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China’s law to control international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) has sent shockwaves through international non-governmental organisations (NGOs), civil society and expert communities as the epitome of a worldwide trend of closing civic spaces. Since the Overseas NGO Management Law was enacted in January 2017, its implementation has seen mixed effects and diverging patterns of adaptation among Chinese party-state actors at the central and local levels and among domestic NGOs and INGOs. To capture the formal and informal dynamics underlying their mutual interactions in the longer term, this article employs a theory of institutional change inspired by Elinor Ostrom’s distinction between rules-in-form versus rules-in-use and identifies four scenarios for international civil society in China – “no change,” “restraining,” “recalibrating” and “reorienting.” Based on interviews, participant observation and Chinese policy documents and secondary literature, the respective driving forces, plausibility, likelihood and longer-term implications of each scenario are assessed. It is found that INGOs’ activities are increasingly affected by the international ambitions of the Chinese party-state, which enmeshes both domestic NGOs and INGOs as agents in its diplomatic efforts to redefine civil society participation on a global scale.
The segregation of refugees in collective accommodation centres represents an integral component of the European border regime and its complex interplay of inclusion and exclusion. The corresponding spatial, symbolic and discursive demarcations, however, are not simply implemented politically from above, but negotiated on the ground on a daily basis. One crucial group of actors in the German context are neighbourhood-based volunteers. These groups frequently accompany accommodation centres with support structures. Based on contributions in the field of critical border studies and on the example of a municipal accommodation facility in Frankfurt, Germany, this paper demonstrates how volunteers, through their practices and engagement with refugees and others, on one hand, and dominant discourses, institutions and regulations on the other, participate in the production of locally specific spaces of asylum that are marked by simultaneous and contradictory processes of bordering and debordering.
Gender stereotypes and self-characterizations in Germany and Nigeria: a cross-cultural comparison
(2021)
Studies on the content of gender stereotypes have been conducted primarily in the United States, while research in other, particularly non-Western, countries is scarce. In this research, we assessed and compared the content of gender stereotypes and self-characterizations in Germany—a Western European country—and Nigeria—a West African country. We asked 403 Germans and Nigerians to rate three target groups (either men in general, women in general, or themselves) on 74 agentic and communal characteristics. We found that Nigerian women were rated as more agentic and more communal than German women, while German men were rated as more communal than Nigerian men, but similarly on agency. On self-characterizations, Nigerian men rated themselves as more communal than German men, but again similarly on agency; Nigerian women rated themselves as more agentic and more communal than German women. Within-country comparisons showed that in Germany, men and women were perceived as similarly agentic and communal, while in Nigeria, men and women were perceived as similarly agentic, but women were perceived as more communal than men (by both others and when rating themselves). Further analysis on individual agentic and communal characteristics, however, showed important differences in stereotypes and self-characterizations of men and women in both countries that were obscured when looking at overall agency and communion. Our results show that gender stereotyping of oneself and others is complex and highlights the impact of culture on people's perceptions of gender.
»Erinnerungen aus der Kindheit kann man doch nur haben, wenn man selbst kein Kind ist« (de Velasco 2013, S. 10) – so kommentiert die 13-jährige homodiegetische Erzählerin Nini im Roman Tigermilch das Auftauchen einer ersten bewussten »richtige[n] Kindheitserinnerung« (ebd.). Angesprochen ist damit der zunächst paradox anmutende Zusammenhang von Kindsein und Erinnern. Sich selbst im umfassenderen Sinn daran zu erinnern, wie es ist, ein Kind zu sein, gehört zu den Fähigkeiten, die Kindern nicht zugesprochen werden. Die Kindheit gilt als das Lebensalter, in dem man ganz bei sich ist, in dem alles gegenwärtig und vieles möglich ist. Pläne und Perspektiven richten sich in die offene Zukunft, im Rückblick über Erinnerungen zu verfügen und sie als Teil der eigenen Biografie zu begreifen, wird selbst zum Zeichen der Differenz: ein Indiz dafür, dass die Kindheit bereits an ihr Ende gekommen ist....
Previous research has found higher levels of heatwave mortality and morbidity among urban residents with a migration background because of their social, health and environmental conditions. The purpose of the study was to investigate and compare heat induced changes in the outdoor recreation behaviours of Turkish migrants with those of non-migrants on hot days in Vienna. Specifically, the study compared coping behaviours due to heat such as inter-area, intra-area, temporal and activity displacement between migrants and non-migrants. The study interviewed 400 migrants and non-migrants in four public green spaces of different area sizes and asked about their outdoor recreation motives and activities, as well as behavioural changes, due to summer heat. Results show that migrants have different motives for visiting urban green spaces on hot days, and that they visit these less frequently on hot days compared to non-migrants. While both groups shift their outdoor uses more to shady areas and the cooler times of the day, more migrants visit green spaces in the afternoon, perform more energetic recreational activities, and use sunnier sites more frequently than non-migrants on hot days. Few migrants and non-migrants stated that they would visit alternative green spaces when it is hot. The results indicate that migrants’ behaviours result in higher heat exposure, while making less use of the opportunities larger green spaces such as forests can provide for heat relief. Recommendations on how green and city planners could reduce heat related health risks for both study groups are presented.
In ‘Justice and Natural Resources,’ Chris Armstrong offers a rich and sophisticated egalitarian theory of resource justice, according to which the benefits and burdens flowing from natural (and non-natural) resources are ideally distributed with a view to equalize people’s access to wellbeing, unless there are compelling reasons that justify departures from that egalitarian default. Armstrong discusses two such reasons: special claims from ‘improvement’ and ‘attachment.’ In this paper, I critically assess the account he gives of these potential constraints on global equality. I argue that his recognition of them has implications that Armstrong does not anticipate, and which challenge some important theses in his book. First, special claims from improvement will justify larger departures from the egalitarian default than Armstrong believes. Second, a consistent application of Armstrong’s life planfoundation for special claims from attachment implies that nation-states may move closer to justify ‘permanent sovereignty’ over the resources within their territories than what his analysis suggests.
In this paper, we discuss Armstrong’s account of attachment-based claims to natural resources, the kind of rights that follow from attachment-based claims, and the limits we should impose on such claims. We hope to clarify how and why attachment matters in the discourse on resource rights by presenting three challenges to Armstrong’s theory. First, we question the normative basis for certain attachment claims, by trying to distinguish more clearly between different kinds of attachment and other kinds of claims. Second, we highlight the need to supplement Armstrong’s account with a theory of how to weigh different attachment claims so as to establish the normative standing that different kinds of attachment claims should have. Third, we propose that sustainability must be a necessary requirement for making attachment claims to natural resources legitimate. Based on these three challenges and the solutions we propose, we argue that attachment claims are on the one hand narrower than Armstrong suggests, while on the other hand they can justify more far-reaching rights to control than Armstrong initially considers, because of the particular weight that certain attachment claims have.
The paper analyses the interrelationship between Armstrong’s egalitarian theory and his treatment of the ‘attachment theory’ of resources, which is the dominant rival theory of resources that his theory is pitched against. On Armstrong’s theory, egalitarianism operates as a default position, from which special claims would need to be justified, but he also claims to be able to incorporate ‘attachment’ into his theory. The general question explored in the paper is the extent to which ‘attachment’ claims can be ‘married’ to an egalitarian theory. The more specific argument is that a properly constrained attachment theory is more plausible than Armstrong’s egalitarian theory. Armstrong’s paper also criticizes attachment and improvement accounts as justifying permanent sovereignty over resources. This paper argues that neither of those arguments aim to justify the international doctrine of permanent sovereignty.
This paper argues that land and resource rights are often essential in overcoming colonial inequality and devaluation of indigenous populations and cultures. It thereby criticizes global welfare egalitarians that promote the abolition of national sovereignty over resources in the name of increased equality. The paper discusses two ways in which land and resource rights contribute to decolonization and the eradication of the associated inequality. First, it proposes that land and resource rights have acquired a status-conferring function for (formerly) colonized peoples so that possession of full personhood and relational equality is partially expressed through the possession of land and resource rights. Second, it suggests that successful internal decolonization depends on access to and control over land and resources, especially for indigenous peoples.
In Justice and Natural Resources: An Egalitarian Theory (2017), Chris Armstrong proposes a version of global egalitarianism that – contra the default renderings of this approach – takes individual attachment to specific resources into account. By doing this, his theory has the potential for greening global egalitarianism both in terms of procedure and scope. In terms of procedure, its broad account of attachment and its focus on individuals rather than groups connects with participatory governance and management and, ultimately, participatory democracy – an essential ingredient in the toolkit of green politics and policy-making. In terms of scope, because it does not commit itself to any particular moral framework, Armstrong’s theory leaves the door open for non-human animals to become subjects of justice, thus extending the realm of the latter beyond its traditionally anthropocentric borders. I conclude that these greenings are promising, but not trouble-free.
A reply to my critics
(2021)
It is a real pleasure to reply to so many thoughtful and probing responses to my book. In what follows, I will focus on six key themes that emerge across the various pieces. Some of them call into question core commitments of my theory, and in those cases I will try to show what might be said in its defence. Quite a number of the critics, however, present what we might call expansionist arguments: though they endorse some of the arguments I make, that is – or pick up some of its key concepts – they seek to push them in new and interesting directions. I will suggest that many of those arguments look likely to be successful, though I will also express caution about one or two of them. I doubt, however, that I will be the final judge of their success. Early on in the book I express the hope that it might provide a set of conceptual tools capable of advancing discussions about resource justice more broadly, even for scholars who reject my own idiosyncratic approach. Having made that gambit, I cannot now claim to have a monopoly on the use of the tools in question. Witnessing the use that others have already made of them has been a refreshing and rewarding experience.
This paper uses a novel account of non-ideal political action that can justify radical responses to severe climate injustice, including and especially deliberate attempts to engineer the climate system in order reflect sunlight into space and cooling the planet. In particular, it discusses the question of what those suffering from climate injustice may do in order to secure their fundamental rights and interests in the face of severe climate change impacts. Using the example of risky geoengineering strategies such as sulfate aerosol injections, I argue that peoples that are innocently subject to severely negative climate change impacts may have a special permission to engage in large-scale yet risky climate interventions to prevent them. Furthermore, this can be true even if those interventions wrongly harm innocent people.
Chris Armstrong argues that attempts at justifying special claims over natural resources generally take one of two forms: arguments from improvement and arguments from attachment. We argue that Armstrong fails to establish that the distinction between natural resources and improved resources has no normative significance. He succeeds only in showing that ‘improvers’ (whoever they may be) are not necessarily entitled to the full exchange value of the improvement. It can still be argued that the value of natural and improved resources should be distributed on different grounds, but that the value of improvements should be conceived differently.
This paper argues first that Armstrong is led to see natural resources primarily as objects of consumption. But many natural resources are better seen as objects of enjoyment, where one person’s access to a resource need not prevent others from enjoying equal access, or as objects of production, where granting control of a resource to one person may produce collateral benefits to others. Second, Armstrong’s approach to resource distribution, which requires that everyone must have equal access to welfare, conceals an ambiguity as to whether this means equal opportunity for welfare, or simply equal welfare – the underlying issue being how far individuals (or countries) should be held responsible for the use they make of the resources they are allocated. Third, when Armstrong attacks arguments that appeal to ‘improvement’ as a basis for claims to natural resources, he treats them as making comparative desert claims: if country A makes a claim to the improved resources on its territory, it must show that their comparative value accurately reflects the productive deserts of its members compared to those of countries B. But in fact, A needs only to make the much weaker claim that its members have done more than others to enhance the value of its resources. Overall, Armstrong’s welfarist approach fails to appreciate the dynamic advantages of allocating resources to those best able to use them productively.
Introduction
(2021)
Das Schicksal
(1939)
The relationship between exhaustion and work engagement has received considerable attention during the past decades. Although the theoretical proposition exists that work engagement may increase exhaustion over time, previous research has been mixed. Drawing on the transactional stress model and applying latent growth modeling, we aim to provide a more comprehensive picture of the work engagement–exhaustion relationship over time. In two longitudinal studies, with four measurement points each, we found consistent evidence that a higher initial work engagement related to increased exhaustion over time. Consistent with our hypotheses, a higher initial work engagement also related to less initial exhaustion, and increases in work engagement related to decreases in exhaustion over time. However, contrary to our expectations, a higher initial exhaustion related to elevated work engagement over time. In conclusion, our findings suggest that engaged employees are less exhausted but face a higher risk of exhaustion over time. At the same time, exhausted employees are less engaged, but they have the potential to become more so over time. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings will be discussed in this paper.
Die Art und Weise, wie das Verhältnis von Staat und Unternehmen in Indien seit den 1980er Jahren restrukturiert wurde, liefert wichtige Lektionen für das Verständnis des modernen Kapitalismus in großen Schwellenländern, auch im Kontrast zum traditionellen Modell des ostasiatischen Entwicklungsstaats. Ausgehend vom historischen Entstehungskontext entwickeln wir eine Charakterisierung des Staatskapitalismus in den indischen Ballungszentren als „staatlich durchdrungene Marktökonomie“, bevor wir die Schattenseiten dieses Modells, insbesondere gravierende Ungleichheit, skizzieren, die – trotz aller wirtschaftlichen Dynamik des Kapitalismus in großen Schwellenländern wie Indien – notwendig mit diesem Wirtschaftsmodell verbunden sind.
The influence and power of some OECD states is under threat but China appears to remain astonishingly flexible, economically potent, and politically strong. How accurate is this view? To answer this question, major aspects of Chinese economic regulation that were adopted in the country’s progress towards capitalist modernization are examined. The analysis requires a historical reconstruction of how China changed the way it intervenes economically and politically, especially with regard to the institutions of the central state. Such a reconstruction reveals that, since the 1990s, the central state has indeed increased its steering capacities. These capacities have a distinctive basis that includes acceptance of a state-centered approach, idiosyncratic innovation policies taking place in the "shadow" of the state’s hierarchy, and the ongoing influence of the communist party. An all-embracing controlling power is, however, not detectable. What does exist in China’s competition-driven system of “statecapitalist” regulation, is a set of limits on the state’s capacity to govern.
In den letzten Jahren konnte eine starke Zunahme der Bedeutung von multinationalen Unternehmen von außerhalb der traditionellen Triade der Weltökonomie (Japan, Nordamerika und Westeuropa sowie Australien) beobachtet werden. Auffällig ist dabei, dass eine besonders enge Beziehung mit dem Heimatstaat ein typisches Merkmal vieler multinationaler Unternehmen aus Schwellenländern ist. Zum einen geht es dabei um binnenstaatliche Maßnahmen, die das Wachstum dieser Unternehmen in ihren Heimatländern befördert haben, z.B. durch finanzielle Unterstützung oder regulatorische Maßnahmen, die gezielt auf die Bedürfnisse dieser Unternehmen ausgerichtet waren. Zum anderen geht es um die Unterstützung durch den Staat bei der Multinationalisierung dieser Unternehmen, beispielsweise in Form von diplomatischer Unterstützung für den Zugang zu natürlichen Ressourcen in anderen Ländern oder durch die Aushandlung bilateraler oder multilateraler Abkommen. Abschließend wird kurz zusammengefasst, welches Konfliktpotential zwischen den großen Schwellenländern und den etablierten Wirtschaftsmächten sich aus diesem besonders engen Verhältnis von Staat und großen Unternehmen in Schwellenländern in den nächsten Jahrzehnten ergeben kann.
Staatskapitalismus 3.0
(2013)
Die Herausbildung staatlich durchdrungener Marktökonomien in großen Schwellenländern wie Brasilien, China oder Indien ist ein mehr als überfälliger Anlass, den Westzentrismus der aktuellen Krisendiskussionsowie der Literatur zu den „Varieties of Capitalism“ zu verlassen und sich mit den Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden des Kapitalismus in diesen Ländern zu beschäftigen. Wir sprechen hierbei vom Staatskapitalismus 3.0, also einer dritten Welle des Staatskapitalismus mit ihren länderbezogenen Variationen. Dieser in den Themenschwerpunkt einführende Beitrag gibt erstens einen Überblick über die historischen Wellen des Staatskapitalismus. Zweitens werden die weiteren Beiträge des Schwerpunktes vorgestellt und in den Kontext der dritten Welle des Staatskapitalismus gestellt. Schließlich folgen drittens einige Implikationen für die gegenwärtige Kapitalismusforschung, die aus der Untersuchung von politischen Ökonomien jenseits der OECD-Welt zu ziehen sind.
The Spanish reproductive bioeconomy has bloomed in the last few decades. There are now over three hundred fertility clinics in Spain, which has become one of the main destinations for what is often called “reproductive tourism” in the European context. The phenomenon of assisted reproduction has been extensively studied within English-speaking countries of the global North, but not so much in the cluster of Spanish-speaking countries, with a few interesting exceptions. Following the invitation to collaborate in this special issue around reproduction in Latin America and Spain, we offer an analysis of how Spanish oocyte provision and domestic work function as part of global care chains (GCC). We will compare the results of two major projects: one focusing on domestic work and the other on egg donation programs, both in Spain. We will introduce different perspectives around care and GCC, discussing how transference of oocytes can be viewed as a type of feminized labor involving affective-care work, clinical work, and biological work. The framework of GCC, a concept used to unpack unjust power relations embedded in transferences of care in current neoliberal and globalized socio-economic arrangements, can help to enable a conversation on how transferences of reproductive capacity might be reinforcing the stratification of reproduction.
NGO brokers between local needs and global norms: trajectories of development actors in Burkina Faso
(2021)
Local NGO brokers in Africa and beyond negotiate and mediate between (inter)national donors and potential beneficiaries within their communities. They translate local needs into development projects to make them suitable for international donors. This article looks at two main conditions that influence their work: First, windows of opportunity, which open and close according to structures and institutions beyond their sphere of influence; and second, their personality and skills. Based on two case studies from Burkina Faso, this article offers insights into biographies and life stories of such brokers where engagement leads to a distinguished lifestyle that contains aspects of cosmopolitanism and distinctiveness.
Background: This study investigates the willingness of men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) to use HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Research in the HIV/AIDS field typically relies on clinical and epidemiological studies, thereby often excluding social dimensions of the illness as well as factors explaining its prevention. The current study analyzes HIV-prevention through an interdisciplinary theoretical approach. It aims to comprehensively understand the mechanisms associated with the willingness to take PrEP among MSM in terms of psychological, social, behavioral, cultural, and demographic factors. Methods: We analyze data from the survey “Gay Men and AIDS” conducted in Germany in 2013 prior to market approval for PrEP. Analyses were performed using the statistical software SPSS 25.0, while results were visualized using the R programming language. Results: We find that perceived risk of infection, social norms (anticipated HIV-stigma), practices (e.g. regular condomless sex), and socio-demographic factors (young age, being single) all have a positive effect on the willingness to take PrEP, while education reveals a negative, and income no effect. Conclusions: Results indicate that beyond well-established socio-psychological mechanisms of health behavior, social factors play a crucial role in understanding the willingness of PrEP uptake. This study enriches existing health behavior theories with sociological concepts such as social norms and social practices.
Fremdsprachige Literatur impliziert bei Lernenden durchaus noch große Berührungsängste auch im fortgeschrittenen Stadium. Im Sinne einer sprachlichen und kulturellen Bildung sollte auf die Lektüre in der Originalsprache keinesfalls verzichtet werden. So wird insbesondere im deutschen Kulturraum das Vorlesen als Grundlage zur Entwicklung von Lesemotivation und Lesesozialisation eingesetzt. Das Vorlesen trägt in besonderer Weise zur Bildung, zur Sprachentwicklung, zur Aneignung der Kommunikations- und Ausdrucksfähigkeit bei. Durch Vorlesen kann der Zugang zur Literatur unterstützt und in unterschiedlichen Bildungsphasen gefördert werden. Untersuchungen haben nachgewiesen, dass das Vorlesen positive Auswirkungen auf die Lesemotivation und im Anschluss auf die Lesekompetenz haben kann. Wesentlich sind hier u.a. das Wissen der Lehrperson um die unterschiedlichen Vorlesephasen, sowie die Textauswahl. In diesem Beitrag geht es um die Relevanz des Vorlesens bei der Leseförderung im DaF/DaZ-Bereich, somit in der sprachlichen und kulturellen Bildung. Als Ausgangspunkt dient in diesem Kontext ein Blick auf die Vorlesetradition in der türkischen und deutschen Gesellschaft, um auf die unterschiedlichen Entwicklungen in der Vorlesekultur hinzuweisen. In diesem Rahmen liegt der Fokus auf der Frage: Wie kann die Literalität im Fremdsprachenunterricht eingesetzt werden, um das Erlernen einer Sprache zu unterstützen? Darauf aufbauend werden Erfahrungen von Lehrpersonen und empirische Ergebnisse zum Vorlesen in der deutschen Gesellschaft thematisiert und erlӓutert und einige Konzepte vorgestellt. Ausgehend davon werden schließlich Überlegungen und Möglichkeiten für die Praxis, sowie konkrete Tipps zur Umsetzbarkeit im DaF/ DaZ-Bereich am Beispiel von Uwe Timms Kinderroman "Die Zugmaus" diskutiert. In diesem Roman nimmt eine Maus die Leser auf eine Reise durch unterschiedliche Länder mit. Dadurch ist das Buch abwechslungsreich und spannend zugleich und zum Vorlesen besonders geeignet. Dies kann als Zeichen dafür gewertet werden, dass das Vorlesen als Leseförderungsmaßnahme für Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene auch im Studium Freude bereiten kann.
"Bir varmış, bir yokmuş" tekerlemesiyle başlayıp, okurunu Pertev Naili Boratav'ın deyimiyle "kendi içindeki bir mantığı" üzerinden "peşin olarak kabul edilmiş imkânlar" dünyasına alan masallar, dijitalleşen günümüz dünyasına kadar 200 yıldan fazla tarihsel arka planıyla barındırdığı imgesel evreni bugün dijitale taşımış yazınsal bir türdür. Mekân-sızlık- ve zaman-sızlık- bağlamında kurmuş olduğu yapı gereği, dijitale dönüşümünde başka bir evren kurma imkanına yer bulan masallar, hegemonyanın kurmuş olduğu düzeni alt üst etme sancısını da doğurmuştur. Bu bağlamda Grimm Kardeşler’in yazmış olduğu geleneksel Kurbağa Prens (1812) masalına eklediği pek çok prenses protagonistiyle, yeni bir dil inşa eden Fadime Uslu tarafından yazılan Kurbağa Prens (2020) masalında hegemonik erkekliğin yıkımı mevcuttur. Geleneksel masallarda dışa vurulan arzu alanını, yapısökümcü irdelemeyle elen alan ve bunu dijital platforma da taşıyan anti-masal Kurbağa Prens; geleneksel masallara karşı bir duruş olarak ortaya çıkan anti-masallardaki büyü bozuculuğunu ortaya koyma amacıyla bu makalenin odak masalı olmuştur. Makalede; Kurbağa Prens özelinde, toplumsal heteronormatif bir yapı inşa etme ve bunun temsillerini üretme mahali olarak masallar, R.W. Connell'in Gramsci'den çıkarak kavramsallaştırdığı "hegemonik erkeklik" söylem üzerinden ele alınmıştır. Dilin bilinçdışı gibi şekillenmesi üzerinden toplumsal cinsiyet nifak tohumlarının ekildiği geleneksel masalların erkeklik söylemine karşı; yeni söylemler üreten anti-masallar, Kurbağa Prens modeli üzerinden incelenmiş ve sadece Disney'in çektiği filmler yoluyla değil bugün dizilerden reklamlara; oyunlardan şarkılara kadar pek çok kültürel alanda inşa etmiş olduğu ve temsilleriyle devamlılığını sağladığı kalıplaşmanın "başka bir dünya mümkün" diliyle yeniden yapılanmasına bakılmıştır.
The present contribution is meant as an approach to the debate mentioned in the heading. It is important to find ways, to make on one side the learning and the cultivation of the German language attractive for the young people and on the other side to regain again the peoples’ conscious, here and there, for the centuries-long German culture and history. Teachers of both sexes as well as the students who are going to become teachers are the future multipliers par excellence. Due to a variety of integral pedagogical and linguistic didactical concepts –meant simultaneously for transmitting information, meeting, exchange and networking – there have to be found innovative ideas, precise proposals have to be worked out, which both also strengthen the social relevance of the local Institutions and German Departments respectively Faculties, which qualify teachers for the German language and providing in this way a contribution to the harmonization of the civil society.
The following article documents a theater project with Romanian and German young people, which took place in April 2013 in Sibiu / Romania and questioned in this example conceptual entities of the concept of culture, in particular approaches to intercultural versus transcultural pedagogy.
The present article focuses on the organization of the “Transylvania” Summer Academy in Sibiu, which aims to stimulate, on the one hand, the promotion of German culture from Romania and Southeastern Europe, one the other hand, keeping the cultural exchanges alive. Apart from presenting a synopsis of German literature in Romania, from its origins up to the present, the article also highlights the perspectives of promoting German culture from Romania through national institutions or institutions in Germany.
This essay examines the emancipatory possibilities of interculturalism. The aim is to evaluate whether the philosophical discourse of interculturalism, which is still parasitic on a vocabulary of modernism, can achieve its emancipatory role in a postmodern world by trying to empower difference through consensus. Further, this essay aims to propose a way out of modernist dialecticism and towards a truly postmodern theory of interculturalism.
This study offers in its first part a brief description of the text genre, analysing the specific lexical and formal features as well as the specific text composition means. As wedding announcements haven’t been examined from a contrastive (German/Romanian)/intercultural point of view yet, it is relevant to mention some research directions and methods.
The aim of the present paper is to describe the geographic diffusion of the family name Pfaff in Germany, starting from the telephone directory of 2005 and retracing the historic linguistic phenomena that led to the formation of this name. Pfaff (mhd. phaffe, md. paffe, nd. pape, southern German Pfaffe “priest” or “churchman”) is explained both as an agnomen and as the name of a profession. Our map represents an addition to the maps that have already appeared in dtv – Atlas Namenkunde (1999), Duden-Familiennamen (2005) and Deutscher Familiennamenatlas (2011), for it additionally and thoroughly renders not? only the geographic diffusion of the family name Pfaff in Germany but also in Transylvania, where the name also exists. [this surname also exists in Transylvania]. The type Pfaff (5056 telephone addresses) is spread all over Germany, but we notice two areas of high frequency: one, according to our expectations, in the southern part of the Benrath Line and on the right of the Germersheim Line, but also on the left of the latter, especially in the rectangle Koblenz – Kassel – Hof – Frankfurt and also in south-western Germany (in Schwarzwald –The Black Forest). The northern version Pape, approximately twice more frequent than Pfaff(e), did not adapt to standard German, due to the negative connotations of the appellative Pfaffe, Pfaffen, which appeared at the same time as the Church Reform in the 16th century. In some places in Transylvania, the surname Pfaff was replaced with the version Prediger. The appellative Pfaffe and the family name Pfaff (in the Saxon language – the Romanian “limba sãseascã”: faf, pfaf ) contributed to the formation of different rural toponyms in Transylvania. The surname Pfaff is spread not only in the German linguistic space, but also in areas where ethnic Germans live (France, Luxembourg, Belgium, Holland, Poland, Romania, USA, Canada, Argentina). In Romania, there are very few Pfaff surnames in telephone books for the 2008-2009 period, due to the massive migration of the German ethnics to Germany after 1990.
Starting from the peculiar presentation of the geographic spreading of the surname Lutsch in Germany (see the map), based on telephone books from 1995, the aim of the present paper is to reconstruct the history of this last name. Lutsch has its origin in the hypocoristic Lu(t)z(erm. Lud [wig]), it is a German surname specific to Transylvania, being spread especially in its south-western area. The fact that this surname is so rare today (Sibiu, Cindy, Apoldu de Sus, Slimnic, Sebeș, Gârbova, Pianu de Jos, Hunedoara, isolatedly and Brașov, Târgu Secuiesc, Bistrița) is due first of all to the settling of the German ethnics in The Federal Republic of Germany between 1970-1990. It is a coincidence that the name Lutsch can be found today especially in the south of Germany, overlapping with the spreading area of the surname Lutz, for the persons who have this surname do not represent the native population of Southern Germany, but the German emigrants from Transylvania.
In the paper, all German surnames (63 different names) and also the Romanian ones (45 different names) are analyzed from a semantic and statistic perspective. These family names belong to the inhabitants of Petreºti/Sebeº who were the victims of the First World War, of the Second World War and of the communist régime. The names of these 216 people were taken from the commemorative plaques from the Lutheran Protestant Church and on the Heroes’ Monument placed in the yard of the city’s Orthodox Church.
With the Earth system being about to leave Holocene conditions and thus the known safe operating space for humanity, frameworks such as the Planetary Boundaries (PBs) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide quantitative metrics to guide sustainability transformations. In order to strive, not only for compliance with the PBs but also for societal well-being, some approaches attempt to combine both PBs and SDGs within a single assessment. We focus on two prominent examples, the “Doughnut” by Kate Raworth and the #SDGinPB project of the 2018 report to the Club of Rome, which are not only aimed at public outreach, but also at guiding policy-making. To meet these objectives, the approaches should possess a certain accuracy in determining the progress in achieving the SDGs and in complying with the PBs. We evaluate, by using a multi-indicator approach for comparison, whether both approaches’ limited set of indicators can still represent the SDGs’ complexity. This comparative approach estimates the progress in achieving SDGs, especially in the Global North, to be significantly lower. Based on these results and against the approaches’ purposes, we discuss their simplifications and at which point the results are no longer reliable. We conclude that global assessments can be an important factor in initiating transformative processes by stimulating public discourse, but that the actual implementation of these would require approaches with greater recognition of local particularities.
Essential for my study is to show the nature and status of gypsy women from Transylvania, which has to be necessarily considered in the context of its own culture. The pictures of these women are mostly shown in the work of Heinrich von Wlislocki, transylvanian gypsy researcher, translator and folklorist of the 19th century. The gypsy women can occupy positions of power, such as an old wise woman,as magic woman, as a mother and as a potential wife. In these cases she is highly valued by the tribe. The above criteria for a gypsy woman to be measured, can be seen only in the context of tribal laws and customs of traditional gypsy groups.
Sibiu was in the 19th century an important centre, with a vivid cultural life, despite of the difficult political context in Transylvania. The close cohabitation of the Romanian and German people leads to a very important multicultural experience. The study deals with the ways of reception of German culture in the Romanian press of the 19th century reflected in the three most important publications of the time: Telegraful Român, Tribuna and Transilvania. The results of the research are presented in thematic groups (translations, theatre and concert announcements, reviews, travel literature, aphoristic or biographical writings).
The paper focuses on the way Romanians perceive their co-nationals of German origin and analyses the building up of auto-stereotypes and foreign-stereotypes. Starting point of the essay and corpus is an online-petition to back up the German Mayor of Sibiu as the Prime Minister of Romania in the autumn of 2009, a proposal made by a coalition of several political parties. The arguments of the petitioners for their support are being interpreted by using instruments and principles of imagology. The patterns of perception discovered show the interesting ways Romanians relate to their own ethnicity and their perceptions of ethnic minorities.
For intercultural language teaching, coaching students on how to perceive the cultural “other” is of crucial importance in order to avoid culturally based misunderstandings. This paper explores how perceiving the other can offer conclusions for perceiving and becoming aware of the self. Through that, a process of giving and taking ensues in which perceptions of the self and of the other are constantly fluctuating depending on the context in which the communication is taking place. At the crossroads between members of two different cultures, a dialogue emerges in which the points of view of both parties are changed. The paper outlines how perception is a construct in which one’s own origin, education, and emotions are blended in. Intercultural learning is the way to deal with this constructs in a flexible manner so as to create new interpretation patterns. It teaches how to sympathize with the other and how to better understand oneself.
The purpose of this study is to reconstruct and document the image of “The Other’’ starting with the historical street names in the Transylvanian town of Sebeş, Alba County, founded in the thirteenth century by German settlers. Due to the fact that, throughout Middle Ages, one of the criteria of naming the streets of a borough was, inter alia, the ethnic one, the street names of the town reveal the ethnic groups which would form the population of the town: Székelys (Siculorumgasse), Saxons (Sachsgasse, Herrengasse, Petrigasse a.s.o.), Romans (Opricestengasse, Suseni– and Joseni Viertel), Greek and Macedonian, as well as Germans from the Southwestern Germany and Austria, who founded the north quarter of the town, in the eighteenth century (Saxonii Noi Street, Saxonii Vechi Street, Quer Gasse). In Sebeş, the street names established after the specific place the road leads the way to also contribute to the image of “The Other’’ (Petersdorfer Gässchen, Daiagasse and Hermannstädter Straße). Furthermore, the names of various local or super regional personalities who influenced the existence of the town also have an important contribution. Examples to illustrate this aspect are particularly the street names from the early stalinist period of communism in Romania (Stalin Street, V. I. Lenin Street, Miciurin Street, Malinovski Street, Rosa Luxemburg Street).
The Romanian literature of the 18th century is witnessing a remarkable metamorphosis, whereas step by step the Enlightment’s ideas penetrate the Romanianspeaking soil and through various mechanisms replace the medieval order in society, politics and arts. In this time of the Enlightment the small popular book “Bertoldo” from the late Italian 16th century was adapted in French and then in German and through the German intermediary reached Transylvania at the end of the 18th century (Hermannstadt, 1799). In the centre of our analysis we place the concept of “cultural transfer” and that of the “cultural translation”, concepts that help us illustrate the adaptation strategies of the foreign material and the integration principles of the Enlightment’s ideals on the Romanian soil. Working with eloquent examples from the “Bertoldo”-text in a comparative manner we will try to bring to light the interaction of the poetical and ideological functions of the translations from German and its role in forming and shaping a new kind of Romanian cultural and literary sensibility.
Im Geflecht der Identitäten : Kulturgeschichtliches, dargestellt am Beispiel von János Bolyai
(2015)
The Transylvanian-born János Bolyai (1802-1860) never ceases to attract the attention of all those interested in the history of science, as he is one of the founders of non-Euclidean geometry. Bolyai also concerns the philosophy researchers, due to a social utopia, which he presents in his works, unpublished during his lifetime. From older and newer documentation, it is known that the Hungarian Bolyai nobility descent also has a German origin, from German Grafs. On the Calvaserului Valley, situated north of the Hârtibaciului Valley, lies the Buia parish, named Bolya by the Hungarians, Bell by the Germans, where the Bolyai family owned an estate and a castle. In this work, the author presents approaches concerning the genealogy of János Bolyai and reports about visits to the places where Bolyai has lived, such as Buia, Domald (Viişoara parrish) and Târgu Mureş.
The Western European culture in the 18th century builds an impressive reference framework for the intellectual life in Central and Eastern Europe, where the ideals of the Enlightenment had spread rapidly mainly by means of translations of secularized works from all fields of knowledge. Among these, one should mention a series of historical writings that give account of the great monarchs of the time. In the following study we try to illustrate the concept of “cultural translation” by analysing a historical text about Catherine II of Russia. The Moldavian manuscript illustrates the process in which ideas and concepts have circulated in the European space: it is an Austrian (Habsburg) portrait of a German princess that managed to be crowned empress of Russia under debatable circumstances. This portrait written at the court of Joseph II in 1877 was translated in the same year in Greek and through this intermediary entered the Romanian speaking soil, where it was translated a year after. The circulation of ideas and conceptions respectively misconceptions can be illustrated in then textual mutations that occurred during this cultural transfer process from East to West and then to East again. The ideological and political intent of the text can be also seen in the self-aware translation that aimed to bring plusvalue to the Enlightened discourse of its original text.
Each language has its own silence, which is a mirror; one gets to see in it that the unsaid is not uttered. The fact that people from different cultures understand one another is not self-evident. Practice shows that understanding does not run smoothly. The way cultures can understand other cultures is to be pointed out with the help of conversation as the prototype of language use, as the source of all uses of language. The present article deals with silence in communication. He who is silent imparts something as well and the others react to it. They react differently, depending on the situation, on individually and culturally determined contexts. Words and silence are all of communicative nature. They influence people, who react to them. Every instance of communication contains a piece of information and reference to the communication partners. Each linguistic exchange involves a cultural exchange, and consists of the contribution of speaker and listener to the linguistic utterances, of the turn-taking of speakers. Silence can more precisely be defined in a conversation as ‘meaningful silence’ or as ‘the act of falling silent’, as ‘quietness’.
The present paper accumulates information and studies the etymology of the Romanian ethnonym “Aleman” and its versions, beginning from their geographical spread throughout Romania and Germany. The Romanian surnames “Aleman” and “Aloman” (highest prevalence in the area of Transylvania, in the Sibiu and Alba counties), as well as “Aliman”, “Alimănescu”, “Alaman” and “Alman” (highest prevalence in the areas of Muntenia, Oltenia and Dobrogea) do not come from the French term “allman” as their German equivalents “Allman”, “Allmang”, “Lallemand” do, which are concentrated in the Western Germany (in the Saarland, Rhineland-Palatinate German federal districts), due to the fact that there are no correspondents to the surnames of the Transylvanian Saxons. Therefore, the origin of these Romanian surnames is more likely to relate to the Turkish term “aleman” (see Iordan, 1983, p. 25 and 23), which also refers to the Germanic tribe of alamans or alemans, having the same meaning of “German”. The geographical proliferation of the “Aleman” and “Aliman” versions of the term is specific to the East to West population migration phenomena. These versions are the only ones existent in today’s Germany. Thus the “Aleman” and “Aliman” surnames are to be found in strongly industrialized centers such as Munich, Stuttgart, Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Wiesbaden, Bielefeld, Hamburg and not in the area of the German-French frontier (see following map).
The family name Fleşer and its viariations come from the German family name and from the common noun with the same form Fleischer (Rom. „măcelar” – butcher) which is prevalent in East and Northeast of Germany today, and which in its turn appeard as the aftermath of a contraction of the compound noun Fleischhauer (Lat. macellator), initially spread in the centre and North of Germany.
The monophthongal noun Fleşer and its variant forms Fleşeru, Fleşeriu, Fleşieru and Fleşariu, formed with the suffix of German origin determining the agent -er (< lat. -arius) or with that/those of Romanian origin -ar(iu), (< lat. -arius) are concentrated mainly in Transilvania today, especially in the neighbouring counties of Alba and Sibiu.
Hence, the family name Fleşer and its variations turn out to be compelling examples of the linguistic interculturality between German and Romanian in Transilvania and in Romania, in this case demonstrated in terms of onomastic.
In this paper a study concerning the situation of the islamic headscarf in Germany is presented. This study relies on an analysis of the information from the mass media and from the laws issued after the debates related to this subject.
Intermarriages in Transylvania are a topic that is still to little scientifically explored. Saxons and Romanians in Transylvania each married in their own circles in accordance with the times they lived.The Second World War, the establishment of communism, deportation and nationalization have changed relations between the Transylvanian Saxons and Romanians. The number of mixed marriages has begun to grow and cultural proximity has become real. Life in Communism has become a collective destiny. At the base of this study are 25 questionnaires filled in by people coming from mixed marriages. The following aspects were analyzed: the name and identity attributed thereto, spoken languages, confession, family life, identity positioning.
The materialis based on the fact that German citizens which have been born in Transylvania (Saxons) and immigrated to Germany return even “in death” to their homeland, be that through the choice of the medium where the death notice is published, or through the content of the death notice itself. The article follows the mechanisms through which this reference is built and analyzes the objective, geographical and cultural referentiality as well as the subjective recollections of the former, now far away, homeland, relying on death notices published in the Siebenbürgischen Zeitungbetween January 2012 – December 2015 und January 2017 – March 2018.
Cele două nume de origine germanică, Gerhard şi Konnerth (ultimul fiind o formă derivată locală din Transilvania a numelui Konrad) sunt folosite ca paradigme pentru prezentarea interdependenţei dintre numele proprii ca şi clasă specială a substantivelor şi conotaţiile culturale ale antroponimelor. Rezultatul este o scurtă schiţă istorico-culturală pe o perioadă de studiu de peste 1000 de ani cu referinţă la persoana purtătoare a acestor nume, profesor dr. Gerhard Konnerth din Sibiu.
The tendency to apply media in regional studies for students of German as a foreign language (Deutsch als Fremdsprache, DaF) is no longer a novelty. Thus, we see media applied as such in multiple different forms, like videos, press releases, radio segments or online statements. This contribution is focused on the radio interview, as a constitutive part of the regional studies’ courses for DaF students of Germanistik in Romania. As a starting point serves the assumption, that the application of visual media can be enhanced through dialogue sequences, which further highlight the subject of the course. Through chosen interviews, that have been aired by the state channels, students can become familiar with such issues, that affect the German minority in Romania. The authenticity that is being sought for, will result from the primary situation of the interviewer and the interviewee communicating, as well as through the utilization of Rumäniendeutsch as the standard language of the German minority, living in Romania. Thus can cultural, social, historical and linguistic phenomena that are specific for the local German speaking population and that are (re)constructing the cultural inheritance of Germans in Romania, be regarded in greater detail.
In the context of globalisation and internationalisation, multilingualism and intercultural interaction are indispensable prerequisites that are desired in all areas. The focus of this paper is to highlight the importance and necessity of multilingualism and intercultural dialogue on the example of Timișoara. The beginnings and traces of multilingualism and the intercultural dimension of Timișoara can be traced based on the geography and history of the city alone. Considering these historical, political, social, cultural and economic prerequisites, this paper presents how the intercultural character and multilingualism of the Banat capital has led it to become a unique phenomenon in Europe, and how it has influenced the history and existence of this region of Romania. The good interethnic relations between the minorities shape the spirit of this city and have helped Timișoara become the European Capital of Culture 2021.The multicultural character of the city has also enabled the emergence of numerous cultural institutions, educational institutions, associations and organisations, which in turn promote this diversity of languages and intercultural interaction.
Here the German language acts as a bridge between Eastern and Western Europe playing an important role. It is exactly on the Banat with its multicultural tradition that many hopes are pinned. The introduction of the subject German Cultural Studies within the framework of the Communication Sciences at the “Polytechnic” University Timișoara is only a stepping stone, but in the given context this is however a sign that betokens our will to participate in the task of building the linguistic and cultural bridge. The present paper elaborates on starting points towards a cultural history of the Banat.
After the First Wald War, the community of Transyvanian Saxons found itself in a new political context. This study analyses cultural representations as both self-identification and cultural dialogue in two of the main publications in German language of the early inter-war period, the cultural journals Ostland and Klingsor. Literary translations and the representation of other literatures through the selection of authors and texts are also subjects of this study.
An essential factor for the naming practice lies in the language(s) spoken by that certain family. In the nowadays very common multilingual families in Transylvania, the so called ‚mixed marriages’, the linguistic contact also becomes manifest in the field of onomatology. Out of the vast subject matter, four aspects will be approached: the decline of the tradition of naming a child after a parent; naming practices following ethnic reasons in order to denote a certain identity; naming preferences for international names in mixed families; the increasing diversification and inter-culturality of name-giving due to globalization and the impact of social media. Concrete examples – based on bap tis mal registers of the local Lutheran Church – illustrate the monitored trends.
This paper examines meaning-making processes in the contemporary Hungarian German literature as processes of identity construction. I give a description of exemplary identity models provided by this literature and discuss, how the models have established themselves and what has led to their modification, destabilization or replacement. The research method implemented in the paper offers a systematic insight into the sociological formationprinciples of the models and also into their ideological determination, moreover, it allows the question to be asked, to what extent the models can contribute to orientation in their social and historic context.
Beyond the communicative function of death notices, to informe about a death case, one will be repeatedly surprised by auxiliary functions of this category of private notices. The following article analizes from an intercultural perspective the representation of the (professional) identity in obituaries and death notices pertaining to a Romanian and a German corpus – the achievements attained to in the job environment and – in case of a blurred or merely outlined professional identity – on interests outside of one’s job, which were cherished by the deceased to the effect of shaping and defining him.
With our research, we contribute to the research on proactive work behavior in two ways. First, we examine a person's gender as a boundary condition for proactive behavior at work. Based on social role theory, we argue that women are less likely to receive credit for showing personal initiative (PI) than men. Second, we examine agency and communion as underlying mechanisms that translate PI into a person's evaluation and drive backlash effects. The hypotheses were tested in two complementary experimental studies (Study 1; N = 114, Study 2: N = 163) using simulated job interviews. Our results show that PI relates to better evaluations (likeability, perceived competence, performance evaluations, expected success and hireability) of the job applicant and that these effects are mediated by agency and communion. Further, we find backlash effects for women high in agency and men high in communion on likeability (Study 2). The implications of these results for organizations and future research are discussed.
This study explores how ‘gatherings’ turn into ‘encounters’ in a virtual world (VW) context. Most communication technologies enable only focused encounters between distributed participants, but in VWs both gatherings and encounters can occur. We present close sequential analysis of moments when after a silent gathering, interaction among participants in a VW is gradually resumed, and also investigate the social actions in the verbal (re-)opening turns. Our findings show that like in face-to-face situations, also in VWs participants often use different types of embodied resources to achieve the transition, rather than rely on verbal means only. However, the transition process in VWs has distinctive characteristics compared to the one in face-to-face situations. We discuss how participants in a VW use virtually embodied pre-beginnings to display what we call encounter-readiness, instead of displaying lack of presence by avatar stillness. The data comprise 40 episodes of video-recorded team interactions in a VW.
Der Einfluss extremistischer Gewaltereignisse auf das Framing von Extremismen auf SPIEGEL Online
(2020)
In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir die Darstellung von Rechtsextremismus, Linksextremismus und Islamismus im medialen Diskurs am Beispiel von SPIEGEL Online, einem der deutschen Leitmedien. Wir leiten vier zentrale Dimensionen für die Konzeptualisierung von Extremismen ab: Ideologie und Organisation, Herkunft der Akteure, Stellung zur Gesellschaft und Typische Handlungen. Wir beobachten die Entwicklung der Darstellung der drei Extremismen an möglichen Bruchpunkten: Wir untersuchen das assoziative Framing der drei Extremismen vor und nach prominenten extremismusbezogenen Gewaltereignissen, namentlich die Anschläge des 11. September, die Veröffentlichung des NSU-Skandals und linksextremistische Aktivitäten während des G20-Gipfels in Hamburg. Mittels einer Kollokationsanalyse identifizieren wir mit den Extremismen assoziierte Aspekte und ordnen diese den Konzeptualisierungsdimensionen zu. Wir beobachten Veränderungen im Framing, die durch die ausgewählten Ereignisse bedingt sind, und vergleichen das resultierende Framing mit den Kerndefinitionen des Verfassungsschutzes aus dem Bericht des Jahres 2017, um mögliche Unterschiede in der Konzeptualisierung von Extremismen mit möglicherweise unterschiedlichen Handlungslogiken als Resultat divergierender Konzeptualisierungen herauszuarbeiten.
Der Einfluss extremistischer Gewaltereignisse auf das Framing von Extremismen auf SPIEGEL Online
(2020)
In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir die Darstellung von Rechtsextremismus, Linksextremismus und Islamismus im medialen Diskurs am Beispiel von SPIEGEL Online, einem der deutschen Leitmedien. Wir leiten vier zentrale Dimensionen für die Konzeptualisierung von Extremismen ab: Ideologie und Organisation, Herkunft der Akteure, Stellung zur Gesellschaft und Typische Handlungen. Wir beobachten die Entwicklung der Darstellung der drei Extremismen an möglichen Bruchpunkten: Wir untersuchen das assoziative Framing der drei Extremismen vor und nach prominenten extremismusbezogenen Gewaltereignissen, namentlich die Anschläge des 11. September, die Veröffentlichung des NSU-Skandals und linksextremistische Aktivitäten während des G20-Gipfels in Hamburg. Mittels einer Kollokationsanalyse identifizieren wir mit den Extremismen assoziierte Aspekte und ordnen diese den Konzeptualisierungsdimensionen zu. Wir beobachten Veränderungen im Framing, die durch die ausgewählten Ereignisse bedingt sind, und vergleichen das resultierende Framing mit den Kerndefinitionen des Verfassungsschutzes aus dem Bericht des Jahres 2017, um mögliche Unterschiede in der Konzeptualisierung von Extremismen mit möglicherweise unterschiedlichen Handlungslogiken als Resultat divergierender Konzeptualisierungen herauszuarbeiten.
This essay explores the problem of legitimation crises in deliberative systems. For some time now, theorists of deliberative democracy have started to embrace a “systemic approach.” But if deliberative democracy is to be understood in the context of a system of multiple moving parts, then we must confront the possibility that that system’s dynamics may admit of breakdowns, contradictions, and tendencies toward crisis. Yet such crisis potentials remain largely unexplored in deliberative theory. The present article works toward rectifying this lacuna, using the 2016 Brexit and Trump votes as examples of a particular kind of “legitimation crisis” that results in a sequence of failures in the deliberative system. Drawing on recent work of Rainer Forst, I identify this particular kind of legitimation crisis as a “justification crisis.”
The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development stresses the fundamental role science should play in implementing the 17 Sustainable Development Goals endorsed by the global community. But how can and should researchers respond to this societal demand on science? We argue that answering this question requires systematic engagement with the fundamental normative dimensions of the 2030 Agenda and those of the scientific community—and with the implications these dimensions have for research and practice. We suggest that the production of knowledge relevant to sustainable development entails analytic engagement with norms and values through four tasks. First, to unravel and critically reflect on the ethical values involved in sustainability, values should increasingly become an empirical and theoretical object of sustainability research. Second, to ensure that research on social–ecological systems is related to sustainability values, researchers should reflect on and spell out what sustainability values guide their research, taking into account possible interdependencies, synergies, and trade-offs. Third, to find common ground on what sustainability means for specific situations, scientists should engage in deliberative learning processes with societal actors, with a view to jointly reflecting on existing development visions and creating new, contextualized ones. Fourth, this implies that researchers and scientific disciplines must clarify their own ethical and epistemic values, as this defines accountability and shapes identification of problems, research questions, and results. We believe that ignoring these tasks, whether one is in favor or critical of the 2030 Agenda, will undermine the credibility and relevance of scientific contributions for sustainable development.
Competition over land is at the core of many sustainable development challenges in Myanmar: villagers, companies, governments, ethnic minority groups, civil society organisations and non-governmental organisations from local to the international level claim access to and decision-making power over the use of land. Therefore, this article investigates the actor interactions influencing land-use changes and their impacts on the supply of ecosystem services and human well-being. We utilise a transdisciplinary mixed-methods approach and the analytical lens of the social-ecological systems framework. Results reveal that the links between land-use changes, ecosystem services and human well-being are multifaceted; For example ecosystem services can decline, while human well-being increases. We explain this finding through three different pathways to impact (changes in the resource systems, the governance systems or the broader social, economic and political context). We conclude with implications of these results for future sustainable land governance.
Unemployment and political trust across 24 Western democracies: evidence on a welfare state paradox
(2021)
Set against the backdrop of the Great Recession, the paper explores the interplay of unemployment experiences and political trust in the USA and 23 European countries between 2002 and 2017. Drawing on harmonized data from the European Social Survey and the General Social Survey, we confirm that citizens’ personal experiences of unemployment depress trust in democratic institutions in all countries. Using multilevel linear probability models, we show that the relationship between unemployment and political trust varies between countries, and that, paradoxically, the negative effect of unemployment on political trust is consistently stronger in the more generous welfare states. This result holds while controlling for a range of other household and country-level predictors, and even in mediation models that incorporate measures of households’ economic situation to explain the negative effect of unemployment on trust. As expected, country differences in the generosity of welfare states are reflected in the degree to which financial difficulties are mediating the relationship between unemployment and political trust. Overlaying economic deprivation, however, cultural mechanisms of stigmatization or status deprivation seem to create negative responses to unemployment experiences, and these render the effect of unemployment on political trust increasingly negative in objectively more generous welfare states.
Interkulturelle Kompetenz
(2006)
Die Kommunikation zwischen den Menschen wird durch die Beherrschung der Sprache des Anderen ermöglicht und erleichtert. Ob sich aber die Partner wirklich verstehen, im Sinne wechselseitige Wünsche, Erwartungen, Ziele und vor allem ihre Wertvorstellungen, Normen und Verhaltensregeln so aufnehmen und interpretieren zu können, wie der Partner selbst es sieht und versteht, wird keine Garantie geleistet.
Charts are used to measure relative success for a large variety of cultural items. Traditional music charts have been shown to follow self-organizing principles with regard to the distribution of item lifetimes, the on-chart residence times. Here we examine if this observation holds also for (a) music streaming charts (b) book best-seller lists and (c) for social network activity charts, such as Twitter hashtags and the number of comments Reddit postings receive. We find that charts based on the active production of items, like commenting, are more likely to be influenced by external factors, in particular by the 24 h day–night cycle. External factors are less important for consumption-based charts (sales, downloads), which can be explained by a generic theory of decision-making. In this view, humans aim to optimize the information content of the internal representation of the outside world, which is logarithmically compressed. Further support for information maximization is argued to arise from the comparison of hourly, daily and weekly charts, which allow to gauge the importance of decision times with respect to the chart compilation period.
Psychotherapists in mental health institutions as a professional group are part of the medical system, and from this perspective, as representing an occupation that serves the public health interests, as well as those of the individual seeking help. Despite the different existing therapeutic approaches and diverse forms of therapy deriving from these approaches critical theories, however, consider psychotherapy as a profession with a specific jurisdictional claim and own highly specific interests. In contrast to most of the recent discussion around therapy culture, in this article, I argue that sociology and social theory could benefit from an understanding of psychotherapy as a profession with a separate logic and claim for jurisdiction for mental health. Moreover, I present some general trends showing that, regarding psychotherapy, we face a concurrence of a professionalisation, and simultaneously, an already ongoing deprofessionalisation. To develop my argument, I first discuss the perspectives of sociology of the psychotherapy professions. Second, I present the potential lack of professionalism in four dimensions. Third, I discuss possible tendencies of deprofessionalisation. Finally, I conclude by pointing out the importance of theorising the psychotherapy professions for medical sociology.
Wir haben das Feld der sozialen Situationen sondiert und die spektatorische Situation als eine spezifische Zeichensituation und Verkehrsform erörtert. Darüber hinaus sind problemgeschichtliche Aspekte der Figur des Zuschauers zur Sprache gekommen; gleichsam als Bestandteil konzeptioneller Vorarbeiten zur konkreten kultursemiotischen Untersuchung historischer Modelle von Spectatorship in ihrer funktionellen Typenvielfalt.
Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in the office and warehouse of an organic wholesaler in Germany, this article presents a trans-sequential analysis of an innovation that aimed to reduce the use of plastic wrap. During the analytical reconstruction of the innovation process, the substitution of plastic wrap turned out to be a precarious process of negotiating attachments to plastic. Against this background, innovation is not simply about the implementation and substitution of technology by human actors, but about negotiating attachments that humans have towards objects within socio-technical assemblages. Drawing on actor-network theory and the sociology of attachment, the article highlights the dynamic interplay between persistence and problematization of plastic wrap, which characterizes the innovation process. This interplay is seen along several steps during the innovation process: from (1) the problematization of plastic dependency to (2) the mobilization of alternatives, to (3) resistance against measures to be implemented and (4) the enforcement of reusable strings as technological substitution and (5) to conclusive retrospection on the innovation process. The trans-sequential analysis shows that ‘getting rid of something’ might be an imperfect approach to dealing with unsustainable object relations. Instead, withdrawing is a double-sided process of detaching and attaching, removing constraints and building new ones.
Auf den ersten Blick sieht es so aus, als würden die DH eine Nische besetzen. Tatsächlich jedoch dürfen sich die traditionellen Geisteswissenschaften in Bedrängnis fühlen. Nicht nur ist es für digitale Forschungsprojekte offenbar einfacher, an öffentliche Gelder zu kommen, die den tradi-tionellen Geisteswissenschaften dann fehlen. Die DH machen durch ihre wohl noch lange nicht ausgeschöpfte Fülle theoretischer Einsatzmöglichkeiten zudem ein Versprechen auf die Zukunft, das mit Erwartungen verbunden ist, die so vielleicht nicht erfüllt werden können. Untermauert wird dieses Versprechen mit einer rasant wachsenden Anzahl von Veröffentlichungen in diesem Bereich. Und möglicherweise ist es in den DH einfacher, in hoher Frequenz zu publizieren. Daher ist es nicht erstaunlich, dass seit einigen Jahren eine Debatte geführt wird, in der es um Kritik an der jeweils opponierenden Disziplin sowie um Zuschreibungen geht.
Ökonomische Schocks haben beträchtliche Folgen für die Gesellschaft. Armutsrisiko, Arbeitslosigkeit, Bildungsmangel, Scheidungsrisiken, Vertrauenskrisen – politisches Krisenmanagement kann diese Folgen positiv beeinflussen und zu gesellschaftlicher Resilienz beitragen. Lassen sich daraus Schlüsse für die Folgen der Pandemie ziehen?
In Krisenzeiten suchen Menschen nach einem Zeichen der Hoffnung. Hoffnung steht auch im Zentrum der Forschung von Claudia Blöser. Ein Gespräch mit der Philosophin über die Beziehung zwischen Hoffnung, Wissen und Angst und darüber, warum das Konzept der radikalen Hoffnung in einer Krisensituation hilfreich sein kann.
Einen lieben Angehörigen zu verlieren, ist schwer. Ihn zu verlieren, ohne ihm zuvor Beistand leisten zu können, ist für viele Menschen fast unerträglich. Die Kontaktbeschränkungen während der Pandemie verlangen uns allen viel ab, vor allem aber im Zusammenhang mit schweren Krankheiten, Sterben und Tod. Dies bleibt nicht ohne Folgen für den Trauervorgang.
Das illusionäre Moment des »ewigen Aufbruchs« ist durch Corona phasenweise unübersehbar geworden. Doch es mangelt, auch mit Blick auf die ökologische Krise, nach wie vor an nachhaltigem Umsteuern. Ohne ein massives Umdenken ist zu befürchten, dass deren Bedrohungen durch ähnliche Mechanismen verdrängt werden, wie es schon in früheren Krisen der Fall war. Folgenreiche Muster der Bagatellisierung und Verleugnung sind auch literarisch verarbeitet worden am Beispiel des »Schwarzen Todes«.
Wie reagiert das Filmpublikum auf die anhaltende Infektionsgefahr? Lassen sich die Menschen mithilfe von Fantasy- und Romantik-Streifen in eine andere Welt entführen, um der Realität zumindest für kurze Zeit zu entkommen? Die Filmwissenschaftlerin Isadora Campregher Paiva hat überraschende Beobachtungen gemacht.
Die Coronapandemie hat zu einem massiven Schwund an physischen Begegnungen und Treffen geführt. Was bedeutet es aber, seinen Mitmenschen nur noch in der Zoom-Konferenz, mit Maske und großem Abstand oder gar nicht mehr zu begegnen, welche Folgen hat das für das gesellschaftliche Miteinander? Und wie geht der Kulturbetrieb damit um, für den die physische Anwesenheit des Publikums immer noch essenziell ist?
Der vorliegende Beitrag möchte die Perspektiven einer solchen akteursorientierten Diskursanalyse aufzeigen. Die Akteure stellen nämlich diejenige "Kraft" dar, die den Diskurs ins Leben ruft, diesen formuliert und dynamisiert. Auf die Lexik ausgerichtete Untersuchungen fokussieren in erster Linie auf die sprachliche Oberfläche, d.h. etwa auf Fahnenwörter, Schlüsselwörter oder auf die Metaphorik. Diese können jedoch erst als Endprodukte der sprachlichen Tätigkeit der Akteure betrachtet werden, in denen sich deren Motivationen, Meinungen, Positionierungen und Einstellungen konstituieren. Akteursorientierte Analysen möchten hingegen auch den Hintergrund beleuchten: die Ebene der Argumentation, die Topoi, die im Diskurs in konkreten Sprachgebrauchsmustern sich materialisieren. Diese Muster sind als kollektive Denkmuster zu betrachten, die einer Gemeinschaft im kollektiven Gedächtnis zur Verfügung stehen. Als kollektiv gespeichertes und durch die Sprache zugänglich gemachtes Wissen prägen sie das Weltbild der jeweiligen Sprachgemeinschaft. Das bedeutet zugleich, dass der Sprache eine fundamentale Rolle als wissensstiftendes Medium zukommt. Sie bestimmt, wie die Welt wahrgenommen und daraus Faktizität hergestellt wird. Ferner heißt das auch, dass Diskurse zugleich als Orientierungsrahmen dienen. Sie stellen den Sprachbenutzern Wissensbestände zur Verfügung, die sowohl bei der Deutung von Ereignissen und Entitäten eine kognitive Basis bilden, als auch eine Struktur anbieten, in die neue Kenntnisse integriert werden können.
Konflikte erfüllen eine wesentliche Funktion in der Zusammenarbeit der Menschen. Sie werden meistens allgemein nur als negativ angesehen, sie können jedoch auch positive Funktionen haben. Dieser Beitrag fokussiert sich auf die Rolle des Translators als "Mittler/Mediator" und der Translation als eines Produkts, d. h. eines zielsprachlichen Textes, der auf der Grundlage eines ausgangssprachlichen Textes entstanden ist, in Bezug auf verschiedene mögliche Konfliktsituationen. Im Zentrum der Aufmerksamkeit steht auch die interkulturelle Funktion der Übersetzung als einer sog. sprachlichen "Mittlerin" zwischen unterschiedlichen Welten und Kulturen in der heutigen globalisierten Welt.
Objective: The study investigates the relationship between perceived loneliness and the individuals' attitude whether voting is a civic duty. With that, it is the first study to shed light on the mechanism linking perceived loneliness to voting behavior.
Methods: Two independent, cross-sectional, and representative datasets from Germany (n = 1641) and the Netherlands (n = 1431) are analyzed.
Results: The regression results and effect decomposition techniques show that loneliness is associated with reduced intention to vote as well as a lower sense of duty to vote. The effect of loneliness on voting behavior is partially mediated through a reduced sense of duty.
Conclusion: Loneliness is associated with political disengagement. The study provides empirical evidence that the relationship between loneliness and turnout is partially mediated through sense of duty. This showcases that lonely individuals tend to feel detached from society and are less likely to feel obligated to participate in the electoral process.
Die soziokultivierte gewaltfreie Kommunikation bedeutet eine kultivierte Konfrontation der Selbstprojektionen der Kommunikationsteilnehmer. Soziokultivierte Kommunikation wird dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie korrekt ist. Das Wesen der Korrektheit jeder Kommunikation bildet die Proportionalität zwischen den Akkommodations- und Assimilationsprozessen. Diese Proportionalität bedeutet, dass alle beteiligten Kommunikationsteilnehmer über eine angemessene Egomobilität verfügen. Diese beruht auf dem Gleichgewicht zwischen Egozentrismus und Allozentrismus (vgl. Dolník 2009:76–78). Die einzelnen Kommunikanten bemühen sich nicht nur um die Durchsetzung der eigenen Selbstinterpretation (der eigenen Werte und Normen, Kommunikationsstile, Einstellungen, Gefühle, Verpflichtungen, Beziehungen, Überzeugungen, Verhaltensweisen, Erwartungen, Bedürfnisse usw.), sondern gleichermaßen um das Verständnis der Selbstinterpretation ihres Kommunikationspartners. Eine effiziente Kommunikation geht Hand in Hand mit der Problemlösungsstrategie der Konfliktbewältigung. Sie geht davon aus, dass jeder Konflikt ein Problem darstellt, das grundsätzlich lösbar ist und dessen gemeinsame Lösung den beiden Konfliktseiten Vorteile bringt.
In the recent decades, privacy scholarship has made significant progress. Most of it was achieved in monodisciplinary works. However, privacy has a deeply interdisciplinary nature. Most importantly, societies as well as individuals experience privacy as being influenced by legal, technical, and social norms and structures. In this article, we hence attempt to connect insights of different academic disciplines into a joint model, an Interdisciplinary Privacy and Communication Model. The model differentiates four different elements: communication context, protection needs, threat and risk analysis, as well as protection enforcement. On the one hand, with this model, we aim to describe how privacy unfolds. On the other hand, the model also prescribes how privacy can be furnished and regulated. As such, the model contributes to a general understanding of privacy as a theoretical guide and offers a practical basis to address new challenges of the digital age.
Este artigo é uma introdução à Análise do Discurso da Sociologia do Conhecimento (ADSC). Trata-se de uma abordagem da pesquisa discursiva dentro das ciências sociais que goza de antiga recepção no espaço de língua alemã e recentemente também em âmbito internacional. Essa abordagem combina a análise de regimes de saber/poder postulada por Foucault com o paradigma interpretativo da sociologia, em especial com a tradição pragmática do interacionismo simbólico e da sociologia do conhecimento social-construtivista. São apresentados importantes conceitos fundamentais, além de sugestões para a metodologia e a aplicação metódica de estudos discursivos correspondentes.
Este texto é uma resposta ao texto de Fernando de Moraes Barros, intitulado “Ontologia coercitiva da obra de arte: Adorno contra Heidegger”. Em linhas gerais, trata-se de um exame do funcionamento interno do texto “A origem da obra de arte”, de Heidegger. Assume-se a coexistência de dois eixos no texto de Heidegger, um crítico, compatível com o pensamento de Adorno, e outro ontológico, incompatível com a reflexão de Adorno sobre a arte.
The concept of solidarity has been receiving growing attention from scholars in a wide range of disciplines. While this trend coincides with widespread unsuccessful attempts to achieve solidarity in the real world, the failure of solidarity as such remains a relatively unexplored topic. In the case of the so-called European Union (EU) refugee crisis, the fact that EU member states failed to fulfil their commitment to solidarity is now regarded as established wisdom. But as we try to come to terms with failing solidarity in the EU we are faced with a number of important questions: are all instances of failing solidarity equally morally reprehensible? Are some motivations for resorting to unsolidaristic measures more valid than others? What claims have an effective countervailing force against the commitment to act in solidarity?
Populists in the EU often call for restrictions on EU immigrants’ access to welfare rights. These calls are often demagogic and parochial. This paper aims to show what exactly is both distinct and problematic with these populist calls from a normative point of view while not necessarily reducible to demagogy and parochialism. The overall aim of the paper is not to argue that all populists call for such restrictions nor to claim that all calls for such restrictions are populist. The purpose of the paper is rather humble. It only aims to show that populist calls for restrictions on EU immigrants’ access to welfare rights are characterised by two normatively problematic arguments that target two different subsets of the citizenry: what I dub for the purpose of this paper the moralists and the immoralists. It is the way populists address these two subsets of the citizenry, as well as the fact that they could simultaneously appeal to the concerns of both groups, that makes populist approaches to welfare rights both conceptually distinct to other approaches as well as potentially politically appealing to a more diverse population of voters.
This paper critically engages the legal and political framework for responding to democracy and rule of law backsliding in the EU. I develop a new and original critique of Article 7 TEU based on it being democratically illegitimate and normatively incoherent qua itself in conflict with EU fundamental values. Other more incremental and scaleable responses are desirable, and the paper moves on to assess the legitimacy of economic sanctions such as tying access to EU funds to performance on democratic and rule of law indicators or imposing fines on backsliding states. I hold such sanctions to be a priori legitimate, and argue that in some cases economic sanctions are even normatively required, given that EU material support of backsliding member states can amount to material complicity in their backsliding. However, an economic conditionality mechanism would need to be designed to minimize unjust and counterproductive effects. One way to pursue this could be to complement sanctions against the backsliding government with investment for prodemocratic actors in that state.
Recent developments in Hungary and Poland have made democratic backsliding a major issue of concern within the European Union (EU). This article focuses on the secondary agents that facilitate democratic backsliding in Hungary and Poland: the European People’s Party (EPP), which has continually protected the Hungarian Fidesz government from EU sanctions, and the Hungarian ruling party Fidesz, which repeatedly promised to block any EU-level sanctions against Poland in the Council. The article analyses these agents’ behaviour as an instance of transnational complicity and passes a tentative judgment as to which of the two cases is normatively more problematic. The analysis has implications for possible countervailing responses to democratic backsliding within EU member states.
This article argues that populism, cosmopolitanism, and calls for global justice should be understood not as theoretical positions but as appeals to different segments of democratic electorates with the aim of assembling winning political coalitions. This view is called democratic realism: it considers political competition in democracies from a perspective that is realist in the sense that it focuses not first on the content of competing political claims but on the relationships among different components of the coalitions they work to mobilise in the pursuit of power. It is argued that Laclau’s populist theory offers a sort of realist critique of other populists, but that his view neglects the crucial dynamics of political coalition-building. When the relation of populism to global justice is rethought from this democratic realist angle, one can better understand the sorts of challenges each faces, and also where and how they come into conflict.
This article sheds light upon the role of the audience in the construction and amendment of populist representative claims that in themselves strengthen representative-represented relationships and simultaneously strengthen ties between the represented who belong to different constituencies. I argue that changes in populist representative claims can be explained by studying the discursive relationship between a populist representative and the audience as a conversation in which both poles give and receive something. From this perspective, populist representative claims, I also argue, can be understood as acts of bonding with the intended effect of constituting ‘the people,’ and inputs from the audience can be seen as conversational exercitives. Populist appeals therefore may change when the audience enacts new permissibility facts and signals to populist representatives that there is another way to strengthen relationships between several individuals belonging to otherwise-different constituencies.
A link between populism and social media is often suspected. This paper spells out a set of possible mechanisms underpinning this link: that social media changes the communication structure of the public sphere, making it harder for citizens to obtain evidence that refutes populist assumptions. By developing a model of the public sphere, four core functions of the public sphere are identified: exposing citizens to diverse information, promoting equality of deliberative opportunity, creating deliberative transparency, and producing common knowledge. A wellworking public sphere allows citizens to learn that there are genuine disagreements among citizens that are held in good faith. Social media makes it harder to gain this insight, opening the door for populist ideology.