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This paper deals with complex prefix-particle structures like aberkennen in German. First, it presents a scheme to analyse these double complex words from a synchronic point of view. Second, it is shown for words with ab-, that this type of word formation is typical for Middle and Early Modern High German and reasons for the decrease are discussed.
Besides some well-established forms like autoritär 'authoritarian'; humanitär 'humanitarian'; new coinages ending with -itär can be found in German. These adjectives are closely related to nouns ending with -ität. From an etymological point of view; these formations are morphologically transparent. Not only are the adjectives new; but -itär emerges as a new suffix.
A typical characteristic of Central German dialects, especially of the Ripuarian dialect, is that it has collective nouns with ge- + -ze (cf. gesteinze) besides those with ge- + -e (cf. gesteine) corresponding to Dutch gesteente and gestene. A relationship between ge- + -ze and ge- + -te has been assumed for a long time. A corpus-based comparison is given in order to explain the genesis of these different formation types (ge- + -e, ge- + -ze, ge- + -te) and their relations. It seems likely that earlier Dutch formations influenced their Ripuarian counterparts. Rarely, the circumfix ge- + -te also occurs in Ripuarian texts and may be autochthone. One main result is that the suffic -ze in Ripuarian restores the collective formation in the circumfix ge- + -e when it was destroyed by the e-apokope. This is a rare instance where an element of word formation is replaced by another one in order to neutralize the isolation effect of sound change.
German "-isch" and English "-ish" share a common Germanic origin, which is evidenced by striking similarities concerning the derivation of ethnic adjectives "(englisch/English)" or property-denoting adjectives "(kindisch/childish)". However, after an initial period of parallel characteristics, the two languages display drastic changes, with English developing an approximative sense when attached to adjectival bases (e.g. "greenish") and expanding to a wide range of other word categories, while German "-isch" develops multiple functions and also comes to firmly occupy a morphological niche with non-native bases. The paper sheds light on the evolving divergence between German and English by presenting results from two diachronic corpus-based studies. Additionally, explanations with respect to the typological parameter of 'Boundary Permeability' are provided.
Am 25. und 26. November 2016 fand am Germanistischen Institut der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität die vom Autor dieses Berichts organisierte Tagung „Historische Wortbildung. Theorie – Methoden – Perspektiven“ statt. Dabei sollte vor allem die diachrone Wortbildungsforschung zum Deutschen Berücksichtigung finden, eine Forschungsrichtung also, die nach wie vor eine Forschungslücke darstellt. Die heute zur Verfügung stehenden synchronen Beschreibungen der Wortbildung früherer Sprachstufen sowie die Digitalisierung historischer Textbestände und deren Implementierung in komplexe Datenbanken (z. B. des Deutschen Textarchivs2, des Altdeutschen Referenzkorpus3, etc.) bieten der diachron-historischen Wortbildungsforschung neue Möglichkeiten, die es nun zu nutzen gilt.
The article delineates the development of nominal synthetic compounding in the history of German. In particular, it is attested an enhancement of the morphological structure which correlates with a morphological intersection of determinative compounding happening from Early New High German onwards.
This article deals with the development of -igen verbs in German since the Old High German period, demonstrating that this can be regarded as a process in which the adjective formation morpheme -ig gradually develops into a component of a word formation pattern that derives transitive verbs from nouns. An -igen-verb can be descended not only from an -ig-adjective (würdig – würdigen) but also from a noun without an intermediary -ig-adjective (Pein – *peinig – peinigen). In this article, it is claimed that a word formation pattern with -ig develops over time. The emergence of this word formation pattern can be described as a "reanalysis" of the verb structure accompanied by a "resegmentation" of the original word structure and a semantic "remotivation" of the established unit. It is also pointed out that this development is particularly evident in the Middle High German period.
Morphology Days is a (nearly) biennial international meeting which deals with morphology within different frameworks and in various perspectives Previous editions of this conference have taken place in Leuven (2015), Leeuwarden (2013), Leiden (2012), Nijmegen (2011), Luik (2009) and Amsterdam (2007) While the first editions of the conference were mainly addressed to researchers working on morphology in the Netherlands and in Belgium, the last editions – including this one – included international contributions The programme and the book of abstract is available at the conference’s homepage at https://morphologydays2017.wordpress.com/program/. Organized by Philippe Hiligsmann, Kristel Van Goethem, Nikos Koutsoukos and Isa Hendrikx from the Université Catholique de Louvain, and Laurent Raiser from the Université de Liège, this edition of Morphology Days hosted more than 30 researchers, among which 3 plenary speakers, coming not only from Belgium but also from France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. Although both inflection and derivation (affixation) where dealt with in the talks, this conference report will only address the studies on derivation.
This paper offers an extensive analysis of the reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European word-initial cluster *sk- in Proto-Slavic. It is argued that the regular reflex of this cluster is the Proto-Slavic *x-, but that *sk- was analogously re-introduced in a great number of cases under the influence of prefixed forms and cases where forms with and without the so-called "s-mobile" co-existed in Slavic. This conclusion is in accordance with the fact that *x- < *sk- is far more common in derivationally isolated words that do not occur with prefixes.
This paper presents doublets in the phonology and accentuation of a Kajkavian dialect in central Croatia, where all three major Croatian groups of dialects meet. Inconsistencies in the vowel and consonant systems are also noted. The second part considers the accentual system, its units and their distribution. Many fluctuations were noted, even with respect to retractions and special Kajkavian features. These are explained through influences of neihbouring local dialects and from the urban dialect of Karlovac and Standard Croatian.
U radu se razmatraju svi dosada poznati rukopisni primjerci / varijante rječnika zadarskoga kanonika Ivana Tanzlinghera Zanottija, uz ponovno čitanje svih znanstvenih članaka i studija o njima i vraćanje na riječi iz njegove oporuke. Opisuje se i rad na digitalizaciji i mrežnom objavljivanju jednoga od njih. Predstavlja se još jedan rukopisni primjerak njegova rječnika koji je 2009. godine otkriven u Zadru.
Cilj je ovoga rada opis zamjeničke deklinacije u jednom hrvatskoglagoljskom rukopisu, Akademijinu brevijaru iz 14. stoljeća, i potom usporedba sa stanjem u kanonskim starocrkvenoslavenskim rukopisima, zatim u hrvatskoglagoljskim fragmentima i liturgijskim rukopisima, u zbornicima, i na koncu u tiskanim brevijarima. Nadalje se na temelju proučene i izložene građe pokušava odgovoriti na pitanje postoji li razlika, i u kojoj mjeri, kod zamjeničkih oblika između prvoga (Psaltira) i drugoga dijela brevijara (Komunala), kao što je to već ustanovljeno za neke jezične razine, odnosno koliko je u drugome dijelu prisutan utjecaj narodnoga piščeva govora.
U radu se promatraju i analiziraju ustaljene sveze s preoblikom značenja uočene u srednjovjekovnim Gospinim plačevima pisanima starohrvatskim jezikom. Takve se sveze navode kao frazeološke ili kao frazemi u užem smislu te se uspoređuju sa suvremenim frazemima ista značenja i podudarna oblika. Uz popis frazema u užem smislu donose se uz pojedine primjere i frazemi u širem smislu.
U radu se identificiraju predlošci s kojih je prepisan ćirilički Lajpciški lekcionar. Još je Milan Rešetar nedvojbeno dokazao da je glavni predložak bilo drugo izdanje Bernardinova lekcionara (1543.), međutim u prvom dijelu rada – pregledu relevantne literature – pokazujemo da taj podatak nije općepoznat te da se i danas nastanak Lajpciškog lekcionara bez temelja smješta na kraj XV. ili početak XVI. stoljeća. Za pogrješnu je dataciju zaslužan Joseph Schütz, koji je 1963. izdao jedinu monografiju o tom rukopisu, a radovi znanstvenika koji su pobili njegove teze nisu dovoljno poznati znanstvenoj javnosti, što će ovaj članak pokušati promijeniti. U drugom dijelu rada bavimo se konkretnim primjerima odnosa Lajpciškog lekcionara sa svojim predlošcima te, osim analize zanimljivih i nekih problematičnih primjera već poznatih u literaturi, nastojimo pružiti i neke važne, ali dosada nepoznate primjere i njihovo tumačenje.
Es steht außer Zweifel, dass die gesellschaftlich-politischen Veränderungen der 1990er Jahre für kaum eine Forschungsrichtung so große Möglichkeiten eröffnet haben, wie für die Geschichte, die damit eng verbundene Sprachgeschichte sowie für die daran anschließenden sprachwissenschaftlichen Teildisziplinen wie Kontaktlinguistik, Mundart- und Namenforschung. Länder und Regionen, die fast ein halbes Jahrhundert lang hinter dem "Eisernen Vorhang" verschwunden waren, rückten wieder in die Mitte Europas. Der Wegfall nationalpolitischer und ideologischer Tabuisierungen weiter Teile ihrer kulturellen und historischen Entwicklung eröffnete reale Möglichkeiten der Zusammenarbeit mit ausländischen Forschern, des Anschlusses an internationale Wissenschaftstrends und nicht zuletzt die bis dahin kaum bestehenden Chancen für persönliche Kontakte mit den Menschen, deren Namen man zwar kannte, über ihre Bindungen zu den Ländern des Ostblocks als Germanist der Nachkriegszeit jedoch nur rätseln konnte.
Das Stadtbuch der Stadt Prešov ist ein Buch der Einträge aus den Jahren 1424 – 1509. In einem verhältnismäßig gut erhaltenen Zustand befindet es sich im Staatlichen Archiv Prešov unter dem Titel "Nota liber secretarii civitatis Eppries" im Fonds des Magistrats der Stadt Prešov unter der Nr. 2677. Als Bestandteil des Kulturerbes bietet dieses Buch historisch wertvolle Informationen über die Bewohner der Stadt Prešov und deren Lebensweise, bietet Einsicht in Erbvereinbarungen, Schulden, Geldangelegenheiten sowie Ehrenbeleidigungssachen.
This brief paper discusses the nature of linguistic typology and its relationship to historical linguistics. It argues that typology includes a historical component, and historical linguistics includes a typological component, as grammaticalization studies can be said to be diachronic typology and some concepts such as markedness can be used in understanding the development of morphological systems, but the main foci differ in terms of synchronic vs. diachronic considerations. Typology can be of some help with understanding the direction of change in language, but it cannot be used as a standard for what is possible/impossible when we are doing reconstructions, and typological features cannot be used for establishing genetic relatedness.
提要 本文通过对信息传达的性质和语言的本质的探讨,来了解语言的发展。Ostension "显 示信息传达意嚣的动作"(以下简称"动作")和inference" 推测/推论"是信息传达过程中的两 个主重要环节。在信息传达的时候,信息传达者总希望信息接受者能又快又准确地对自己所传 达的信息做出"推论/推测因此,信息传达者会尽量地做出最适宜、最不费力、最能帮助对方 进行推论/推测的"动作动作"越具体,对"推论/推测"过程的制约程度就越高。语言在信 息传达过程中的作用只是作为一种制约听话者进行"推论/推测"的工具,因此,语言是因为说 话者要制约听话者的"推论/推测"过程而发展的。不同语言的说话者对不同语义领域进行相 同或不阔的制约,制约程度和手段亦有相同与不同之处。因此,每种语窑有它的独特性,但不 同语言之间也有共岗位。
In der emotional geführten Sprachverfallsdebatte wird besonders die Apostrophsetzung vor dem Genitiv- und dem Plural-s, vulgo Deppen-Apostroph, kritisiert und als vermeintliche Entlehnung aus dem Englischen stigmatisiert. Erst seit kurzem liegen mit Scherer (2010, 2013) korpusbasierte Untersuchungen vor, die eine angemessene Interpretation dieses graphematischen Wandels erlauben, der weitaus älter ist als gemeinhin vermutet. Generell erweist sich, dass viele als neu und bedrohlich empfundene Sprachveränderungen bereits vor über hundert Jahren meist ebenso emotional gegeißelt wurden. Der Beitrag befasst sich hauptsächlich mit der diachronen Entwicklung des phonographischen Apostrophs zu einem morphographischen, dessen Funktion nun nicht mehr darin besteht, nicht-artikulierte Laute zu markieren, sondern morphologische Grenzen (Uschi's, Joseph K.'s, CD's ). Deutlich wird, dass der Apostroph der Gestaltschonung komplexer Basen dient, deren Gros aus Eigennamen besteht. Anschließend wird in einem kürzeren Teil nach der Entstehung und Beschaffenheit dieser s-Flexive selbst gefragt. Diese sind ihrerseits Ergebnis flexionsmorphologischer Umstrukturierungen und garantieren maximale Konstanthaltung des Wortkörpers. Abschließend wird noch die neueste Entwicklung gestreift, die in der Deflexion ebendieser s-Flexive besteht und die sich wieder am deutlichsten bei den Eigennamen manifestiert. Diese haben als Quelle all dieser Entwicklungen zu gelten (vgl. des Irak, des Helmut Kohl, auch des Perfekt, des LKW, des Gegenüber ). Insgesamt ist festzustellen: Nicht nur die Apostrophsetzung vor s-Flexiven, sondern auch die s-Flexive selbst sowie ihr derzeitiger Abbau dienen ein und derselben Funktion: Der Schonung durch Konstanthaltung markierter Wortkörper, worunter mehrheitlich Eigennamen fallen, daneben auch Fremdwörter, Kurzwörter und Konversionen. Damit sind es die Eigennamen, die Ausgangspunkt und Ursache tiefgreifenden flexionsmorphologischen und graphematischen Wandels bilden.