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Virtual currencies have gained popularity as part of the digital transformation of the financial system. In particular stablecoins are becoming increasingly popular with consumers. The tokens, which are pegged to a value and - according to their name - promise price stability, pose significant risks from which consumers need to be protected. This article focuses first on consumerspecific risks (B.) and German consumer protection law and in particular on the applicability of a right of withdrawal from the acquisition of stablecoins (C.). Subsequently, the EU legislator’s effort to minimize price stability as well as transparency and exchangeability risks, the Markets in Crypto-assets Regulation (2023/1114), is examined in terms of its consumer protection instruments (D.).
Die vorliegende Dissertation bietet eine eingehende Analyse der Entstehung und Evolution der rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen der Arbeitnehmerüberlassung in der Volksrepublik China. Ursprünglich in den 1980er Jahren als Instrument zur Reduzierung der Arbeitslosigkeit eingeführt, hat sich die Funktion der Arbeitnehmerüberlassung im Laufe der Zeit gewandelt. Diese Entwicklung wird in der Arbeit sorgfältig nachgezeichnet.
Die Studie skizziert die legislative Entwicklung von der anfänglichen Konzeption bis zur formellen Legalisierung im Jahr 2007 und untersucht die geltenden gesetzlichen Bestimmungen zur Arbeitnehmerüberlassung. Dabei werden die spezifischen Aspekte der chinesischen Gesetzgebung herausgestellt, bei der die Arbeitnehmerüberlassung vornehmlich als komplementäre Beschäftigungsform angesehen wird. Die Arbeit beleuchtet die Rechte und Pflichten aller Akteure. Obwohl nicht umfassend rechtsvergleichend angelegt, wird doch immer wieder ein Blick auf die Rechtslage in Deutschland geworfen, sodass die unterschiedlichen regulatorischen Ansätze deutlich hervortreten. Zugleich werden die besonderen Herausforderungen behandelt, denen diese Beschäftigungsform im chinesischen Kontext begegnet.
The Russian invasion of Ukraine illustrates the increasingly judicialized nature of international relations and geopolitics. By viewing aspects of the invasion as illegal – in particular through the identification of war crimes and crimes against humanity – the international response draws attention to the political geographies of international criminal investigation. Human rights groups, academics, journalists, and open-source forensic investigations have joined forces to collect, evaluate and analyze the violent nature of war crimes. While similar shifts in evidence gathering have been observed in the case of the Bosnia-Herzegovina war and the Assad regime's violence against Syrian citizens, the use of evidence-gathering technologies and evidence-securing institutions in the case of Ukraine is distinctive. In this scholarly intervention we seek to illustrate the intimate geopolitics of evidence gathering by zooming in on two different elements that shape evidential procedures in Ukraine: i) the blurring of civilian/military boundaries; and ii) the challenges of access. By evaluating what is new and what is similar to previous war sites, we suggest that these two areas reflect a geopolitics of evidence gathering, highlighting its global-local intimacies. Both these areas are well positioned to foster new research on the (geo)legal nature of war crimes in political geography and beyond.
Im November durfte er seinen 77. Geburtstag feiern, von Ruhestand ist aber noch keine Spur. Gerade bereitet er sich in seinem Büro über der Neuen Mensa am alten Campus in Bockenheim mit großem Elan auf die nächste Seminarsitzung vor. »Die Lehre an der Universität wie an Fachhochschulen war mir nie eine Last. Ich habe versucht, die Studierenden zu motivieren oder bei Bedarf gar zu provozieren, um zu kommunizieren, weil wir alle viel mehr von gegenseitigem Austausch haben«, sagt Ludwig Salgo. Zahlreiche Studierende der Sozialen Arbeit, aus der Rechtswissenschaft, aber auch aus der Erziehungswissenschaft haben seine Veranstaltungen besucht; etliche Juristinnen und Juristen haben bei ihm promoviert, sich für die pädagogische oder juristische Laufbahn qualifiziert. Sein zentrales Thema in Forschung und Lehre: das Verhältnis Eltern-Kind-Staat. Anfang 2012 ging er in den Ruhestand, doch die Lehre blieb vorerst seine große Passion. Jetzt beendet er seine Seniorprofessur an der Goethe-Universität zum Semesterende nach zehn Jahren: »Nun ist es genug«, sagt er. In der Fortbildung für Jugendämter, Verfahrensbeistände und Juristen, auch in Stiftungen und Verbänden, hier vor allem im Kinderschutzbund in Frankfurt, möchte er weiterhin aktiv bleiben, auch um für das Thema Kindeswohl zu sensibilisieren. Dass er dann mehr Zeit für seine große Leidenschaft haben wird, freut ihn: »Ich leide an der Melomanie«, sagt der passionierte Freund klassischer Musik. »Wie Nietzsche treffenderweise einmal bemerkt hat, wäre das Leben ohne Musik ein Irrtum.«
The Åland Islands archipelago enjoys a special international status sui generis, which essentially encompasses demilitarisation, neutralisation, and autonomy. This status is guaranteed under international law by the agreements of 1921, 1940, and 1947, which are still in force. Furthermore, there are convincing reasons to assume that the Åland Islands regime has grown into European customary law. By virtue of her international (treaty) obligations, Finland cannot unilaterally change this status under the present conditions, irrespective of domestic (constitutional) decisions. While integration into NATO’s collective defence system and the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy structures is compatible with the special status of the Åland Islands, care must be taken by Finland and her partners to ensure that the obligations arising from these developments are fulfilled in accordance with the demilitarised and neutralised status of the archipelago. This includes that the use by Finnish troops for preventive defence, beyond the exceptions laid down in the 1921 Åland Agreement, is only permitted in the case (of threat) of an immediate and clearly identifiable attack.
The autonomous character of the Åland Islands was established under a League of Nations dispute settlement and implemented, inter alia, in Finnish legislation. Its essence even grew into customary law. The arrangements of 1921, however, do not constitute a bilateral treaty between Finland and Sweden. The UN assumes that the international mechanism to protect Åland’s autonomy did not become obsolete with the demise of the League of Nations, but was only “suspended until such time as an express decision has been taken by the United Nations to put it back into force”. A corresponding proposal could be submitted, in any case, both by Finland and/or Sweden or possibly even by any other UN member state, for discussion in the Sixth Committee. However, the final decision to re-activate this special mechanism would have to be adopted by the UN General Assembly.
EU Law applies to the Åland Islands in principle; however, Finland’s Accession Treaty to the EU to which Protocol No. 2 on the Åland Islands was annexed, established a number of specific rules which are still in force today. This, most notably, results in the limited application of value added tax and excise duties in the Åland Islands. Therefore, the rules on customs procedures apply with respect to the movement of goods to and from the Åland Islands. In addition, other provisions of Union law, in particular those relating to fundamental freedoms and European state aid law, may be relevant in view of the special fiscal status of the Åland Islands. However, assessing individual cases would require further information and in-depth studies. Irrespective of the requirements set out in the said Protocol, the EU is obliged to respect the national identity of Member States pursuant to Article 4 para. 2 TEU; this obligation includes respect for the special status of the Åland Islands under both international and Finnish constitutional law.
Corporate governance is the set of rules, be they legal or self-regulatory, practices and processes pursuant to which an insurance undertaking is administrated. Good corporate governance is not only key to establishing oneself and succeeding in a competitive environment but also to safeguarding the interests of all stakeholders in an insurance undertaking. It is insofar not surprising that mandatory requirements on the administration of insurance undertakings have become rather prolific in recent years, in an attempt by regulators to protect especially policyholders against perceived risks hailing from improperly governed insurance undertakings. In Germany this has been regarded by many undertakings as an overly paternalistic approach of the legislator, especially considering that the German insurance sector has experienced for decades if not centuries a remarkably low number of insolvencies and that German insurers were neither the trigger nor the (especially) endangered actors in the financial crisis commencing in 2007. Notwithstanding the true core of this criticism, that the insurance industry was taken to a certain degree hostage by the shortcomings within the banking sector, the reform of German Insurance Supervisory Law via implementation of the Solvency II-System has brought many advances in the sense of better governance of insurance undertakings and has also brought to light many deficiencies that the administration of some insurance undertakings may have suffered from in the past, which are now more properly addressed.
Um schnelleres Handeln in Sachen Klimaschutz zu erzwingen, kleben sich Aktivisten der »Letzten Generation« auf der Straße fest, werfen Suppe auf Kunstwerke und versuchen, ihre Ziele durch einen Hungerstreik zu erzwingen. Wie weit darf »ziviler Ungehorsam« gehen, ohne die Rechtsordnung zu gefährden? Darüber sprach Dirk Frank mit Samira Akbarian und Uwe Volkmann, die beide zum
Öffentlichen Recht forschen.
Die Verfassungsgeschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland beginnt in Frankfurt: Am 1. Juli vor 75 Jahren haben die Militärgouverneure der drei Westmächte im Eisenhower-Saal des I.G. Farben-Haus (heute Campus Westend) drei Urkunden übergeben. Diese »Frankfurter Dokumente« enthielten den Auftrag, eine Verfassung für das künftige Deutschland zu erarbeiten.
Bibliometric analysis of research publications would be the basis of the present study which would therefore highlight the inter linkage between the already existing researches which mainly talk about the concept of taxation with respect to it in the sphere of exemption of taxes from a set of organizations. The frequency of the publication on the same would be determined. Keeping in track the frequency of publications about the said exemptions and tax regimes. The topic clearly hasn't got much attention from the researchers. The data was collected from the Scopus and Web of Science database and has been analysed using VOSviewer software. The literature review which was pursued was gathered respectively in order to understand the concept of taxation of these charitable trusts and religious institutions. The study consists of a total of 1773 documents from Scopus and 617 documents from Web of Science (English) which are classified into articles, letters, books and editorial reviews etc. The data which is collected on the same lines would be analysed by the researchers using graphs, tables and charts.