Exzellenzcluster Die Herausbildung normativer Ordnungen
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Was hat das Internet mit der Welt der Mode zu tun? In beiden Bereichen könnte das Recht, wie wir es kennen, auf dem Rückzug sein – wobei das bei der Kleiderordnung tatsächlich schon länger so ist. Das Völkerrecht dagegen gilt mittlerweile als fast schon zu stark. Und vielleicht kehren die Gebote der Religionen in einem neuen – womöglich „popkulturellen“ – Gewand wieder. Auch auf der jüngsten Internationalen Jahreskonferenz des Exzellenzclusters „Die Herausbildung normativer Ordnungen“ gaben dessen Wissenschaftler und kooperierende Gäste Einblicke in aktuelle Forschungsthemen.
Auf der Bad Homburg Conference 2021 wurden ausgewählte Fragen der Klimapolitik aus verschiedenen Perspektiven von internationalen Expertinnen und Experten aus Wissenschaft und Zivilgesellschaft, Wirtschaft und Politik diskutiert. Der UniReport hat einige Stimmen zur Konferenz eingeholt, die jeweils wichtige Erkenntnisse, aber auch Streitpunkte und offene Fragen benennen.
Die weltweiten Migrationsbewegungen gehören zu den größten Herausforderungen unserer Zeit. Sie resultieren aus sozialen Konflikten und bringen ihrerseits gesellschaftliche Veränderungen hervor. Die neunte Internationale Jahreskonferenz des Exzellenzclusters „Die Herausbildung normativer Ordnungen“ nahm dieses Wechselspiel aus einer interdisziplinären, empirischen und normativen Perspektive in den Blick und fragte dabei insbesondere nach den Herausforderungen an die Politik und den gewandelten Konzepten nationaler Grenzen. Die zweitägige Konferenz fand Ende November im Gebäude des Clusters auf dem Campus Westend statt. Das Thema lautete: „Normative (B)Orders. Migration and Citizenship in a Time of Crisis“
The concept of the political in Carl Schmitt’s works is not only defined by the distinction between friend and enemy, but also by the criterion of breaching the rules in a normatively unbound act of decision. According to Schmitt, this decision is, however, not arbitrary, but provoked by the necessity of a historical situation. This aspect of necessity calls the freedom of the decision into question and leads to tensions within Schmitt’s theory of the political. More explicitly than in Schmitt’s political and legal writings, this conflict between freedom and necessity is exposed in his theory of tragedy. In a reading of his book Hamlet or Hecuba, published in 1956, I will show, in a first step, how the act of breaching the rules is not external to normativity, but occurs from within normativity itself. It is the act of self-breaching – of breaking the rules of its own genre – by which, according to Schmitt, modern tragedy is defined. This breach, however, is compelled by the necessity of a real, i. e. extraliterary, event. In a second step, I will expound on how this idea of self-breaching, which also characterises Schmitt’s understanding of the political, leads to a loss of decision which not only questions his idea of sovereignty, but also topples his concept of the political.
Within democratic orders, it is the declared aim of a state of exception to secure or restore the endangered foundation of democracy. The provided measures are, however, undemocratic insofar they directly affect individual rights as the principle on which democracy is based: By suspending rights, the state of exception treats individuals not as members of a democratic community (demos), but as parts of a population which has to be secured. Whereas individual rights enable individuals to be part of the demos, the state of exception – by restraining rights – enforces a politics of population. In my article, I show in what way individual rights, too, are used as a strategy of governing the population. Referring to the history of individual rights in the early modern period, I describe a specific form of alienation of individual rights. I argue that this alienation consists in the separation of a private from the political component of individual rights. This alienation is the reason for a dialectical shift from demos to population which occurs in an extreme form in the state of exception. Against this background, the question of the state of exception and the question of individual rights appear in an unfamiliar but crucial relation. In order to oppose the dialectical shift and the misuse of exceptional measures, I claim it necessary to insist on the inextricable link between the private and the political component of individual rights – that is to extend the domain of democracy.
A decorated pair of trousers excavated from a well-preserved tomb in the Tarim Basin proved to have a highly informative life history, teased out by the authors – with archaeological, historical and art historical dexterity. Probably created under Greek influence in a Bactrian palace, the textile started life in the third/second century BC as an ornamental wall hanging, showing a centaur blowing a war-trumpet and a nearly life-size warrior of the steppe with his spear. The palace was raided by nomads, one of whom worked a piece of the tapestry into a pair of trousers. They brought no great luck to the wearer who ended his days in a massacre by the Xiongnu, probably in the first century BC. The biography of this garment gives a vivid glimpse of the dynamic life of Central Asia at the end of the first millennium.
Säkularisierung und die Souveränität der Moderne. Ein Kommentar zur Agamben-Lektüre Jürgen Mohns
(2014)
According to Benjamin and Foucault, calling something into question is not just a precondition of critical practice but its very realisation. The effect of critique depends on how a question is asked. An inaccurately posed question supports what it aspired to criticise. Critical practice thus involves a critique of allegedly critical questions. In their critique of power and violence, Foucault and Benjamin expose the moment in which a critical question becomes uncritical and subsequently seek its critical transformation. In Foucault, this movement is identical with "desubjugation", and in Benjamin, with "revolution". A revolutionary resoluteness in raising critical questions, however, can turn out to be decisionistic and uncritical itself. In this paper I reconstruct the struggle for an accurate critical question in Benjamin and Foucault and address how the dialectical turn into uncritical action might be avoided.