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Frankfurt Okulu düşünürleri otoritaryenliğe ilişkin araştırmalarını 1930’lu ve 1940’lı yıllarda yapmışlardır. Theodor W. Adorno ile Leo Lowenthal ve Norbert Guterman’ın araştırmaları ve analizlerinde ortaya koydukları “otoritaryen kişilik”ler, ajitatörler ve demagogların söylemiyle günümüzde ABD’deki siyasi liderlerin resmi olmayan sözcülerinin yeni medyadaki söylemleri arasında paralellikler bulunmaktadır. Bu anlamda Frankfurt Okulu düşünürlerinin otoritaryenizm teorisinin günümüzün otoritaryen popülist söylemini eleştirel bir şekilde analiz etmemize yardımcı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Bunun için öncelikle otoritaryen popülizm kavramı tartışılacak, ardından elitleri, beyaz olmayan tüm insanları, göçmenleri, Müslümanları, Yahudileri ve komünistleri, beyaz Hıristiyan Amerika'nın mevcut önyargılarını kullanarak düşman olarak etiketleyen yeni medya kişiliği Nicholas J. Fuentes’in söylemi analiz edilecek; otoritaryenlik ve anti-Semitizm üzerine yapılan ilk dönem araştırmalar, çevrimiçi haberlerde ve sosyal medyada “sahte peygamberler”in yeni söylemiyle karşılaştırılacaktır
Este artigo pretende analisar o efeito da operação de enquadramento editorial levada a cabo pela Editora Sur, vinculada à Revista Sur, na circulação do repertório frankfurtiano na Argentina da década de 1960. Ao traduzirem e divulgarem autores como Adorno, Horkheimer e Benjamin, a partir de sua posição específica no campo cultural argentino, a coleção Estudios Alemanes contribui para que seus autores sejam desvinculados da tradição marxista e alocados em uma categoria mais ampla de “pensamento alemão”. Com isso, a circulação desses autores fica restritra a certo público, já cativo da perspectiva teórica e política da Revista Sur. Neste artigo, descrevo a coleção nos marcos da difusão mais ampla da tradição alemã no campo letrado argentino, atentando para os deslocamentos de prestígio que ela mobiliza e, sobretudo, para a composição de uma “atitude intelectual” que, a despeito do conteúdo dos textos em circulação, condiciona a recepção e ressignificação dos textos frankfurtianos.
The influence and power of some OECD states is under threat but China appears to remain astonishingly flexible, economically potent, and politically strong. How accurate is this view? To answer this question, major aspects of Chinese economic regulation that were adopted in the country’s progress towards capitalist modernization are examined. The analysis requires a historical reconstruction of how China changed the way it intervenes economically and politically, especially with regard to the institutions of the central state. Such a reconstruction reveals that, since the 1990s, the central state has indeed increased its steering capacities. These capacities have a distinctive basis that includes acceptance of a state-centered approach, idiosyncratic innovation policies taking place in the "shadow" of the state’s hierarchy, and the ongoing influence of the communist party. An all-embracing controlling power is, however, not detectable. What does exist in China’s competition-driven system of “statecapitalist” regulation, is a set of limits on the state’s capacity to govern.
Staatskapitalismus 3.0
(2013)
Die Herausbildung staatlich durchdrungener Marktökonomien in großen Schwellenländern wie Brasilien, China oder Indien ist ein mehr als überfälliger Anlass, den Westzentrismus der aktuellen Krisendiskussionsowie der Literatur zu den „Varieties of Capitalism“ zu verlassen und sich mit den Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden des Kapitalismus in diesen Ländern zu beschäftigen. Wir sprechen hierbei vom Staatskapitalismus 3.0, also einer dritten Welle des Staatskapitalismus mit ihren länderbezogenen Variationen. Dieser in den Themenschwerpunkt einführende Beitrag gibt erstens einen Überblick über die historischen Wellen des Staatskapitalismus. Zweitens werden die weiteren Beiträge des Schwerpunktes vorgestellt und in den Kontext der dritten Welle des Staatskapitalismus gestellt. Schließlich folgen drittens einige Implikationen für die gegenwärtige Kapitalismusforschung, die aus der Untersuchung von politischen Ökonomien jenseits der OECD-Welt zu ziehen sind.
Les tâches d’une sociologie de la culture ne peuvent être définies sans prendre en considération la situation générale de la discipline. La conception dominante veut que la société puisse être définie par son organisation extérieure, par les divisions qui sont partout manifestes dans la vie sociale et qui sont aujourd’hui désignées sommairement comme sa structure. Ce concept de société, nous aurons à le montrer, est davantage le produit de différentes circonstances contingentes qu’il ne se fonde sur une décision de principe ou sur des preuves empiriques. Quoi qu’il en soit, il en résulte, en pratique, que la société est identifiée avec sa structure et que la sociologie, par suite, est réduite à une analyse de cette dernière. Cette conception de la société ne laisse pas de place à la culture comme donnée autonome ; la sociologie de la culture, de ce fait, en est réduite à la portion congrue. ...
There are longstanding calls for international organizations (IOs) to be more inclusive of the voices and interests of people whose lives they affect. There is nevertheless widespread disagreement among practitioners and political theorists over who ought to be included in IO decision-making and by what means. This paper focuses on the inclusion of IOs’ ‘intended beneficiaries,’ both in principle and practice. It argues that IOs’ intended beneficiaries have particularly strong normative claims for inclusion because IOs can affect their vital interests and their political agency. It then examines how these claims to inclusion might be feasibly addressed. The paper proposes a model of inclusion via representation and communication, or ‘mediated inclusion.’ An examination of existing practices in global governance reveals significant opportunities for the mediated inclusion of IOs’ intended beneficiaries, as well as pervasive obstacles. The paper concludes that the inclusion of intended beneficiaries by IOs is both appropriate and feasible.
Este estudo tem como finalidade analisar a perspectiva da arte como parte do aparato de dominação social, desenvolvida na obra A ideologia da sociedade industrial, de Herbert Marcuse. Para isso, utilizaremos como referência constante as teorias propostas pelos filósofos da Escola de Frankfurt, em especial Theodor W. Adorno e Max Horkheimer no que diz respeito, sobretudo, ao termo “indústria cultural”, cujo conceitoaparece no capítulo homônimo de Adialética do esclarecimento. Apoiaremo-nos também na tese de doutorado de Imaculada Kangussu, intituladaLeis da liberdade: as relações entre Estética e Política na Filosofia de Herbert Marcuse,e, ainda, nas demais obras marcuseanas, com destaque para Erose Civilização: uma interpretação filosófica do pensamento de Freud.
Relacionar a temática referente a Teoria do Reconhecimento de Axel Honnet e o direito humano ao trabalho, como direito humano com pretensão de validade universal, sob a perspectiva da Declaração dos Direitos e Princípios Fundamentais no Trabalho da OIT, com fins de fixar parâmetros de reconhecimento e de (re)inserção social da categoria de trabalhadores toxicodependentes é o principal objetivo do presente artigo. Para tanto, analisaremos o marco teórico em que a persecução da dignidade do homem pelo trabalho é o objetivo do Estado para que a seguir possamos tratar da dignidade do homem como direito cuja pretensão de validade é universal, com base da teoria do reconhecimento de Axel Honneth. Isto posto, podemos analisar a possível dignificação do homem pelo trabalho e no trabalho, em um contexto global a partir dos efeitos do reconhecimento de novos direitos, especialmente no que tange à categoria de trabalhadores que ocupam a parcela social de químico-dependentes, cuja participação no processo social está impedida, gerando uma categoria de trabalhadores socialmente excluídos, o que se pretende ultrapassar.
This article is concerned with the specification and estimation of relationships whose dependent variable is qualitative in nature (such as "yes" or "no"). It discusses logit equations with and without interaction, and the estimation procedure is generalized least squares. Part I deals with dependent variables that take only two values, part II with variables taking more than two values, and part III describes informational measures for the explanatory power of the determining factors. The discussion of more advanced technical matters is contained in various appendixes.
This paper critically engages the legal and political framework for responding to democracy and rule of law backsliding in the EU. I develop a new and original critique of Article 7 TEU based on it being democratically illegitimate and normatively incoherent qua itself in conflict with EU fundamental values. Other more incremental and scaleable responses are desirable, and the paper moves on to assess the legitimacy of economic sanctions such as tying access to EU funds to performance on democratic and rule of law indicators or imposing fines on backsliding states. I hold such sanctions to be a priori legitimate, and argue that in some cases economic sanctions are even normatively required, given that EU material support of backsliding member states can amount to material complicity in their backsliding. However, an economic conditionality mechanism would need to be designed to minimize unjust and counterproductive effects. One way to pursue this could be to complement sanctions against the backsliding government with investment for prodemocratic actors in that state.
Basierend auf Erfahrungen in einem Forschungsprojekt mit iranischstämmigen Migranten geht der Beitrag der Frage nach, inwiefern sich die umfassend reglementierte und damit weitgehend fremdbestimmte Lebenssituation als Flüchtling im deutschen Asyl auf die biografische Selbstthematisierung in Forschungszusammenhängen auswirkt.
Unabhängig vom jeweiligen Forschungsgegenstand beeinflusst der Kontext der Interviewsituation und die darin zustande kommende Beziehung zwischen Forschenden und Beforschten grundsätzlich die Gestalt der biografischen Erzählung. Infolge der Machtprozeduren im "totalen Flüchtlingsraum", die mit institutionell weitreichenden Zugriffen auf die Biografien von Asylsuchenden verbunden sind, ließ sich in den untersuchten Interviews jedoch eine mehr oder weniger stark ausgeprägte Verschärfung des ohnehin vorhandenen Hierarchieverhältnisses beobachten. In Anbetracht der empirischen Beobachtungen wird für eine reflexive biografiewissenschaftliche Migrationsforschung plädiert, die die Machtverhältnisse im transnationalen Raum in ihren Auswirkungen auf den Forschungsprozess systematisch analysiert. Forschende und Beforschte sind dabei nicht lediglich in ihren kulturellen Differenzen zu betrachten, sondern darüber hinaus in ihren unterschiedlichen intersektionellen Positionierungen, die von weiteren Machtmomenten wie dem sozioökonomischen Status, der Nationalität, dem Geschlecht, der Sexualität usw. bestimmt werden.
The following article documents a theater project with Romanian and German young people, which took place in April 2013 in Sibiu / Romania and questioned in this example conceptual entities of the concept of culture, in particular approaches to intercultural versus transcultural pedagogy.
The one-dimensionality of econometric data: the Frankfurt School and the critique of quantification
(2020)
Econometric data are used to produce authoritative facts about the world. Yet, as numbers enjoy a central place in modern reasoning (particularly in government as their presumed objectivity and neutrality assist impartial decision-making), it is important that they receive scrutiny. Using methodological techniques from Western Marxism, with special reference to the work of Lukács, Horkheimer and Adorno, and Marcuse to inform a critique of Acemoglu and Robinson, I argue that the historical emergence of econometrics as a mode of mediated knowledge is a reified practice within the broader technical administration of social life, a practice that is not a transparent representation of social phenomena. This is because when econometrics transforms the thing being measured into a statistical indicator it eclipses political disputes with technical disputes, sidestepping good faith democratic deliberation about what goods are worth pursuing. Effectively, one-dimensional thought cannot perceive the origins of items put into circulation and so ideology is produced – what seems value-free is value-laden.
Baupläne des späten 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts zeigen in den britischen Kolonialstadtgründungen Penang (Malaysia) und Singapur, dass genderdifferenzierte Raumkonzepte das Wohnen geprägt haben. In diesem Artikel werden die Formen des Wohnens sowie der Wandel der Raum- und Stadtstrukturen im kolonialstädtischen Südostasien beschrieben, die zur Herausbildung dieser binären Raumstrukturen geführt haben. Neben den sozioökonomischen Veränderungsprozessen verdienen Aspekte wie Geschlechterbeziehungen, Familien- und Haushaltsformen sowie vorbildprägende Wohnformen der Oberschichten besondere Aufmerksamkeit. Der Wandel der Wohnformen und -verhältnisse wird am Beispiel des innerstädtischen Shophouses konkretisiert. Das Shophouse hatte sich von einem teilgewerblich genutzten Stadthaus, das nach dem chinesischen Hofhaus angelegt war, zu einem Wohnreihenhaus nach Vorbildern viktorianischer Vorstadthäuser in Großbritannien entwickelt und diente schließlich als suburbanes Wohnhaus.
Goals and pathways to achieve sustainable urban development have multiple interlinkages with human health and wellbeing. However, these interlinkages have not been examined in depth in recent discussions on urban sustainability and global urban science. This paper fills that gap by elaborating in detail the multiple links between urban sustainability and human health and by mapping research gaps at the interface of health and urban sustainability sciences. As researchers from a broad range of disciplines, we aimed to: 1) define the process of urbanization, highlighting distinctions from related concepts to support improved conceptual rigour in health research; 2) review the evidence linking health with urbanization, urbanicity, and cities and identify cross-cutting issues; and 3) highlight new research approaches needed to study complex urban systems and their links with health. This novel, comprehensive knowledge synthesis addresses issue of interest across multiple disciplines. Our review of concepts of urban development should be of particular value to researchers and practitioners in the health sciences, while our review of the links between urban environments and health should be of particular interest to those outside of public health. We identify specific actions to promote health through sustainable urban development that leaves no one behind, including: integrated planning; evidence-informed policy-making; and monitoring the implementation of policies. We also highlight the critical role of effective governance and equity-driven planning in progress towards sustainable, healthy, and just urban development.
Seit dem frühen Tode von Parry und der posthumen Herausgabe seiner Schriften durch seinen Sohn (mit einer langen Einleitung, die die außergewöhnliche Leistung des Vaters unterstrich) bewegt sich die Literatur über Parry in der Spannung zwischen zwei Polen: auf der einen Seite steht die Idee, Parry habe die Forschung über Homer und über mündliche Poesie revolutioniert; auf der anderen die Vorstellung, Parry müsse vor allem als Träger und Weiterführer vieler Forschungstraditionen – der deutschen Philologie, der russischen und jugoslawischen Epenforschung, der amerikanischen Anthropologie und Folkloristik, der französischen Linguistik und Anthropologie – gelten. Uns interessiert hier weniger, ob Parry als Entdecker des wahren Homers oder als der "Darwin der Homer-Forschung" angesehen werden kann, sondern inwiefern wir seinen Forschungen etwas für die heutigen Diskussionen um Literatur und Anthropologie entnehmen können.
Essential for my study is to show the nature and status of gypsy women from Transylvania, which has to be necessarily considered in the context of its own culture. The pictures of these women are mostly shown in the work of Heinrich von Wlislocki, transylvanian gypsy researcher, translator and folklorist of the 19th century. The gypsy women can occupy positions of power, such as an old wise woman,as magic woman, as a mother and as a potential wife. In these cases she is highly valued by the tribe. The above criteria for a gypsy woman to be measured, can be seen only in the context of tribal laws and customs of traditional gypsy groups.
This article is an inquiry into the concept of metaphysical experience through a joint discussion of two authors and philosophers with different approaches that nevertheless converge in the reclamation of the concept and rely both on the experience of death as an example. In both cases, the authors are guided by the central problem of how not to relinquish metaphysical experience to unscrutinized immediacy or a powerful conversion which enjoins subjection, putting it in contact with aesthetics and ethics at once. Theodor Adorno situates metaphysical experience as a problem of philosophy of history and devotes attention to the contemporary possibility of experiences that evoke transcendence. The transformations he identifies in the concept also lead him to propose art as a domain where metaphysical experience is alive. The implicit personal investment Adorno makes is much more clear in Lacoue-Labarthe who, in a dialogue with Maurice Blanchot, shows the experience as deeply bound up with literature and its links to subjectivity. The article argues that the main difference between the two approaches is modal and temporal from the side of the object, aside from the different modes of interrogation recognized with the labels deconstruction and critical theory.
Introduction
(2014)
As an exemplum of that kind of “modern” art, in terms of Adorno, Kafka’s work is marked not only by its strictly “realistic” character, but also by the unavoidable critical and testimonial value of that realism. According to this perspective, both in Adorno and in Benjamin the testimonial aspect of Kafkian writing – that is of a writing as “dialectical image”, as memory of the unfullfilled possibility – it’s all the same not with its symbolical or “epiphanical” aspect but instead with its “allegorical” one.
In recent years, there have been prominent calls for a new social contract that accords a more central role to citizens in health research. Typically, this has been understood as citizens and patients having a greater voice and role within the standard research enterprise. Beyond this, however, it is important that the renegotiated contract specifically addresses the oversight of a new, path-breaking approach to health research: participant-led research. In light of the momentum behind participant-led research and its potential to advance health knowledge by challenging and complementing traditional research, it is vital for all stakeholders to work together in securing the conditions that will enable it to flourish.
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar algumas idéias sobre o tema do treinamento corporal e sua relação com o domínio da natureza. Para isso apresenta-se a teoria da formação do sujeito e da civilização desenvolvida por Theodor W. Adorno e Max Horkheimer, sobretudo na Dialética do esclarecimento. A ênfase recai sobre o papel do sacrifício nesse processo, e a relação deste com o corpo. A partir daí procura-se entender o esporte, e dentro dele o treinamento corporal, com vistas a desenvolver uma análise daquele baseada na lógica sacrificial e na correspondente redução do corpo a uma naturalidade desqualificada e fungível.
Examina-se a concepção de universalismo ético a que Lawrence Kohlberg chegou em suas pesquisas sobre o desenvolvimento do pensamento moral, sobretudo a idéia de que esse desenvolvimento, em todos os seres humanos, culmina em uma moralidade "pós-convencional" concebida em termos de princípios de justiça. Discutem-se algumas das tentativas que foram feitas de submeter essa concepção à verificação empírica e a apreciação crítica que dela fez Jürgen Habermas.
La experiencia del arte en todas sus variedades tiene siempre una dimensión cognitiva. También las experiencias estéticas negativas la tienen, muy especialmente en el arte contemporáneo. Éstas pueden estar determinadas por el contenido y o los medios de la obra o por los efectos de la misma. Lo que da lugar a una variada tipología de experiencias del arte con uno o más aspectos negativos. La teoría estética de T.W. Adorno nos proporciona diversas herramientas para repensar esta variedad de la cognición artística. En la medida que se trata de una estética negativa, categorías de la misma como las de carácter enigmático, autonomía, resistencia o comunicación de lo incomunicable, nos ofrecen vías para entender el lugar de las experiencias negativas en el arte contemporáneo y su función cognitiva.
Das Unbehagen mit den Gender Studies. Ein Gespräch zum Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Politik
(2020)
Der Beitrag ist ein Gespräch zweiter Sozialwissenschaftlerinnen im Feld der Gender Studies. Es kreist um den Vermittlungszusammenhang zwischen Wissenschaft und (politischer oder aktivistischer) Praxis am Beispiel der Geschlechterforschung. Wie politisch kann, darf Forschung (nicht) sein? Wie, wenn überhaupt, lassen sich Kritik, Normativität, Forschung, politische Praxis und Ethik einerseits trennen, andererseits produktiv aufeinander beziehen? Er plädiert für die Anerkennung der Eigenlogiken von Wissenschaft und Politik und für deren Vermittlung im Sinne reflexiver Übersetzungen sowie gegen einen positionalen Fundamentalismus, der soziale Position(-ierung) mit inhaltlichen Positionen gleichsetzt. Schließlich artikuliert der Beitrag eine reflexive Ethik des Zuhörens, die sich im Forschungsprozess als Anerkennung von systematisch bedingten blinden Flecken sowie in den Mühen um deren Überwindung realisieren sollte.
Recent years have witnessed a revival of interest in Marcuse's critical theory. This can be partly ascribed to Marcuse's interdisciplinary approach to humanities and social sciences. Many of Marcuse's ideas and concepts are tacitly present in contemporary social and ecological movements. Contemporary literature on Marcuse is positively inclined to his theory while the critique of Marcuse dates back to the '70s, and remains largely unimpaired. This fact poses significant challenges to the revival of Marcuse's critical theory. This study sets out to report on current interest in Marcuse's critical theory trying to correct "past injustices" by responding to negative criticism. The main flaw of such criticism - as we see it - is in failing to perceive interdisciplinary character of Marcuse's critical theory. Marcuse's renaissance cannot be complete without, to use dialectical term, sublating the history of negative criticism.
Wie erkennen wir Neues in der Politik, und wie bewerten wir dieses Neue, wenn es darauf abzielt, die vertrauten politischen Maßstäbe und -einheiten in Frage zu stellen? Die Piratenpartei als neueste Erscheinung in der bundesrepublikanischen Politik erlaubt es, diesem Problem nicht nur abstrakt nachzugehen. Meine Ausgangshypothese verortet das Neue weder im von der Piratenpartei eingebrachten Thema, noch in einer besonderen Position, die sie innerhalb des politischen Spektrums bezieht, sondern in ihrem Vorschlag, die Art und Weise zu verändern, wie politische Macht in der deutschen Demokratie ausgeübt wird: den Modus demokratischer Herrschaft von Repräsentation auf liquid democracy umzustellen. ...
Critique, and especially radical critique of reason, is under pressure from two opponents. Whereas the proponents of "post-critical" or "acritical" thinking denounce critique as an empty and self-righteous repetition of debunking, the decriers of "post-truth" accuse critique of having helped to bring about our current "post-truth" politics. Both advocate realism as a limit critique must respect, but I will defend the claim that we urgently need radical critiques of reason because they offer a more precise diagnosis of the untruths in politics the two opponents of critique are rightfully worried about. Radical critiques of reason are possible, I argue, if we turn our attention to the practices of criticizing, if we refrain from a sovereign epistemology, and if we pluralize reason without trivializing it. In order to demonstrate the diagnostic advantage of radical critiques of reason, I briefly analyze the political and epistemic strategy at work in two exemplary untruths in politics.
"Post-truth" is a failed concept, both epistemically and politically because its simplification of the relationship between truth and politics cripples our understanding and encourages authoritarianism. This makes the diagnosis of our "post-truth era" as dangerous to democratic politics as relativism with its premature disregard for truth. In order to take the step beyond relativ- ism and "post-truth", we must conceptualise the relationship between truth and politics differently by starting from a "non-sovereign" understanding of truth.
Für die Herausgeber der 'Gesammelten Schriften', Rolf Tiedemann und Hermann Schweppenhäuser, enthielt Walter Benjamins Aufsatz 'Eduard Fuchs, der Sammler und der Historiker' in seinem ersten Teil die ausführlichsten Äußerungen zur Methode des historischen Materialismus, die es von Benjamin vor - und neben - den Thesen 'Über den Begriff der Geschichte' gibt. Die Forschung bestätigte diesen Befund von verschiedenen Seiten. Der Literaturwissenschaftler Irving Wohlfarth las Benjamins Aufsatz als "programmatically materialist essay, which contains Benjamin's most explicit critique of 'cultural history'". Aus kunstgeschichtlicher Perspektive sah Frederic J. Schwartz in Benjamins Arbeit über den Kunsthistoriker und -sammler Eduard Fuchs "the most forceful account of what he [Benjamin] saw as the shape and possibilities of a materialist and dialectical history of art." Auch der Zusammenhang des Fuchs-Aufsatzes zu Benjamins Thesen 'Über den Begriff der Geschichte' ist häufig hinsichtlich ihrer Programmatik und mit Blick auf einzelne Sätze betont worden, die Benjamin in seine späten Thesen übernahm. Beide Arbeiten unterscheiden sich indes deutlich in ihrer Form- und Überlieferungsgeschichte. Laut Gérard Raulet, Herausgeber der 'Thesen' in der 'Kritischen Gesamtausgabe', gibt es für diese Arbeit keine Fassung letzter Hand im Sinne einer Druckvorlage, so dass die überlieferten Texte "formal als gleichwertige Fassungen einer Fragment gebliebenen Arbeit anzusehen [sind]". Auch für den Fuchs-Aufsatz galt eine solche letzte Fassung, die Benjamin Ende Februar 1937 an die Redaktion der Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung nach New York geschickt hatte, bisher als verschollen. Nach der Erstveröffentlichung des Aufsatzes im zweiten Heft des sechsten Jahrgangs der Zeitschrift 1937 erschien 40 Jahre später im zweiten Band der 'Gesammelten Schriften' eine von diesem Erstdruck abweichende Fassung, in der Tiedemann und Schweppenhäuser die Druckfassung um einen ersten, von der Redaktion gestrichenen Absatz ergänzten, den Benjamin zusammen mit dem Sonderdruck der Zeitschrift aufbewahrt hatte.
Architektur und Albtraum : Erkundungen zu Horrorhäusern, Geisterstädten und metaphysischen Türmen
(2014)
Auf seiner Flucht aus dem Schreckenshaus seiner Ahnen träumt Clifford Pincheon (aus Nathaniel Hawthornes Roman The House of the Seven Gables von 1851) in der Eisenbahn von einem modernen Nomadentum, das einen vom Schicksal befreien könne: Statt sich zum "Gefangenen von Mauern, Backstein" zu machen, wird der Mensch der Zukunft "nirgends - oder besser - überall […] wohnen". Die Vision, sich vom konkreten Ort, von Geschichte zu befreien und gleichsam in der Zeit sesshaft zu werden, verwirklichte sich nicht allein in den silbernen, stromlinienförmigen Home-Trailern und Mobile Homes. Sie verwirklichte sich auf höherer Stufenleiter in den glänzend geschlossenen Spiegelglas-Türmen, die in den Machtzentren des Kapitals heute zunehmend dominieren. Die dunkel oder metallisch spiegelnden Türme wirken wie in heiliges Öl getaucht, rituell gesalbt, dabei jedoch nicht erhaben, sondern verführerisch, bezaubernd: Die fugenlos glatte, glitzernde Hülle aus Spiegelglas und Metall macht die Bauwerke zu Fetischen, phallischen Signifikanten, zu unsterblichen Ikonen einer Macht, deren innerstes Prinzip eine Ökonomie der Zeit ist. Das Kapital träumt seit je davon, sich vom irdischen Raum der Menschen zu befreien: Mit den Türmen - einer artifiziellen Raum-Enklave - gewinnt der Traum strahlend Gestalt. Hierin verdichtet sich gesellschaftlich und technologisch höchste Mobilität, erstarrt in reiner Gegenwart, der Zeitform der global players. Diese arbeiten an einem Schicksal, das jede Bindung an konkreten, irdischen Raum, an Familien und Völker, an vergangene Geschichte verloren hat. Das ist zweifellos unheimlich, doch auf ganz andere Art als das klassische Horrorhaus.
Cet article cherche à rapprocher les pensées de Louis Althusser et de Theodor W. Adorno autour de trois grandes questions : le primat de la théorie, la théorie de la société et de l’histoire, et la critique du sujet. Dans chaque cas, il s’agit de mettre en évidence les points communs entre les deux penseurs tout en soulignant leur désaccord fondamental en ce qui concerne la manière dont chacun se rapporte à la philosophie de Hegel. Là où Althusser vise à repenser le marxisme sur des bases non hégéliennes, Adorno veut au contraire revenir à Hegel pour ressourcer le marxisme en temps de crise.
Der eurozentrische Blick des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts, den es hier zu untersuchen gilt, definiert und interpretiert das Wahrgenommene über vergleichende Studien. Stets steht eine Differenz in der Subjekt-Objekt Beziehung zwischen Beobachtendem und Wahrgenommenem. Dies gelingt am ehesten, wenn das Objekt der Betrachtung abstrahiert und verallgemeinert und zugleich aus einer sicher wirkenden Distanz beschrieben wird. Beschreibungen von Menschen verschiedener Herkunft basieren auf Vergleichen, deren Kriterien die Untersuchungsergebnisse von vornherein festlegen. Sie fokussieren sich auf Körpermerkmale und deren unterstellte Einflüsse auf intellektuelle und kulturelle Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten. Sie betrachten gesellschaftliche Strukturen und ziehen daraus ihre verallgemeinernden Schlüsse. Solche Untersuchungen entstehen auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen: Im bildungsbürgerlichen Haushalt finden sich populärwissenschaftliche Publikationen wie Lexika für Erwachsene und Kinder. Die sich etablierende Anthropologie bedient sich ebenfalls der Vergleichsmodelle in der Beschreibung des Andersseins. Versuche, die Perspektive zu ändern und einen kulturellen Transfer überhaupt erst zu denken, lenken den Blick auf ein weiteres wichtiges Phänomen der Wahrnehmung in Selbsterkenntnis. Als Quellentexte und Anschauungsmaterialien sind solche Publikationen zusammengestellt, in welchen die Differenz zwischen Europäer:innen und Afrikaner:innen herausgearbeitet wird. Der afrikanische Kontinent gewinnt im 19. Jahrhundert zunehmend an Bedeutung. Das Innere des Kontinents lockt Forschungsreisende, Missionare und später Kolonialmächte an. Aus den Begegnungen und Beschreibungen leiten sich nicht nur Bilder, sondern zugleich Argumentationslinien für europäische Handlungsstrategien ab, die bis heute nachwirken.
This paper contributes to the clarification of the concept of “typicality” discussed in contemporary philosophy of physics by conceiving the nomological status of a typical behaviour such as that expressed in the Second Law of Thermodynamics as a “minutis rectis law”. A brief sketch of the discovery of “typicality” shows that there were ideas of typical behaviour not only in physics but also in sociology. On this basis and in analogy to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, it is shown that the nomological status of sociological laws such as Gresham’s Law can also be conceived as “minutis rectis laws”.
This article analyzes and criticizes the temporal orientation of Catherine Lu’s theory of colonial redress in Justice and Reconciliation in World Politics. Lu argues that colonial historic injustice can, with few exceptions, justify special reparative measures only if these past injustices still contribute to structural injustice in contemporary social relations. Focusing on Indigenous peoples, I argue that the structural injustice approach can and should incorporate further backward looking elements. First, I examine how Lu’s account has backward-looking elements not present in other structural injustice accounts. Second, I suggest how the structural injustice approach could include additional backward-looking features. I presuppose here, with Lu, that all agents connected to an unjust social structure have a forwardlooking political responsibility to reform this structure, regardless of their relation (or lack thereof) to victims or perpetrators of historic injustice. However, I suggest that agents with connections to historic injustice can occupy a social position that makes them differently situated than other agents within that same structure, leading to differences in how these agents should discharge their forward-looking responsibility and differentiated liability for failure to do so. Third, I argue that Lu obscures the importance of rectifying material dispossession. Reparations, pace Lu, can be justified beyond a minimum threshold of disadvantage. Theorists of settler colonialism and Indigenous scholars show how the dispossession of Indigenous land can be seen as a structure that has not yet ended. I conclude by arguing that rectification can be a precondition for genuine reconciliation.
Kurz vor Mitternacht am 2. April 1968 bricht im Kaufhaus M. Schneider auf der Zeil ein Feuer aus. Kurz darauf ertönt der Feueralarm im Kaufhof an der Hauptwache. Menschen werden nicht verletzt, der Schaden beträgt nach heutigem Geldwert rund eine Million Euro. Unter den Tätern sind Andreas Baader und Gudrun Ensslin. Beide werden zu drei Jahren Zuchthaus verurteilt. Die Brandanschläge auf die Frankfurter Kaufhäuser sind die Geburtsstunde der Roten Armee Fraktion – das wissen wir heute. ...
This article problematizes the assumption that national policies have a direct impact on youth participation at the local level and analyses the relationships between local forms of youth participation and local and national policies. Relying on data from a EU project funded under the HORIZON 2020 programme, the article focuses on formally institutionalized settings of youth participation and elaborates local constellations of youth participation in six European cities. These constellations may be referred to as regimes of youth participation as they reflect wider structures of power and knowledge that influence the way in which young people’s practices in public spaces and their claims of being part of society are recognized. However, the analysis reveals that rather deducing it from the model of welfare regimes, such a typology needs to be developed starting from the local level and should consider the ways in which different relationships between local youth policies and national welfare states affect youth participation.
Vor 50 Jahren probte die Studentenbewegung den Umsturz. Der Vietnamkrieg und die Forderung nach Emanzipation brachten weltweit junge Menschen auf die Straße, Bildungsmisere und Notstandsgesetze waren spezifisch deutsche Protestthemen. Für Frankfurt charakteristisch war die Auseinandersetzung mit der Frankfurter Schule und ihren Vertretern.
Gerontology has a longstanding tradition of researching the relationship between older adults and their socio-spatial environments. However, environmental gerontology often shares a positivistic understanding of space as either a “prosthetic” or a stressor and consequently searches for the “best fit” between a person and their environment. In this article, we argue for a stronger theoretical corpus on social and territorial exclusion in later life by exploring concepts from urban and environmental sociology, as well as examining the usefulness of these concepts for gerontological thinking. In doing so, we discuss trans-European research traditions beyond the hegemonic body of Anglo-Saxon literature. In conclusion, we discuss how gerontology and sociology might exchange ideas in order to build a stronger theoretical background on the relations between age, space and exclusion.
Browsing the web for school: social inequality in adolescents’ school-related use of the internet
(2019)
This article examines whether social inequality exists in European adolescents’ school-related Internet use regarding consuming (browsing) and productive (uploading/sharing) activities. These school-related activities are contrasted with adolescents’ Internet activities for entertainment purposes. Data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012 is used for the empirical analyses. Results of partial proportional odds models show that students with higher educated parents and more books at home tend to use the Internet more often for school-related tasks than their less privileged counterparts. This pattern is similar for school-related browsing and sharing Internet activities. In contrast to these findings on school-related Internet activities, a negative association between parental education and books at home is found with adolescents’ frequency of using the Internet for entertainment purposes. The implications of digital inequalities for educational inequalities are discussed.
Experten des Gesundheitswesens fordern den "mündigen Patienten": Er soll sich über medizinische Entwicklungen auf dem Laufenden halten und im Krankheitsfall selbst aktiv Informationen einholen. Printmedien, Fernsehen und Internet haben in den vergangenen Jahren ihr Informationsangebot erheblich ausgeweitet und versuchen, medizinische Themen laiengerecht zu vermitteln. Welche sozialen und kulturellen Kompetenzen benötigt man, um als "mündiger Patient" agieren zu können? Ein Projekt des Instituts für Kulturanthropologie und Europäische Ethnologie, das als didaktisches Modell "Forschenden Lernens" gemeinsam mit Studierenden durchgeführt wurde, untersuchte, wie Laien Zugang zu medizinischem Wissen suchen und wie sie sich diese Informationen aneignen.
Objetivo: sistematizar as potencialidades e desafios da Teoria do Reconhecimento, de Axel Honneth, e refletir sobre eles como subsídio às pesquisas em saúde.
Método: trata-se de artigo de reflexão que toma o potencial da incorporação da categoria reconhecimento na propositura honnethiana para pesquisa, compreensão, exercício e gestão do cuidado em saúde.
Resultados: o processo de reconhecimento favorece a exploração e a compreensão das relações de poder e respeito, sobretudo em termos do conflito a elas circunscrito. Dessa forma, indica subsídios para diagnósticos e núcleos estruturantes para a superação de práticas opressivas e desiguais, com desdobramentos para lidar com situações de insegurança, fragilidades na autoestima e vulnerabilidades nas interações entre os sujeitos, que configuram desafios contemporâneos.
Conclusão: na exploração científica do cuidado, gestão e políticas públicas em saúde, este referencial teórico pode auxiliar na visibilidade do contexto e seus nós críticos, para favorecer a autonomia e a dignidade humana, relevantes para as relações interpessoais nos processos de cuidado, com contribuições profícuas à qualificação da atenção à saúde.
Objective: to systematize the strengths and challenges of Axel Honneth’s Theory of Recognition, and to reflect on these as support for research in health care. Method: this is a reflection article which considers the potential of incorporating the category of recognition in the Honnethian proposition for research, understanding, exercising of practice and management of health care. Results: the process of recognition promotes the exploration and understanding of relations of power and respect, above all in terms of conflict which are ascribed to these. As a result, it indicates support for diagnoses and structuring nuclei for overcoming oppressive and unequal practices, with consequences for dealing with situations of insecurity, weaknesses in self-esteem and vulnerabilities in the interactions between the subjects, which are configured as contemporary challenges. Conclusion: in the scientific exploration of care, management and public policies in health, this theoretical framework can assist in the visibility of the context and in its critical knots, in order to promote autonomy and human dignity, which are relevant for the interpersonal relations in the processes of care, with fruitful contributions to the qualification of the health care.
Body image dissatisfaction is a serious, global problem that negatively affects life satisfaction. Several claims have been made about the possible psychological benefits of naturist activities, but very little empirical research has investigated these benefits or any plausible explanations for them. In three studies—one large-scale, cross-sectional study (n = 849), and 2 prospective studies (n = 24, n = 100) this research developed and applied knowledge about the possible benefits of naturist activities. It was found that more participation in naturist activities predicted greater life satisfaction—a relationship that was mediated by more positive body image, and higher self-esteem (Study 1). Applying these findings, it was found that participation in actual naturist activities led to an increase in life satisfaction, an effect that was also mediated by improvements in body image and self-esteem (Studies 2 and 3). The potential benefits of naturism are discussed, as well as possible future research, and implications for the use of naturist activities.
While global justice theorists heatedly discuss the responsibilities of the affluent and powerful, those states which can legitimately be seen as victims of global injustice have seldom, if ever, been considered as duty bearers to whom responsibilities can be attached. However, recognising agents whose options are constrained not only as victims, but also as duty bearers is necessary as a proof of respect for their agency and indispensable to mobilise the type of action required to alter global injustices. In this article, I explore what responsibilities state officials of dominated states have. I argue that they have the responsibility to resist domination in the name of the dominated states members. While under particular circumstances this responsibility gives rise to a duty to engage in acts of state civil disobedience, under other circumstances state officials of dominated states ought to resist domination in an internal, attitudinal way by recognising themselves as outcome responsible agents.
Die Erinnerung an das Jahr 1968 kann nur eine Form annehmen: die der Collage. Ein halbes Jahrhundert nach jenen Ereignissen könnte das beispielsweise so aussehen: Manches, was inzwischen in Publikationen und Dokumentationen vorliegt, mit Selbsterlebtem verbinden, um auf diese Weise einen Eindruck von der Vielschichtigkeit und dem gelegentlich surrealistisch wirkenden Zusammen- und Gegeneinanderspiel von "Frankfurter Schule" und Studentenbewegung zu vermitteln.
Nur die Einbeziehung des Fremden bewahre vor steriler Identität, meinte Adorno, aus dem Exil in den USA nach Frankfurt zurückgekehrt. Wie steht es heute um Fremdheit und Fremde und um das Verhältnis von Eigenem und Fremdem? Das erkundet der Philosoph und Publizist Rolf Wiggershaus im Gespräch mit fünf Frankfurter Professorinnen und Professoren.
Wie lassen sich die Chancen und Gefahren menschlicher Wirkmacht erkennen und einschätzen? Wie umgehen mit den Auswirkungen des menschlichen Handelns? Dazu forscht Darrel Moellendorf, der an der Goethe-Universität politische Philosophie lehrt. Ein Gespräch über Klimawandel, Moral, Gerechtigkeit und das Anthropozän.
Im Geflecht der Identitäten : Kulturgeschichtliches, dargestellt am Beispiel von János Bolyai
(2015)
The Transylvanian-born János Bolyai (1802-1860) never ceases to attract the attention of all those interested in the history of science, as he is one of the founders of non-Euclidean geometry. Bolyai also concerns the philosophy researchers, due to a social utopia, which he presents in his works, unpublished during his lifetime. From older and newer documentation, it is known that the Hungarian Bolyai nobility descent also has a German origin, from German Grafs. On the Calvaserului Valley, situated north of the Hârtibaciului Valley, lies the Buia parish, named Bolya by the Hungarians, Bell by the Germans, where the Bolyai family owned an estate and a castle. In this work, the author presents approaches concerning the genealogy of János Bolyai and reports about visits to the places where Bolyai has lived, such as Buia, Domald (Viişoara parrish) and Târgu Mureş.
Recent developments in Hungary and Poland have made democratic backsliding a major issue of concern within the European Union (EU). This article focuses on the secondary agents that facilitate democratic backsliding in Hungary and Poland: the European People’s Party (EPP), which has continually protected the Hungarian Fidesz government from EU sanctions, and the Hungarian ruling party Fidesz, which repeatedly promised to block any EU-level sanctions against Poland in the Council. The article analyses these agents’ behaviour as an instance of transnational complicity and passes a tentative judgment as to which of the two cases is normatively more problematic. The analysis has implications for possible countervailing responses to democratic backsliding within EU member states.
Populism is widely thought to be in tension with liberal democracy. This article clarifies what exactly is problematic about populism from a liberal–democratic point of view and goes on to develop normative standards that allow us to distinguish between more and less legitimate forms of populism. The point of this exercise is not to dismiss populism in toto; the article strives for a more subtle result, namely, to show that liberal democracy can accommodate populism provided that the latter conforms to particular discursive norms. What the article calls a ‘liberal ethics of populism’ turns out to be closely bound up with a broader ethics of peoplehood, understood as a way of articulating who ‘the people’ are in a way that is compatible with liberal–democratic principles of political justification. Such an ethics, concludes the article, inevitably has a much wider audience than populist political actors: its addressees are all those who seek legitimately to exercise power in the name of the people.
An den Rändern der Diskurse. Jenseits der Unterscheidung diskursiver und nicht-diskursiver Praktiken
(2007)
Wenn von und für Diskursanalytiker(innen) eine Preisfrage ausgesetzt werden würde, dann wäre wohl eine der ersten zu beantwortenden Fragen, was denn eine "nicht-diskursive Praktik" sei. Die Frage markiert gewissermaßen die Grenze des Diskurses, denn schon die Benennung lässt vermuten, dass "nicht-diskursive Praktiken" eben nicht mehr Diskurs sind. Dieses Problem des Nicht-Diskursiven und die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten, diesen Rand, diese Grenze zu denken, auf ihrem Grat zu gehen oder sie zu unterlaufen, möchten wir im Folgenden zunächst anhand der theoretisch-methodologischen Debatte und dann anhand einiger konkreter Interpretationen von Texten und Beobachtungen aus verschiedenen empirischen Forschungsprojekten diskutieren. Dabei orientieren wir uns an den denkbaren Grenzen des Diskurses – der Macht, der Alltagspraxis, dem Körper, dem Subjekt – und entfalten die These, dass die Unterscheidung von diskursiv und nicht-diskursiv gerade nicht geeignet ist, Klarheit in die Debatte zu bringen.
Jürgen Habermas har i sin sociologiska tolkning av den filosofiska diskursen fasthållit vid möjligheten av att i en idealisk samtalssituation nå konsensus att lägga till grund för gemensamma tillvägagångssätt och samförstånd om vad som är sant. Han har också förklarat värdet av "offentligheten" som det moderna borgerliga samhällets möjliga demokratiska plattform; en plattform som dock i stor utsträckning tagits över av resursstarka grupper som genom t.ex. tolkningshegemonier driver sitt egenintresse i en skenbart öppen offentlighet. Habermas avvisar inte Upplysningstidens modernism utan ser den som ett "oavslutat projekt" som bör utvecklas och förbättras snarare än förkastas. (Shabani, 2003, 44-50; Habermas, 1981) ...
Wie lässt sich das anthropologische Fundament des Ordoliberalismus und der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft beschreiben? Welche Prämissen liegen ihm zugrunde? Ist ein derartiges Menschenbild überhaupt noch zeitgemäß? Welchen Gefahren ist es ausgesetzt und welche institutionellen Vorkehrungen lassen sich treffen? Diese und andere Fragen stehen im Mittelpunkt des nachfolgenden Essays. Dieser ist dabei wie folgt gegliedert: Das zweite Kapitel analysiert die anthropologischen Grundlagen des Ordoliberalismus. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf dem kantischen ‚Programm der Freiheit als Autonomie‘. Das darauf folgende dritte Kapitel thematisiert mögliche Gefahrenpotenziale für eben jenes ordoliberale Menschenbild. Hierbei werden insbesondere die Vermachtung der Wirtschaft und die Instrumentalisierung und Funktionalisierung der Wissenschaft eingehender untersucht. Im vorletzten Kapitel schließlich werden die häufig vorgeschlagenen institutionellen Vorkehrungen kritisch evaluiert. Wichtige Beiträge hierzu stammen aus der Feder von Röpke (Clercs und Nobilitas naturalis) und Hayek (Zwei-Kammern-Verfassungsmodell).
Social media, asthe fifth estate, increasingly influence public dis-courses and play a major role in shaping public opinion.Undoubt-edly, they have the potential to promote participation and democra-cy. On the other side, they also constitute a risk for democratic soci-eties, as the spread of hate speech and fake news has shown. As aresponse,forms of counterspeech organisedby civil society have emerged in social media to counter the normalisation of hate speech and democracy-threateningdiscourses. In order to influence dis-course in social media in terms of the fifth estate, counterspeech campaigns must be visible alsoquantitatively. In this ethnographic contrastive study, I analysed the activitiesof the German and Finn-ish Facebook groups of the network #iamhere international. The in-tensity and continuity of their activities is obviously influenced by their strategic organisation: conventionalised rules support them whereas lacking or inconsequent rules seemed to be counterpro-ductive.
Esse trabalho parte do pressuposto de que o jogo eletrônico influencia a formação cultural das crianças na contemporaneidade. Essa afirmação fundamenta-se na teoria crítica da sociedade, sobretudo, em um de seus principais pensadores, T. W. Adorno, que, em conjunto com M. Horkheimer, cunhou o conceito de indústria cultural em 1947. Elemento desta indústria, o jogo eletrônico, como produto de consumo, constitui-se como um instrumento de lazer e entretenimento, cujo alcance é cada vez mais amplo nas brincadeiras infantis. Isso significa que o conteúdo desses jogos e a identificação com seus personagens são vetores importantes de referência para analisar a constituição da identidade infantil e a emergência de valores na sociedade atual.
The paper discusses the problem of the possible relation between psychoanalytic concepts and social critique in the perspective of Adorno's social thought. The title refers to Adorno's idea that psyche as individual spontaneity has now lost the weight it used to have in the liberal era. As a brief introductory remark, I clarify the status of theory for Adorno, i.e., the circularity between interpretation and description as grounded by the nature of the social object itself. Then I analyse his core idea of “social objectivity” as an impersonal mechanism which is at the same time produced by men and reified, heteronomous for them, and I argue that, for Adorno, the discontinuity existing between individual and society prevents an immediate shift of psychoanalytic concepts to the social world: the example of fascism clearly proves that the determining social forces today, while instrumentally exploiting deep psychical materials, are not themselves psychological. In the final part, I show how, for Adorno, psychology and sociology nevertheless need to be mediated with each other, while avoiding the superficial synthesis the so-called “revised psychoanalysis” aims to, and I point out some similarities between psychoanalytic practice and social critique as conceived by him.
La cultura, en tanto manifestación de la actividad del espíritu en oposición a la actividad material, se ha entendido, generalmente, como expresión del progreso humano, que nos aleja de la barbarie. Adorno somete este concepto a un riguroso análisis dialéctico y descubre que la barbarie misma puede estar encarnada en la cultura, y que esta, como bien sucede con la industria cultural, puede estar al servicio de la dominación antes que al de la emancipación. Sin embargo, no renuncia a su espíritu utópico. Este texto explora no solo la crítica de Adorno al concepto tradicional de cultura y su complicidad con la barbarie, sino también las indicaciones en el pensamiento del mismo autor para comprender las posibilidades emancipatorias de la cultura.
Im Jahre 2030 werden die über 60-Jährigen die Mehrheit der deutschen Bevölkerung stellen. Während die Lebenserwartung stetig steigt, werden immer weniger Kinder geboren – Deutschland überaltert und schrumpft pro Jahr um etwa 200000 Einwohner. »Das Alter ist in einer sehr interessanten Weise jung«, hat Paul Baltes, Direktor des Max-Planck-Instituts für Bildungsforschung und einer der ersten deutschen Altersforscher, das Phänomen umschrieben, dass die Menschen noch nie so alt wie heute geworden sind: Ein heute 70-Jähriger ist beispielsweise im Vergleich zu den Alten vor 25 Jahren etwa fünf Jahre »jünger«, was seine körperliche und mentale Leistungsfähigkeit betrifft (siehe auch Heinz D. Osiewacz: »Gesund altern, aber wie? Molekulare Grundlagen biologischer Alterungsprozesse «, Seite 47 ff). Es gibt also nicht mehr nur »alte Alte«, die pflegebedürftig und dement sind, sondern auch solche, die sich geistig und körperlich fit fühlen. Noch haben die fachlich vielfältigen Facetten des Alters in der Forschung keine Konjunktur. Doch eine Trendwende zeichnet sich ab. Die Rechtswissenschaftlerin und Psychoanalytikerin Prof.Dr. Gisela Zenz will mit dem Forum »Alterswissenschaften und Alterspolitik« an der Universität Frankfurt die Kompetenzen aus den unterschiedlichen Fachgebieten zusammenführen. Was dahinter steckt, erläutert die Wissenschaftlerin in einem Gespräch mit Ulrike Jaspers.
The democratic boundary problem raises the question of who has democratic participation rights in a given polity and why. One possible solution to this problem is the all-affected principle (AAP), according to which a polity ought to enfranchise all persons whose interests are affected by the polity’s decisions in a morally significant way. While AAP offers a plausible principle of democratic enfranchisement, its supporters have so far not paid sufficient attention to economic participation rights. I argue that if one commits oneself to AAP, one must also commit oneself to the view that political participation rights are not necessarily the only, and not necessarily the best, way to protect morally weighty interests. I also argue that economic participation rights raise important worries about democratic accountability, which is why their exercise must be constrained by a number of moral duties.
Highlights
• Parents with and without migration background differ in educational knowledge.
• Parents with migration background have less educational knowledge on average.
• Variations in educational knowledge by immigrant groups.
• Social and cultural resources are central to explaining knowledge differences.
• Acculturation strategies prove to be of little relevance.
Abstract
Although extant research persistently highlights the importance of information for educational decision-making, better understanding the existence of, and the underlying reasons for, informational differences between immigrant and non-immigrant parents is important. This study examines the differences in the level of information between immigrant and non-immigrant parents of third graders just before they make probably their most important educational decision in the German education system. We draw on approaches highlighting the importance of resources and parents’ acculturation to explain the informational differences between immigrant and non-immigrant parents. Employing linear regression and probability models on data from the National Educational Panel Study in Germany (N = 3961), we demonstrate that all immigrant groups, particularly those from Turkey, the former Yugoslavia, the Middle East, and northern Africa, are significantly less informed than parents without own immigration experience. This result is evident both in our overall test and in various domains of the test, which analyze different aspects of information relevant to parents’ educational decision-making. Furthermore, different endowments with social and cultural capital largely explain the informational differences between parents with and without an immigrant background. In contrast, different acculturation strategies are almost negligible in explaining the differences in the level of information. Our findings provide important insights for research on migration-related inequalities in educational decision-making and for developing interventions to improve migrant parents’ ability to make well-informed and thus intended educational decisions.
Os danos no processo formativo, decorrentes da hegemonia da indústria cultural, são investigados há algum tempo por pesquisadores das áreas de filosofia, psicologia, sociologia e história da educação. De forma geral, concluiu-se que não há uma relação de causa e efeito entre a indústria cultural e a produção de consciências reificadas. Porém, é preciso compreender de que modo o consumidor dos produtos da indústria cultural se esforça para permanecer na condição de objeto, ao invés de ser sujeito de suas ações. Tem-se como objetivo, neste artigo, refletir sobre a produção e propagação deste impulso conformista. Para tanto, parte-se do seguinte pressuposto: a chave para o entendimento das nuances desse impulso se encontra na análise das transformações históricas da relação entre a indústria cultural e a educação pela dureza.
O texto propõe-se a investigar a existência de um processo psicossocial de integração sadomasoquista (os chamados "trotes") entre os calouros e veteranos do curso de Pedagogia da Universidade Federal de São Carlos. Através da análise dos dados coletados, pode-se concluir que o trote universitário é um rito de passagem, cuja violência física e, principalmente, psíquica, é justificada, pelos alunos, como uma tradição que deve ser mantida na vida universitária.
Theodor W. Adorno publicou o ensaio “Teoria da semiformação” (Theorie der Halbbildung) em 1959. A partir da publicação deste texto, observou-se sua relevância, sobretudo para que se pudesse compreender a maneira como a indústria cultural determinava a produção de prejuízos significativos no processo formativo. Desde então, a conquista do espírito feita pelo caráter fetichista dos produtos da indústria cultural, sendo esta uma das definições de Adorno sobre o conceito de Halbbildung, impulsionou a realização de muitas pesquisas sobre os danos decorrentes desta conquista na formação. Porém, investigar as atuais características do processo semiformativo não resulta na aplicação direta dos conceitos propostos por Adorno no final da década de 1950. Sendo assim, é preciso que tais conceitos sejam revitalizados por meio da análise das atuais mediações históricas. Seguindo essa linha de raciocínio, o principal objetivo deste artigo é argumentar que a reflexão crítica sobre o modo como a semiformação se renova, na atual sociedade da chamada cultura digital, torna-se fundamental para que se possam elaborar considerações sobre o renascimento da formação (Bildung).
A Internet das Coisas tem revolucionado a forma de produção e reprodução do conhecimento. Trata-se de um tipo de interface comunicacional entre humanos, máquinas e objetos que, ao fundir os mundos material e informacional, suscita as seguintes questões: (1) a possibilidade de obtenção imediata de quaisquer informações implicaria na produção do pensamento crítico, em uma espécie de relação causa-efeito?; (2) se é possível acessar as informações em quaisquer tempo e espaço, quais seriam as transformações decorrentes no processo formativo dos alunos e dos professores? Justamente essas questões motivaram os autores do artigo a elaborar o seguinte objetivo: refletir criticamente sobre a revitalização do conceito de formação (Bildung ) na temporalidade e localidade da Internet das Coisas.
This article examines whether autonomy as an educational aim should be defended at the global scale. It begins by identifying the normative issues at stake in global autonomy education by distinguishing them from the problems of autonomy education in multicultural nation-states. The article then explains why a planet-wide expansion of the ideal of autonomy is conceivable on the condition that the concept of autonomy is widened in a way that renders its precise meaning flexibly adjustable to a variety of distinct social and cultural contexts. A context-transcendent, core meaning of autonomy remains in place, however, according to which a person is only autonomous if she relates to the values and goals that direct her life in a way so that she sees them as her own and is able to identify and critically assess her principal reasons for action. Finally, the article addresses two challenges to the global expansion of autonomy education: the objection that autonomy is presently not the most important educational aim and the objection that global autonomy education is a form of cultural imperialism. It finds both objections wanting.
Academic self-efficacy (ASE) refers to a student’s global belief in his/her ability to master the various academic challenges at university and is an essential antecedent of wellbeing and performance. The five-item General Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (GASE) showed promise as a short and concise measure for overall ASE. However, of its validity and reliability outside of Scandinavia is limited. Therefore, this paper aimed to investigate the psychometric properties, longitudinal invariance, and criterion validity of the GASE within a sample of university students (Time 1: n = 1056 & Time 2: n = 592) in the USA and Western Europe. The results showed that a unidimensional factorial model of overall ASE fitted the data well was reliable and invariant across time. Further, criterion validity was established by finding a positive relationship with task performance at different time stamps. Therefore, the GASE can be used as a valid and reliable measure for general ASE.
Recombinant DNA technology is an essential area of life engineering. The main aim of research in this field is to experimentally explore the possibilities of repairing damaged human DNA, healing or enhancing future human bodies. Based on ethnographic research in a Czech biochemical laboratory, the article explores biotechnological corporealities and their specific ontology through dealings with bio-objects, the bodywork of scientists. Using the complementary concepts of utopia and heterotopia, the text addresses the situation of bodies and bio-objects in a laboratory. Embodied utopias are analyzed as material semiotic phenomena that are embodied by scientists in their visions and emotions and that are related to potential bodies and to future, not-yet-actualized embodiments. As a counterpart to this, the text explores embodied heterotopias, which are always the other spaces, like biotechnological bio-objects that are simulated in computers or stored in special solutions.
Interkulturelle Kompetenz
(2006)
Die Kommunikation zwischen den Menschen wird durch die Beherrschung der Sprache des Anderen ermöglicht und erleichtert. Ob sich aber die Partner wirklich verstehen, im Sinne wechselseitige Wünsche, Erwartungen, Ziele und vor allem ihre Wertvorstellungen, Normen und Verhaltensregeln so aufnehmen und interpretieren zu können, wie der Partner selbst es sieht und versteht, wird keine Garantie geleistet.
A publicação deste polêmico artigo é uma homenagem de Lua Nova aos oitenta anos de História e Consciência de Classe, de Georg Lukács. Seu autor faz um resgate do jovem Lukács, identificando os pressupostos e idéias que tornam esse livro de 1923 não tanto filosoficamente, mas politicamente, um feito revolucionário, em sintonia com o ''Evento de 1917'' na Rússia. Zizek entende que é justamente seu teor político, o qual aponta para uma crítica radical dos regimes liberal-democráticos predominantes no Ocidente, que o mantém atual, nesse sentido ultrapassando os limites auto-impostos dos autores da Dialética do esclarecimento.
Hauke Brunkhorst
(2009)
Hauke Brunkhorst ist ein deutscher Soziologe, geboren 1945 in Marne (Holstein). Er studierte Deutsche Literaturwissenschaft, Philosophie, Erziehungswissenschaft und Soziologie in Kiel, Freiburg und Frankfurt. 1978 wurde er promoviert (Praxisbezug und Theoriebildung). 1982 folgte seine Habilitation im Fach Erziehungswissenschaft an der Universität Frankfurt, 1985 die Habilitation im Fach Soziologie ebendort. Von 1985 bis 1997 hatte er Professuren und Gastprofessuren am IAS in Wien und an den Universitäten Frankfurt, Duisburg und der FU Berlin inne. 1995 bis 1997 war Brunkhorst Research Fellow des Kulturwissenschaftlichen Instituts des Wissenschaftszentrums Nordrhein-Westfalen. Seit 1997 ist er Professor für Soziologie an der Universität in Flensburg.
Forschende Paare in das Rhein-Main-Gebiet zu holen, ist Ziel des Netzwerks, das vier Hochschulen und elf außeruniversitäre Forschungsinstitute im Sommer 2011 gegründet haben. Auf gemeinsame Initiative der Goethe-Universität und der Technischen Universität Darmstadt unterzeichneten sie dazu eine strategische Vereinbarung.
En 1943, Friedrich H. Tenbruck (1914-1994) obtient sa thèse de philosophe à l’Université de Marburg. Dans les années 1950, il se tourne vers la sociologie, devient entre autres pour quelques mois l’assistant de Max Horkheimer à l’Université de Francfort-sur-le-Main. Puis il occupe pendant cinq ans un poste de professeur assistant à Geneva/New York. Après son retour, en 1962, il est habilité à la direction de recherches avec un travail sur histoire et société en sociologie et sciences sociales à Fribourg, puis occupe à partir de 1963 la chaire de sociologie à l’Université de Francfort-sur-le-Main. En 1967, il devient professeur à l’Université de Tübingen. ...
Klaus Lichtblau - notice
(2012)
Klaus Lichtblau (né en 1951) étudie entre autres auprès de Niklas Luhmann à l’université de Bielefeld, sous la direction duquel il rédige son mémoire de sociologie en 1975. En 1980, toujours à Bielefeld, il soutient sa thèse de doctorat en philosophie, puis travaille dans un premier temps à l’université de Bielefeld, puis aux universités de Kassel et de Kiel. En 1996, il obtient son habilitation en sociologie à l’université de Kassel. Depuis 2004, Klaus Lichtblau est professeur de sociologie à l’Université de Francfort-sur-le-Main. Ses travaux de recherche s’axent autour de l’histoire des sciences sociales des XIXe et XXe siècles. Il porte un intérêt particulier aux classiques (Max Weber, Georg Simmel et Karl Mannheim, entre autres). Par ailleurs, il s’intéresse aux dimensions culturelles du social, à la fonction sociale de l’art, à la sociologie économique, etc.
Critique, and especially radical critique of reason, is under pressure from two opponents. Whereas the proponents of "post-critical" or "acritical" thinking denounce critique as an empty and self-righteous repetition of debunking, the decriers of "post-truth" accuse critique of having helped to bring about our current "post-truth" politics. Both advocate realism as a limit critique must respect, but Vogelmann defends the claim that we urgently need radical critiques of reason because they offer a more precise diagnosis of the untruths in politics the two opponents of critique are rightfully worried about. Radical critiques of reason are possible, he argues, if we turn our attention to the practices of criticizing, if we refrain from a sovereign epistemology, and if we pluralize reason without trivializing it. In order to demonstrate the diagnostic advantage of radical critiques of reason, he briefly analyzes the political and epistemic strategy at work in two exemplary untruths in politics.
This reading of Pride and Prejudice and Mansfield Park suggests that the semantic framework of the novels is provided by the contrast between two meanings of the word consequence, the archaic meaning of social or emotional importance and the common and garden meaning of effect of a cause. It also suggests that the narrative structure of the novels is that of a game of consequences, a game that was played at the time of Jane Austen.