230 Christentum, Christliche Theologie
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This article draws on the nearly 1800 letters which survive from the Benedictine convent of Lüne, near Lüneburg in northern Germany, and were written between c. 1460 and 1555. It explores the textual and visual strategies which nuns in the later Middle Ages used to negotiate their enclosed status. It suggests that the language and imagery of openness were a means for the nuns to remind those outside the convent wall of their presence and purpose in life.
The monastic enclosure
(2022)
The moral and physical enclosure of monks and nuns is central to the founding documents of Western monasticism. But even there it encountered the need for monasteries to interact with their societies, through recruits, hospitality, and the monastic economy. The increasing intensity of this tension is traced through key reforming texts, until later English visitations open up religious houses to closer scrutiny, ironically aided by inmates' quandary over whether to conceal or reveal their secrets.
This chapter examines the meaning of the term 'aperire' ('to open') in the schools of the twelfth century and within early scholastic thought. It argues for a shift from a traditional understanding of opening as a revelation received from God, towards a more technical definition of opening as applying dialectical logic to a text. The act of opening was employed polemically, both in debates between scholastic masters and to distinguish Christian from Jewish exegetical practices.
From opening books to read them, through the continuous effort at opening one's heart to God, to the eventual disclosure of God's mysteries to human beings, Augustine seems to trace an implicit conceptualization of openness in his "Confessions". The words of Matthew 7. 7–8 underlie Augustine's engagement with openness up to the very last sentence of the book, which ends with a sequence of verbs in the passive voice that culminates with the desired manifestation of the divine. The entire endeavour of opening oneself up undertaken in the "Confessions" aims at this final passive openness, which is (always) yet to come as much as human opera are (always) yet to come to completion.
Über die ökonomische und soziale Bedeutung der Reformation stritten bereits die Zeitgenossen, auch wenn ihnen die Idee, dass die Reformation den Weg in den modernen Kapitalismus eröffnen würde, naheliegenderweise verschlossen blieb. Der Streit der Zeitgenossen war, das wundert nicht, zugleich eine konfessionelle Auseinandersetzung, die die Reformation und ihre Folgen entsprechend beurteilte. Das ist noch Jahrhunderte später in Johannes Janssens mehrbändiger Geschichte des deutschen Volkes im 16. Jahrhundert zu spüren, der aus katholischer Sicht den mit der Reformation sich ausbreitenden Laxismus großer Bevölkerungsteile scharf kritisierte. ...
Rettung
(2016)
Der griechische Begriff 'soteria', der sich mit 'Rettung', aber auch mit 'Erlösung' übersetzen lässt, steht im Zentrum eines der Masternarrative zur Produktion von Zukunft in der abendländischen Kultur. Das Narrativ verpflichtet die Gegenwart, die Vergangenheit von einem Ursprung her ereignishaft zu strukturieren und auf einen mehr oder weniger genau bestimmten Punkt der Zukunft hin zu spannen, an dem jene Pflicht sich erfüllt haben wird. Die strukturierenden Ereignisse dienen dazu, die dramatische Spannung auf den Endpunkt hin aufrechtzuerhalten und diesen sowie den Weg und die Zeit zu ihm im Licht jener Ereignisse jeweils neu zu entwerfen.
Prophet
(2016)
Propheten sind in der Moderne ein Anachronismus: Unsere Zukunft gilt als 'kontingent' und wird nicht 'vorhergesagt', wer 'Visionen' hat, so eine bekannte Äußerung Helmut Schmidts, der möge zum Arzt gehen, und der moderne Prognostiker wird betonen, dass er eben kein Prophet mehr ist. Der Prophet ist allenfalls ein Gegenbild. Das ist möglich, weil er eine lange Faszinationsgeschichte hat, in der ihm ein hohes Maß an Prägnanz und Wiedererkennbarkeit zugewachsen ist. Der Prophet ist eine echte 'Figur' der Zukunft: eine bestimmte Konfiguration des Umgangs mit und des Sprechens über Zukunft, die leicht zitierbar und zugleich hochgradig deutungsfähig ist. Dabei 'weiß' der Prophet die Zukunft nicht nur, sondern kann von diesem Wissen aus über die Gegenwart urteilen; er hat so etwas wie 'moralische Autorität', die mit Mahnung, Kritik, Trost und Appell assoziiert wird. Der Prophet, im Rahmen der Etymologie des griechischen prophetes am ehesten als 'Fürsprecher' zu übersetzen, spricht 'im Namen' einer höheren Wahrheit, er tritt als Bote eines höheren Wissens oder einer göttlichen Instanz auf, von der er auch sein Wissen von der Zukunft bezieht. Weil dieses Wissen exklusiv durch ihn vermittelt wird, hat er eine Verantwortung für dessen Übermittlung. Daraus resultiert oft eine Spannung: Einerseits ist der Prophet eine individuelle, unvertretbare Figur, andererseits Sprecher einer 'Sache', der er sich unterordnet. Diese Spannung hat sich kulturell als ausgesprochen produktiv erwiesen und bringt eine spezifische Rhetorik der Zukunft hervor, die bis in die Moderne hinein auch noch dort wirkt, wo der Prophet als Gegenbild beschworen wird.
Indonesia is a multicultural and multireligious nation whose heterogeneity is codified in the state doctrine, the Pancasila. Yet the relations between the various social, ethnic, and religious groups have been problematic down to the present day, and national unity has remained fragile. In several respects, Christians have a precarious role in the struggle for shaping the nation. They are a small minority (about 9% of the population) in a country predominantly inhabited by Muslims; in the past they were interconnected in manifold ways with the Dutch colonial government; they exert great influence in economy and the military, and constitute the majority of the population in some parts of the so-called Outer Islands (such as Flores, Sumba, and Timor), which are characterized by an attitude fraught with ambivalence towards the state apparatus perceived as ‘Javanese’ and ‘Muslim’. In the aftermath of the former president Suharto’s resignation and in the course of the ensuing political changes – in particular the independence of East Timor – Christians were repeatedly discredited for allegedly posing a threat to Indonesian unity, and have been involved both as victims and perpetrators in violent regional clashes with Muslims that claimed thousands of lives. Since the beginning of the new millennium the violent conflicts have lessened, yet the pressure exerted on Christians by Islamic fundamentalists still continues undiminished in the Muslim-majority regions. The future of the Christians in Indonesia remains uncertain, and pluralist society is still on trial. For this reason the situation of Christians in Indonesia is an important issue that goes far beyond research on a minority, touching on general issues relating to the formation of the nation-state.
From the very outset of European expansion, scholars have been preoccupied with the impact of proselytization and colonization on non-European societies. Anthropologists such as Margaret Mead and Bronislaw Malinowski, who witnessed these processes at the beginning of the twentieth century while at the same time benefitting from the colonial structure, were convinced that the autochthonous societies could not possibly withstand the onslaught of the dominant European cultures, and thus were doomed to vanish in the near future. The fear of losing their object of research, which had just recently been discovered, hung above the heads of the scholars like a sword of Damocles ever since the establishment of anthropology as a discipline. They felt hurried to document what seemed to be crumbling away. Behind these fears there was the notion that the indigenous cultures were comparatively static entities that had existed untouched by any external influences for many centuries, or even millennia, and were unable to change. This idea was shared by proponents of other disciplines; in religious studies, for example, up to the late 1980s the view prevailed that the contact between the great world religions and the belief systems of small, autochthonous societies doomed the latter to extinction. However, more recent studies have shown that this assumption, according to which indigenous peoples have not undergone any changes in the course of history, is untenable. It became apparent that groups supposedly living in isolation have extensive contact networks, and that migration, trade, and conquest are not privileges of modern times. Myths and oral traditions bore witness of journeys to faraway regions, new settlements founded in unknown territories, or the arrival of victorious foreigners who introduced new ways and customs and laid claim to a place of their own within society.