ersichtlich oder durch die Speciallehrpläne des hiesigen Gymnasiums veranlasst sind. ...
Tête un peu moins large que le thorax, un peu luisante, finement et peu densement ponctuée, toute noire; les poils du vertex et des joues plus abondants, fauves, ceux de la face plus courts, plus rares, et roux; le chaperon presque nu, inégalement ponctué, subrugueux, tronqué droit au bout et margué d'une ligne enfoncée parallèle au bord: flagellum des antennes d'un noir de poix, le premier article long et mince, les autres plus épais, formant une massue longue et faiblement comprimée. ...
Nachstehend folgt mit Beschreibung der neuen Arten eine Zusammenstellung aller vom herrn EDM. KOVÁCS für das Ungarische National-Museum in den Jahren 1911 und 1912 in Abessynien gesammelten Chloropiden, die in ihrer Gesammtheit geeignet sind, ein Bild von der Reichhaltigkeit der dortigen Fauna zu geben. ...
Das nachfolgende, so viel bis jezt bekannt, älteste Verzeichniss eines großen Theiles der Tafelgüter, Einkünfte und Rechte eines Erzbischofs von Mainz, und anderer auf die Erhebung und Verwaltung derselben bezüglicher Verhältnisse, war aus dem ehemaligen Kur-Mainzischen Archive, mit den die Stadt Erfurth betreffenden Akten, in das Königliche Provinzial-Archiv zu Magdeburg übergegangen. ...
Qur'an : der Koran handgeschrieben auf Arabisch in arabischer Schrift, illustriert und kommentiert
(1810)
Jede neue Bienenkolonie, die sich von dem alten Stocke trennt, heißt ein Schwarm und dieser sucht sich alsbald zu seinen neuen Arbeiern eine Wohnung, und findet sie, wenn Menschen sie ihm nicht darbieten, in hohlen Bäumen, Gebäudespalten und Steinhöhlen, worin sie ohne alle menschliche Hilfe wild leben. ...
Die Verfassung für den norddeutschen Bund enthielt (§ 75) die Bestimmung, dass das gemeinschaftliche Ober-Appellationsgericht der drei freien und Hansestädte Hamburg, Bremen und Lübeck "für diejenigen Unternehmungen gegen den norddeutschen Bund, welche, wenn gegen einen Einzelstaat gerichtet, als Hochverrath oder Landesverrath zu qualifiziren wären", die zuständige Spruchbehörde in erster und letzter Instanz sein solle; das Nähere über die Zuständigkeit und das Verfahren solle durch ein Reichsgesetz angeordnet werden. ...