Tuexenia : Mitteilungen der Floristisch-Soziologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Band 37 (2017)
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- climate change (2)
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Der Zwerg-Rohrkolben (Typha minima Funck ex Hoppe) ist eine charakteristische Pionierpflanze von alpinen Wildflusslandschaften. Seit den siebziger Jahren ist diese Kennart jedoch in Deutschland vollständig und in Österreich nahezu ausgestorben. Die anhaltenden Populationsrückgänge der Art sind wahrscheinlich das Ergebnis der weitverbreiteten Flussregulierung und des Kraftwerksbaus in Kombination mit den sehr speziellen Standortsansprüchen der Art. Dank den Anstrengungen von Wiederansiedlungsprogrammen befindet sich T. minima wieder an der Oberen Drau in Österreich. In dieser Publikation wird über die Keimung, das Wachstum, die Reproduktion und die Umweltpräferenzen von T. minima berichtet.
Die Keimungsexperimente von 2014 zeigten eine sehr niedrige mittlere Keimungsrate von 15,6% bei einem Schwankungsbereich von 0–90 %. Die Keimungsraten stiegen mit höheren Temperaturen, erhöhter Saatgutreife und kürzeren Saatgutlagerungszeiten. Nach der Saatgutlagerung von 480 Stunden wurde keine Keimung mehr beobachtet.
Beim FFH-Monitoring 2014 an der Oberen Drau wurden Zwerg-Rohrkolben-Keimlinge (Höhe < 5 cm) generell nur selten gefunden. Die vegetative Jungphase (Höhe > 15 cm, ausschließlich sterile Triebe) wies zumeist den höchsten Flächenanteil im Mittel von 62% auf. Typha minima bildete bis zu einem Alter von ca. 3 Jahren ausschließlich sterile Triebe aus. Ab einem Alter von ca. 9 Jahren wurden auch fertile Triebe mit Blütenständen ausgebildet, wobei deren Anzahl mit zunehmendem Alter sich tendenziell erhöhte. Die Analyse der Standortsfaktoren zeigte, dass T. minima auf eine hohe Bodenfeuchte im Mittel von 39 Vol-% angewiesen ist. Darüber hinaus war der Faktor Beschattung entscheidend. Erst ab einem Beschattungsgrad von 50% durch Weidengebüsche war eine Abnahme der Triebdichte von T. minima zu verzeichnen. Wir schließen daraus, dass T. minima-Populationen während der Keimungsphase extrem empfindlich sind und dass massive Habitatverluste überwiegend das Ergebnis der Flussregulation und der reduzierten Morphodynamik sind, die normalerweise geeignete offene Siedlungsräume für die Keimung des Zwerg-Rohrkolbens schaffen würde.
The flora in the Caucasus Ecoregion is rich in economically important plants. While its value in terms of food crops and medicinal plants has recently been subject to scientific research, the ornamental value of many Caucasian plant species has not yet been fully recognized. In order to assess the ornamental value of the Caucasian flora, vegetation data from two mountainous study regions in Georgia (n = 958 species, mostly grassland vegetation) was compared with the product range of ornamental plants in Germany using an online plant shopping guide. Characterization of the 150 plant species listed in both databases revealed that 121 species are present in central Europe and 117 species are natives or archaeophytes in Germany. Thus, only few species are Caucasian endemics. Furthermore, a list of 79 potential ornamentals endemic to the Caucasus was compiled from the literature. In order to place them in context of the horticultural market, the species characteristics were examined. Following this, a critical discussion of the potentials and risks arising from trade with ornamental plants was carried out with regard to nature conservation, biological invasion control, genetic resource maintenance and socioeconomic significance.
Central European temperate forests are – with the exception of floodplain forests – relatively little invaded by alien plants. However, despite substantial recent progress, there is still a lack of using vege-tation plot data for analyzing spatio-temporal patterns of alien tree species invasions.
We calculated relevé-based metrics of tree species’ ecological preferences using 19,413 phytosociological forest relevés of the Austrian vegetation database. We focused on the five most widely distributed alien trees, i.e. two archaeophytes (Castanea sativa, Juglans regia) and three neophytes (Acer negundo, Ailanthus altissima, Robinia pseudoacacia). For each of these species we analyzed the mean cover in the tree layer and the occurrence in the herb and shrub layers in relevés colonized by adult trees as a measure for persistence. Further, we evaluated the intergenerational ecological plasticity (= the ability of young trees to grow under different site conditions than adults) for the tree species, and the mean relevé indicator values for light, nutrients, moisture and hemeroby. We then compared these alien and native tree species metrics.
We found that A. altissima and R. pseudoacacia build up high mean cover values in invaded forests, but this was not the case for the other alien trees. Thus, both species strongly affected forest communities of invaded sites. Similarly, the two species were common in the lower vegetation layers indicating recruitment under the canopy of adult conspecifics; this was facilitated by their ability to produce root suckers. Highest values of inter-generational ecological plasticity occurred in native pioneer trees and species of softwood floodplain forests, while alien trees had moderately high (A. negundo, A. altissima, J. regia) to low values (C. sativa, R. pseudoacacia). With the exception of C. sativa, all alien species showed high mean Ellenberg indicator values for light and nutrients, and were more common in sites with high hemeroby and high mean Ellenberg indicator values for temperature. Distinct from the ecological preferences of alien trees, and thus rarely invaded, were montane beech forests, coniferous mountain forests and forests at extremely dry sites, as well as swamp and bog forests dominated by willows and ash.
We conclude that relevé-based metrics of the behavior of alien tree species allow new insights into the spatio-temporal dynamics of invasion of woody species in forests. Future work should expand this approach, e.g., by considering the role of life history traits and actual site conditions.
Ants were shown to be significant pollinators of two orchid species in the alpine zone of the Alps. Repeated observations from several localities confirm the ant Formica lemani as pollinator of Chamorchis alpina whereas Formica exsecta is reported here for the first time as pollinator of Dactylorhiza viridis. These findings appear of great interest, as significant ant pollination of orchids is unknown so far from any other region or habitat type in the Holarctic. This raises the question if there are specific adaptations. The observations do not provide suggestions to adaptations of the Formica ants for pollinating orchids – they simply followed their normal foraging behavior shown in any type of habitat. Yet, special adaptations are given by the two orchid species in developing pollination mechanisms more strongly involving ground-moving insects which are not inactivated by increased wind velocity and lower temperatures in the alpine zone. These are mainly beetles and ants. The pollination mechanisms and interactions with ants of both orchid species are described. Dactylorhiza viridis is outstanding among orchids in needing 20 to 30 minutes for the 90-degree forward bending of the pollinium after attachment to the insect’s forehead whereas the same process takes place between 15 seconds and 3 to 5 minutes in other orchids. Forward bending of pollinia is required for precise placement of the pollen at the stigmatic surface of another flower. The very long bending time is an adaptation to the longer presence time of ground-moving insects at the same plant and aims to reduce the frequency of geitonogamy (self-fertilization). The high frequency of ant pollination in these orchids is a consequence of the high activity density of aggressive, predatory worker ants leading to a displacement of other pollinators. Attempts of ants to remove the fresh, strongly adhesive pollinia from their foreheads failed and a single ant head could carry up to eight pollinia.
GrassVeg.DE – die neue kollaborative Vegetationsdatenbank für alle Offenlandhabitate Deutschlands
(2017)
Der Bericht stellt die neue kollaborative Vegetationsdatenbank GrassVeg.DE (EU-DE-020; http://bit.ly/2qgX208) vor, die Vegetationsaufnahmen von Grasländern und anderen nicht-aquatischen Offenlandhabitaten Deutschlands sammelt, um sie national und international für die vegetationsökologische Forschung zur Verfügung zu stellen. GrassVeg.DE trägt die Daten zum European Vegetation Archive (EVA) und künftig auch zur globalen Vegetationsdatenbank „sPlot“ bei. Datenlieferanten von GrassVeg.DE behalten volle Verfügungsgewalt über ihre Daten und werden Mitglied des GrassVeg.DE-Konsortiums. Dadurch profitieren sie durch Co-Autorenschaften und Zitate von ihren Beiträgen und erlangen zugleich die Möglichkeit, selbst Projekte zu beantragen, die GrassVeg.DE- oder EVA-Daten nutzen. Die schnell wachsende GrassVeg.DE-Datenbank umfasste im Juli 2017 3.181 Vegetationsaufnahmen aus acht deutschen Bundesländern. Perspektivisch kann GrassVeg.DE dazu beitragen, eine konsistente Neuklassifikation der Graslandvegetationstypen Deutschlands im Rahmen der Synopsis der Pflanzengesellschaften Deutschlands zu ermöglichen. Wir schließen den Beitrag mit einem Aufruf, eigene und aus der Literatur digitalisierte Vegetationsaufnahmen zu GrassVeg.DE beizutragen.
Seit 12 Jahren werden von Mitgliedern der Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) und deren Vorgängerorganisationen Grasland-Sonderteile in Tuexenia herausgegeben. Der diesjährige Sonderteil enthält fünf Artikel, die das Grasland verschiedener mitteleuropäischer Länder mit unterschiedlichen Zielen untersuchen. Der erste Artikel untersucht Auswirkungen von Weide und Mahd auf die Diversität des Graslands in Deutschland in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Umweltfaktoren, der zweite die Auswirkung kleiner Büsche auf den Artenreichtum von Gefäßpflanzen in beweideten Wiesensteppen in Ungarn. Der dritte Artikel fragt, ob sich ungarische Sandtrockenrasen mit Festuca vaginata von solchen mit F. pseudovaginata in ihrer Vegetation und ihren Standortsbedingungen unterscheiden; die letztere war erst kürzlich beschrieben worden. Der vierte Artikel modelliert Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf geschützte Graslandbestände in Serbien und deren Arten während schließlich der fünfte Artikel die Initiative einer neuen Datenbank des deutschen Graslands (GrassVeg.DE) vorstellt und dazu aufruft, sich daran zu beteiligen. Insgesamt haben zu diesem 12. Grasland-Sonderteil 41 Autoren aus fünf Ländern (Dänemark, Deutschland, Italien, Schweiz, Serbien und Ungarn) beigetragen.
Die Floristisch-soziologische Arbeitsgemeinschaft wurde am 13. August 1927 in Göttingen gegründet und besteht nun, mit einer Unterbrechung zwischen 1941 und 1948, seit 90 Jahren. In diesem Rückblick wird vor allem die Entwicklung nach dem 2. Weltkrieg näher dargestellt. Hauptkapitel sind Verein, Satzung und Vorstände, Mitgliederentwicklung, Jahrestagungen, Arbeitskurse und Workshops, die Publikation der Mitteilungen und von Tuexenia mit ihren Beiheften sowie der Synopsis der Pflanzengesellschaften Deutschlands. Insgesamt wird eine sehr erfolgreiche Entwicklung mit Konstanz wesentlicher, schon zu Beginn formulierter Ziele und dynamischen Anpassungen an neue Gegebenheiten festgestellt.
Die in Amerika heimische Kolumbianische Zwergwasserlinse (Wolffia columbiana) tritt neuerdings in Europa als Neophyt auf und konnte in Niedersachsen zum ersten Mal im Jahr 2016 nachgewiesen werden. Im Hintergrund stehen die für den Naturschutz relevanten Fragen, wie viele vermeintliche Vorkommen von Wolffia arrhiza in Wirklichkeit Wolffia columbiana repräsentieren und ob dieser Neophyt die heimische und gefährdete Art Wolffia arrhiza verdrängen kann.
The vast majority of European grasslands strongly depend on the regular removal of aboveground biomass by agricultural land use, mostly grazing or mowing or a combination of both. These specific management schemes have strong influence on plant diversity and vegetation composition, depending on their particular characteristics and their intensity. For example, the presence or absence of fertilization will favour some species over others, changing plant communities accordingly. Additionally, the farmer’s choice of a specific management scheme will also depend on the abiotic site conditions. This leads to a complex set of associated factors potentially affecting the structure and diversity of grasslands.
In this study, we compiled a unique dataset of 169 differently managed grasslands (in total 202 plots), which were sampled in five regions across Germany. For each plot, we documented management characteristics, measured plant diversity and functional group composition, recorded endangered species according to red lists, and calculated Ellenberg indicator values. We assessed patterns in vegetation composition and diversity in relation to the particular management scheme, which was categorized as meadow, meadow with autumn or winter grazing (with mowing as predominant management), mown pasture (where mowing and grazing are used at roughly equal intensity), seasonal pasture (with grazing as predominant management) and year-round pasture.
Our study showed that grasslands of different management schemes significantly differed in diversity, structure and functional composition. However, it also became obvious that vegetation composition was not strictly distinguished by management alone. Local and regional characteristics such as soil conditions, size of the grassland species pool or land-use history, often played a more prominent role than land use alone. Assumingly, the interplay of those local and regional characteristics with the proportion of grazing and mowing at a particular site inhibit clear differences among our predefined management schemes. Nevertheless, species richness was the lowest in year-round pastures, moderate in meadows and highest in seasonal pastures. In contrast, year-round pastures harboured the highest mean numbers of endangered species. The dependency of a certain management scheme on site-specific environmental factors such as soil fertility, further complicated the clear separation of management effects from those of the environmental background. In summary, modern grassland management strongly shaped grassland vegetation, but today’s combination of different management practices complicated the assessment of specific land-use effects on plant diversity. Thus, neither mowing nor grazing turned out to be “the one and only” management for nature conservation. Although our results challenge long-term prognoses for future vegetation development under modern grassland management, we clearly showed that low-intensity management and the absence of fertilization promoted plant diversity, with higher values in pastures compared to meadows and mown pastures.
Extensively managed pastures harbour rare and endangered species and have a decisive role in maintaining grassland biodiversity. Traditional herding of local robust cattle breeds is considered as a feasible tool for preserving these habitats. We studied the scale-dependent effects of grazing on the species richness and composition of three dry grassland types in the Great Hungarian Plain: Achilleo setaceae-Festucetum pseudovinae and Artemisio santonici-Festucetum pseudovinae alkaline grasslands, and Potentillo arenariae-Festucetum pseudovinae sand grassland. We asked the following questions: (1) Does extensive grazing have a scale-dependent effect on plant species richness of alkaline and sand grasslands? (2) How does grazing affect the proportion of specialists, generalists and weeds in the three grassland types? We sampled ten sites of each grassland type, including five extensively grazed and five non-grazed sites (altogether we had 30 sites). We used a series of nested plots each consisting of 10 plots from the size of 0.01 m² to 16 m². We revealed that grazing has contrasting effects in the three grassland types, and had a considerable effect on their species richness even at small scales. In both alkaline grassland types, total species richness was overall higher in grazed plots but it increased in a similar manner for both ungrazed and grazed habitats across plot sizes. Small-scale heterogeneity likely due to the uneven distribution of grazing, trampling and defecation together with mitigated rate of competition allowed more species to co-exist even at small scales in grazed alkaline grasslands. Grazing increased the richness of specialists, but likely due to the salt stress, establishment of weeds was hampered. Open gaps formed by trampling likely supported the establishment of several specialist species such as Plantago tenuiflora and Puccinellia limosa which are typical to open alkali grasslands. Contrary, in sand grasslands, we did not detect any effect of grazing on total species richness, likely due to the adverse effect of grazing on the species richness of specialists and weeds. In contrast with the former findings we detected significantly higher species richness in 0.01 m² and 0.0625 m² plots in the grazed sand grasslands, but found no differences at larger scales. Whilst species richness of specialists was significantly decreased, richness of weeds was increased by grazing. Decrease in the specialist species richness was likely due to the lack of their evolutionary adaptation to grazing. Degradation caused by grazing and trampling together with the propagule pressure from the neighbouring anthropogenic habitats resulted in an increased richness of weeds in the grazed sites.