25.75.Dw Particle and resonance production
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The nuclear stopping, the elliptic flow, and the HBT interferometry are calculated by the UrQMD transport model, in which potentials for “pre-formed” particles (string fragments) from color fluxtube fragmentation as well as for confined particles are considered. This description provides stronger pressure at the early stage and describes these observables better than the default cascade mode (where the “pre-formed” particles from string fragmentation are treated to be free-streaming). It should be stressed that the inclusion of potential interactions pushes down the calculated HBT radius RO and pulls up the RS so that the HBT time-related puzzle disappears throughout the energies from AGS, SPS, to RHIC.
Based on the microscopic transport model UrQMD in which hadronic and string degrees of freedom are employed, the HBT parameters in the longitudinal co-moving system are investigated for charged pion and kaon, and Λ sources in heavy ion collisions (HICs) at SPS and RHIC energies. In the Cascade mode, RO and the RL at high SPS and RHIC energies do not follow the mT-scaling, however, after considering a soft equation of state with momentum dependence (SM-EoS) for formed baryons and a density-dependent Skyrme-like potential for “pre-formed” particles, the HBT radii of pions and kaons and even those of Λs with large transverse momenta follow the mT-scaling function R=3/mT fairly well.