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In seinem Aufsatz rekonstruiert der Literatur- und Medienwissenschaftler Nicolas Pethes die Verwendung des Experimentbegriffs in Benjamins Schriften und verfolgt seine Entwicklung von dessen frühen Untersuchung "Über den Begriff der Kunstkritik in der deutschen Romantik" über den "Ursprung des deutschen Trauerspiels" bis zum "Passagen-Werk". Dabei soll nicht nur die Bedeutung der Idee des Experiments, sondern auch der experimentelle Charakter von Benjamins eigener Schreibweise herausgearbeitet werden. Das Experiment, das eng verwandt ist mit Test und Spiel, ist Teil einer Darstellungsstrategie, mit der Benjamin die Diskontinuität der Kunst- und Gesellschaftsgeschichte beschreiben will.
Maschinen begreifen : Benjamin, Poesie und Positivismus in der Zweiten industriellen Revolution
(2017)
Der Beitrag legt eine Lektüre des Aufsatzes "Eduard Fuchs, der Sammler und der Historiker" vor. Voskuhl widmet sich dem von Benjamin dargestellten Zusammenhang von industrieller Technik, Poesie und ästhetischer Theorie. Im Zentrum ihrer Analyse stehen seine philosophischen und literaturwissenschaftlichen Reflexionen über den gesellschaftlichen Modernisierungsprozess, der zu einer bis dahin beispiellosen Verbreitung und Integration technischer Systeme ins Alltagsleben führt. Anhand eines Vergleichs des Eduard-Fuchs-Aufsatzes mit den wissenschafts- und technikhistorischen Arbeiten des Elektroingenieur Charles Steinmetz stellt sie die Besonderheiten von Benjamins technikhistorischer Darstellungsweise heraus. Seine Überlegungen deutet Voskuhl als den Versuch, die neuen naturwissenschaftlich-technologischen Errungenschaften mit älteren metaphysischen und ästhetischen Auffassungen zu vereinbaren.
Die Wissenschaftshistorikerin Jimena Canales setzt Benjamins Kunstwerk-Aufsatz und die "Kleine Geschichte der Photographie" in ihren wissenschaftshistorischen Kontext. Seine Reflexionen zur Fotografie stehen, so Canales, paradigmatisch für eine veränderte Wahrnehmung der Fotografie, die von den Zeitgenossen nicht länger als originalgetreue, sondern künstliche Abbildung der Wirklichkeit angesehen wird. Benjamins Analogie von Fotografie und Psychoanalyse nimmt Canales zum Anlass, die Trennung von Natur- und Geisteswissenschaft und die damit verbundene strikte Abgrenzung von hermeneutischen und experimentellen Methoden in Frage zu stellen.
Ausgehend von Benjamins Texten erörtert die Wissenschaftsphilosophin Christine Blättler das in den Science Studies diskutierte Verhältnis von Genesis und Geltung und die damit verbundene Frage hinsichtlich der angemessenen Darstellungsweise von Erfahrung unter epistemologischen und sozialphilosophischen Gesichtspunkten. Sie geht dabei vom New Experimentalism aus, welcher sich gegen den in der Wissenschaftstheorie lange Zeit vorherrschenden Primat der Theorie wendet. Dem Experiment wird dabei eine autonome und objektive Funktion in der Wissensgenerierung zugesprochen. Diese Hinwendung zum Experiment steht zugleich für eine Abwendung vom Subjekt und für eine verstärkte Zuwendung zu dem, was sich als eine aperspektivische Objektivität bezeichnen ließe. Blättler setzt an diesem Punkt an, um mithilfe von Benjamins Begriff der Konstellation und seinen Überlegungen zum Erfahrungs- und Wahrnehmungswandel zu einer flexibleren Auffassung bezüglich des Verhältnisses von Objekt, Technik und Subjekt zu gelangen, die es erlaubt, den Gegensatz von Genesis und Geltung zu überwinden.
Der Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaftler Kyung-Ho Cha widmet sich in seinem Beitrag Benjamins Reaktion auf die Entdeckung der Kernspaltung im Jahre 1938. Den Ausgangspunkt des Aufsatzes bildet der Vergleich zwischen der Methode, die seiner Arbeit am Passagen-Werk zugrunde liegt, und der "Methode der Atomzertrümmerung", womit er sich auf die Kernspaltung bezieht. Im Aufsatz wird gezeigt, wie Benjamin mit dem Begriff aus der Kernphysik die in der Geschichte verborgenen und unsichtbaren Energien zu erfassen versucht.
Walter Benjamin fordert, die "undialektische Trennung zu überprüfen, die man zwischen Natur- und Geisteswissenschaft zu etablieren suchte". Damit beabsichtigt er, die Geisteswissenschaften zu modernisieren, deren wahre Bestimmung er in der Auseinandersetzung mit den aktuellen Phänomenen der Gegenwart sieht. Im Aufsatz wird gezeigt, dass Benjamin die Trennung von Natur- und Geisteswissenschaft mithilfe der dialektischen Methode, die er dem historischen Materialismus entlehnt, zu überwinden beabsichtigt. Anstatt eines unversöhnlichen Gegensatzes geht er von einer Dialektik von Natur- und Geisteswissenschaften aus.
What is the effect of weathering in a confined space? What if this space is the bathroom of the famous Mexican painter Frida Kahlo? Writer Mario Bellatin and photographer Graciela Iturbide venture into this once intimate room and through a series of artistic interventions breathe new life into it. The logic of the archive is their guiding principle: in order to preserve what has been locked away and stored, it must be exposed and put to new uses.
Over the six months in which Vajiko Chachkhiani's "Living Dog Among Dead Lions" was exhibited at the Georgian Pavilion at the 57th Venice Biennale in 2017, heavy rain was pouring inside the installation. This artificially generated process provokes thoughts on the nature of the here and now as well as of the afterlife and of the future appearance of the hut's water-sensitive insides. Eventually, the spaces and furniture exposed to rain and water stagnation will begin to rot and disintegrate, and mould and moss might grow over them. Its viewers feel caught between what they see and what they hope to see; between their perceptions and expectations, in an exceptional time zone where 'natural' weathering is being performed as a subject of meditative observation.
This chapter explores the intrinsic relationship between weather/weathering and the imaginary of the sea, which features in the work of artist Arthur Bispo do Rosário. Bispo was a black man who spent most of his life in psychiatric institutions. There is an important interplay between his psychotic deliriums and the production of hundreds of objects, many of them ships or forms that relate to the sea. These objects open up a discussion on decoloniality as they are embedded with marks left by the transatlantic slave trade.
This essay restages Arendt's 'Auseinandersetzung' with Heidegger regarding 'political beginnings'. Sketching Heidegger's exceptionalist account of 'new beginnings' and Arendt's dispute with him in relation to the tension between the spheres of 'philosophy' and 'politics', I trace her position about 'political founding'. I claim that Arendt invites us to recognize the 'principle of an-archy' innate to 'political beginnings', which cannot be absorbed by exceptionalist invocations of the 'history of Being'.
Following Hannah Arendt's remarks on refugee camps as spaces of 'worldlessness', I examine how, in films on European asylum facilities, systemic violence 'makes itself known' in images of nature. Nature separates and isolates ("La Forteresse", "Forst"), it constitutes a sphere of domination and control ("View from Above"), and it functions directly as a murder weapon ("Purple Sea"). Nature, in these films, indicates the Outside within, haunted by the latent and ghostly presence of systemic violence.
This chapter argues that paying attention to the weather and its associated processes of geological, biological, and social weathering can destabilize knowledge traditions that insist on dichotomies. Looking to specific histories and current conditions in Guyana and Suriname, this chapter shows how notions of weathering can accommodate a wide range of referents, ranging from the weathering of rock to socio-political and historical afterlives of violent colonial displacements.
The essay confronts the question of weathering by considering its excess to the conceptual dimension and relating it to what Jacques Derrida names (the) 'trace'. The study of the 'logic' of weathering/the trace is confronted with Giorgio Agamben's critique of Derrida's project. Their two different conceptions of language, of its presuppositional structure, and of its order of 'metaphysical presence' are considered, in particular by turning to Werner Hamacher's work on these and related matters.
Enduring ornament
(2020)
This is an essay about rust. Iron usually plays the part of strength, stubbornness, and impenetrability, but rust registers the dimension of time in the material, reminding us that it always carries the potential for its own decomposition. While great expense is incurred to stave off iron's oxidization, we read the uselessness that rust precipitates as an interruption of the instrumental logics that sustain racial capitalism. Looking to the rusted ring that became Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven's "Enduring Ornament" (1913), we consider how the discarded and defunctionalized lend themselves to ornamental redeployment. The essay then turns to works by the contemporary American artists David Hammons and Andrea Fraser, both of which transform Richard Serra's rusty steel sculptures into a backdrop for fleeting gestures of impromptu reclamation. Attending to questions of susceptibility and monumental weathering, these reflections look to rusty leakages that play out the impossibility of refusing the environment. Rust, we suggest, is a material archive of exposure that does not keep itself, but flakes apart and seeps away.
One of the theoretical tensions that has arisen from Anthropocene studies is what Dipesh Chakrabarty has called the 'two figures of the human', and the question of which of these two figures of the human inheres in the concept of the Anthropocene more. On the one hand, the Human is conceived as the universal reasoning subject upon whom political rights and equality are based, and on the other hand, humankind is the collection of all individuals of our species, with all of the inequalities, differences, and variability inherent in any species category. This chapter takes up Deborah Coen's argument that Chakrabarty's claim of the 'incommensurability' of these two figures of the human ignores the way both were constructed within debates over how to relate local geophysical specificities to theoretical generalities. This chapter examines two cases in the history of science. The first is Martin Rudwick's historical exploration of how geologists slowly gained the ability to use fossils and highly local stratigraphic surveys to reconstruct the history of the Earth in deep time, rather than resort to speculative cosmological theory. The second is Coen's own history of imperial, Austrian climate science, a case where early nineteenth-century assumptions about the capriciousness of the weather gave way to theories of climate informed by thermodynamics and large-scale data collection.
The essay investigates the meteorological phenomena represented in Dante Alighieri's Commedia and their interrelation with the subjectivity of the dead in Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. Examining how the dead weather the afterlife and how the elements affect them, in turn, the essay takes the complex enantiosemy of the word 'weathering' as a conceptual guiding thread for the exploration of dynamics of exposure ('Inferno'), vulnerability ('Purgatorio'), and receptivity ('Paradiso').
Radiating exposures
(2020)
The brief explorations of radiation exposures presented within this essay draw primarily from nuclear art and culture and contribute to the field of nuclear aesthetics, which has long been fixated on the problem of visibility and the representation of nuclear residues. The examples draw primarily from photographic technologies and other aesthetic registers that capture visual residues of radiation. The challenges of nuclear aesthetics are also political and social. This constellation of objects and inquiries is meant to explore the fraught political, environmental, and social relations between radiation, visibility, toxicity, through the concept of exposure. They offer feminist glimpses into other ways of thinking exposure, as it develops in relation to (often imperceptible) toxicity that is not inscribed into a logic that partitions the passive victim of suffering from some pure or unaffected subject. They are examples that are both forms of exposure specific to the nuclear while also, perhaps, helping to expose more nuanced and complex ways of understanding forms of exposure that extend beyond nuclearity.
The chapter engages the nature-culture divide with the generative ambivalences of weathering in both language and physics. Taking the different uses of the enantiosemic and ambitransitive verb as indicative of the human's fraught relationship with its environment and itself, it analyses multiple ways in which 'weathering' can involve subject-object relations, objectless subject-predicate relations, or even subjectless processes, and proposes to think them with mechanics, thermodynamics, and chaos theory.