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Afyonkarahisar ist eine der größeren Städte im westlichen Kleinasien, die auf eine sehr alte wie auch reiche Geschichte zurückblicken kann. Schon im Altertum ist Akroinon (Ακροϊνόν), wie Afyon damals von den Griechen genannt wurde, ein reges kulturelles Zentrum. Diese Stellung hat der Ort sich bis heute bewahrt als Hauptstadt der gleichnamigen türkischen Provinz Afyonkarahisar (Afyonkarahisar İli). Gemeinhin rechnet man deren Territorium dem ägäischen Raum zu. Genau genommen erstreckt es sich jedoch über drei geographische Zonen: Der größte Teil gehört in der Tat der Ägäischen Zone (Ege Bölgesi) an. Der die Distrikte (İlçe) von Başmakçı, Dinar, Dazkırı und Evciler umfassende Südzipfel macht Teil der Mediterranen Zone (Akdeniz Bölgesi) aus während einige Landstriche im Nordosten und Osten bereits zu Inneranatolien (İçanadolu Bölgesi) gehören. ...
Entmachtete Gegenstände? : Zur Kommerzialisierung sakraler Masken bei den Piaroa in Venezuela
(2004)
The dissertation, ”Coping with emergent hearing loss”, is written in English and is based on the diversity of problems connected to hearing loss and the adaptation of hearing aids. The research was carried out in Denmark and involves adults with an emergent hearing loss, who have decided to become hearing aid users. The data is analyzed through methods of cultural anthropology with focus on the following topics: How do the new users cope with the status passage towards being hearing aid users, how do they integrate the hearing aids into their lives, and what are the involved learning processes. What are the consequences of the provision by the state of free hearing aids, their free adaptation as well as free batteries, and does the state take part in the construction of the social group of new hearing aid users? The method is based on qualitative field work. Two public hospitals were helpful in identifying 24 new users, who acquired a free hearing aid through the hearing health care system. Through ENTs and private dispensers 17 further respondents joined the study – these acquired their hearing aids with a considerable state subsidy but mostly they themselves contributed financially as well. The 41 respondents between the ages of 42 to 92 years of age came from a wide range of professions and were followed throughout 2003 und 2004. After an in-depth qualitative interview, the contact to the respondents was maintained in order to follow the process of integration into their lives. When possible, the respondents were accompanied to their appointments in the private or public clinics. Moreover, interviews with experts from the public hearing health care system, politicians and user organisations were carried out, and the general public debate on the hard of hearing and hearing loss was followed and recorded. The second chapter gives an overview of the position of audiology in Denmark, of epidemiological information on hearing loss in the Danish society and statistics to the use of hearing aids. Moreover, basic information is given about the functioning of the human ear, the auditive perception and diagnosis and classification of hearing loss as well as a short introduction to the hearing aid technology. The structure of the further thesis divides the material into three pillars that make the discussion of the interaction processes possible. (1) The user’s interaction with the lifeworld concerns the meaning of hearing in relation to social participation. For some of the users, a good sense of hearing was essential to communicate freely and uphold their position in relation to others, whereas other respondents paid less attention to the information they acquired through their sense of hearing. A number of the respondents were selective and only used their hearing aids in specific situations, whereas another group discontinued the use of their hearing aids for various reasons. Status passages that hold specific challenges like a new work place or a new marriage motivate the continued everyday use. On the whole, the thesis illustrates that hearing loss is a socially dividing factor that complicates the interaction with others. In comparison to other bodily impairments or diseases, the hearing loss is rarely used as occasion to unite with fellow sufferers, join patient organisations or form self help groups. (2) The users’ interaction with the institutions The medical anthropologist Arthur Kleinman conceptualises health care as a moral process in which essential issues are at stake for the users. Different factors interact in the process: the training of the experts, allocation of funds, the quality of the technology, the dispensing procedures and the motivation and individual characteristics of the new users. The integration of the hearing aid into the lifeworld can be compared to a learning process, for which reason the learning theory of the anthropologist Gregory Bateson is outlined. Susanne Bisgaard’s own theory lists the meaning creating elements that serve as motivation for the users to counteract contingency (occurrences that influence the adaptation negatively). In the interaction between individual and society, the individual can apply strategies in order to eliminate stumbling blocks. (3) The users’ interaction with the technology A number of theorists from Anthropology as well as Science and Technology Studies are discussed in order to question their validity with regard to human action autonomy vs. technological determination and test the theoretical models with regard to their usability for the thesis. Hearing aids have a supporting function in everyday life and have the capability of moderating the user’s perception of sound. The alienating experience of hearing one’s own voice amplified, of wearing a foreign body in the ear and the different strategies that emerge from the more or less successful handling of the technology is reported by way of case stories and quotes from the interviews.
Canada’s geographic centre lies in the Territory Nunavut. From here the distance to the geographic North Pole is as far as to the US border. Nunavut takes up about 1/5 of the Canadian land mass but has by far the smallest population with currently about 38,000 residents. 85% of its population are Inuit whose culture dramatically changed within the last 70 years.
As a result, the territory is dealing with several generations of Inuit that are traumatized or at least severely affected by cultural and economic changes that started after World War 2 with the resettlement from the land into permanent communities. No matter if we are talking about the actual elders, mid-age adults or pre-teenagers, each of this generation experienced and still experiences various personal and cultural challenges of identity, financial and housing insecurity, food insecurity, substance abuse education, change of social values ranging from inter-generational and gender relationships to the introduction of a foreign political and legal system.
On the other side, a lot of the traditional societal values are still being practiced in Inuit families. Despite all the tragedies that several generations of Inuit have experienced by now, the society keeps generating the strength and cultural pride that allows many Inuit both, as individuals and as a collective under the umbrella of either Inuit Land Claims or not for profit organizations to advocate on behalf of Inuit culture, to fight for more acknowledgement of Inuit culture and to enhance pride in the historic and present day cultural achievements of Nunavut’s indigenous population.
The social issues, inter- and intra-cultural processes described in my thesis are not exclusive to the situation in Nunavut or to Inuit. Studies from other regions, in Canada or from around the world (LaPrairie 1987; Jensen 1986; Nunatsiaq News 6/30/2010) reveal similar challenges.
Though many structural similarities can be identified by comparing these studies with each other, e.g. marginalization of the indigenous local population, colonization, paternalism and resulting issues like personal and cultural identity loss, it is important to have a more in depth look into the single cases to determine which individual events and developments causes and maybe still cause such a devastating social situation as it is found among many indigenous peoples across the world. From my perspective effective improvements of the situation of a group, a respective community or region can only happen when particularities of socialization, communication and philosophy in the single cultural entities are being considered.
That is why my thesis will exclusively focus on developments in Nunavut and use various case studies of communities. The case studies shall help to identify local differences in historic and recent developments and thus provide starting points for explanations of different developments in different Nunavut communities.
The thesis is looking at both, historic and recent root causes for the many issues in Nunavut.
The data that my my thesis is based on are a combination of literature and about 60 formal and informal interviews that I conducted in three Nunavut communities (Iqaluit, Whale Cove, Kugluktuk) during my 18 months of field work between October 2008 and March 2010. Many more spontaneous unstructured conversations between me and community members added to the pool of first-hand information that I gathered.
Since my field work is limited to those three communities it has a very strong qualitative character. The quantitative side, which allows me to confidently apply my research analyses to entire Nunavut, comes from literature research as well as many informal conversations and a few formal interviews that I conducted with people who had some experience in other communities than Iqaluit, Kugluktuk and Whale Cove.
Furthermore, while I was living at the old residence of the Nunavut Arctic College in Iqaluit, I spend time with college students from across Nunavut. Through them, I obtained „case studies “from following communities: Iqaluit, Qikiqtarjuaq, Kimmirut, Pangnirtung, Clyde River, Pond Inlet, Igloolik, Repulse Bay, Cape Dorset, Chesterfield Inlet, Baker Lake, Rankin Inlet, Whale Cove, Arviat, Taloyoak, Kugluktuk.
My general categorization of “early contact period”, “contact”, “1st generation” and “2nd generation” is very similar to Damas’ terms of “early contact phase”, “contact – traditional”, “resettlement” that he uses to create a timeline that describes the major phases of impact for Inuit society (Damas 2002: 7, 17).
Chapters 2 is meant to provide an inventory of the key aspects of current social issues in Nunavut. In this context I am looking at the four major aspects that in my opinion shape Nunavut’s society:
1) violence and other forms of social dysfunctions
2) the associated services and delivering agencies that try to address those matters
3) Education
4) Inuit cultural particularities in communication and socialization
Those four areas are forming the foundation for the rest of my work. The following chapters will guide the reader through the historic transformation process of Inuit pre-colonial semi-nomadic society to a society that is living in permanent settlements, strongly influenced if not in many ways dominated by Euro-Canadian culture. Each of those chapters will be referring to the social and cultural changes that happened in the different time periods that I labeled with “Pre-settlement, First, Second, and Third Generation”. The relevance of violence and other social dysfunctions, their context and strategies how each generation dealt with those matters will be analyzed while I will be also referring to the impacts that non-Inuit, primarily Euro-Canadians and Euro-Americans had and have on Inuit society.
...
Als ich im Alter von etwa zehn Jahren das erste Mal in einem National GeographicMagazin auf die mir damals noch vollkommen unverständlich anmutende Ansammlung von Konsonanten und Vokalen des Begriffs "Powwow" stieß, ahnte ich nichts von ihrer Bedeutung für mein zukünftiges Leben. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt war mir noch nicht einmal bewußt, daß diese einer mir damals noch unbekannten, tonangebenden Konvention entsprechend, nicht etwa, wie für einen deutschen Leser zu vermuten wäre, "POW - WOW", sondern eigentlich "PAU - WAU" ausgesprochen werden. Zudem konnte ich damals natürlich auch nicht ahnen, daß ich mich zwanzig Jahre später im Rahmen einer Dissertation mit der inhaltlichen Vielschichtigkeit dieses Begriffs auseinandersetzen würde. Und so stellt diese Arbeit das vorläufige Zwischenprodukt einer Sinnsuche dar, die damals eher beiläufig mit der Überlegung begann, ob nicht gar der "traditionell" gekleidete Indianer auf dem, eine Werbung für Kanada als Immigrationsland illustrierenden Bild, mit den erläuternden Worten "Powwow in Thunder Bay", eben diesen Namen trägt. ...
Die 500 Seiten dieser Dissertation sind den Munsee gewidmet, einer Algonkin-Gruppe aus dem Nordosten der USA. Ihr heimatliches Siedlungsgebiet lag in einer Region, die heute von Metropolen wie New York und Philadelphia beherrscht wird. In der Forschung wurde bisher kaum berücksichtigt, wie ihr Rückzug aus dem Hudson- und Delaware Tal quer über den amerikanischen Kontinent verlaufen ist. Ein Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt daher auf den Migrationsrouten der Munsee in Richtung des westlichen New York, nach Kansas, Wisconsin und Ontario. Auch wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Strategien diese Ost-Algonkin verfolgten, um während jener Phase ihrer Geschichte physisch und kulturell zu überleben. Manche Antworten waren nur in unveröffentlichten Materialien zu finden, wie z.B. den deutschsprachigen Aufzeichnungen der Herrnhuter Missionare. Sie belegen den Aktionsradius einzelner Bands und dokumentieren das Trauma von Krieg, Hunger und Heimatlosigkeit. Regierungsagenten des Office of Indian Affairs haben ebenfalls handschriftliche Korrespondenz hinterlassen, die Einsichten in die ökonomischen und legalen Probleme der Munsee während des 19. Jahrhunderts gewähren. In den einführenden Kapiteln wird die Situation der Munsee-Vorfahren beschrieben, die sich schon früh in Kolonialkriegen mit holländischen und britischen Einwanderen auseinander setzen mussten, bis sich die Überlebenden schließlich im 18. Jahrhundert nach Westen orientierten. Kapitel 3 bis 6 beschreiben die Überlebensstrategien der Munsee nach dem Verlust ihres Siedlungsgebietes. Die Migranten schufen sich durch langjährige Kontakte mit irokesischen Gruppen wie Seneca und Cayuga als auch mit sprachlich verwandten Algonkin-Gruppen von Mahican, Shawnee und Miami ein soziales Netzwerk, das bis in das Gebiet der westlichen Großen Seen hinein reichte. Die Autorin entwirft hier die Hypothese, dass intertribale Kontakte der Munsee vorwiegend auf der Klanebene stattfanden. Es konnten Hinweise gefunden werden, dass sich Mitglieder von Klanen verwandter Tiereponyme gegenseitige Hilfestellung gaben und gesellschaftlichen Konsens anstrebten. Im Laufe der Untersuchung wird deutlich, dass eine Gruppe verwandter Klane, hier Phratrie genannt, charakteristische sozio-kulturelle Vorgehensweisen entwickelte. Somit definierten Phratrien ein quasi-"nationales" Zusammengehörigkeitsgefühl, das überlebenswichtiger war als die jeweilige Stammeszugehörigkeit. In den Kapiteln 7 bis 10 wird die Fragilität dieses Gesellschaftssystems während der Vertragsperiode dargelegt. Seit sie die Atlantikstaaten verlassen hatten, waren die Munsee aus Sicht der Kolonialregierungen ohne Landbasis. Keinesfalls erkannten die USA oder Kanada intertribale Phratrienverwandtschaften an. Mit der Einrichtung von Reservationen wurden die Familienverbände der Munsee als "Gäste anderer Stämme" statt als deren adoptierte und integrierte Mitglieder anerkannt. Sie erhielten weder Anteile an finanziellen Entschädigungen ihrer "Gastgeber", noch konnten sie Versorgungsansprüche während der Deportationen geltend machen. Um 1840 entschieden daher die verstreuten Bands, traditionelle Pfade zu verlassen und für "die Nation der Munsee" eine Reservation im heutigen Kansas zu fordern. Im Anhang der Arbeit ist eine Petition aus dem Jahre 1849 beigefügt, welche die sog. Kansas-Munsee an den damaligen Präsidenten der Vereinigten Staaten, Zachary Taylor, schrieben. Dieses Dokument dient hier als Grundlage, die Hintergründe der Auseinandersetzungen der Munsee mit den zuständigen Behörden wie auch die zweifelhafte Rolle von Agenten und Missionaren ausführlicher zu untersuchen. Nachdem der Zusammenschluss aller Bands auf einer gemeinsamen Reservation missglückt war, verlagerten sich die Aktionen der Munsee im späten 19. Jahrhundert von der politischen auf die spirituelle Ebene. Nun nahmen die Munsee der Wolfs- und Truthahn-Phratrie in der Big House Ceremony als zentraler Jahresfeier eine führende Rolle ein. Ihr Engagement gewährleistete ein soziales Kontinuum und prägte ihr Bild als "Traditionalisten und Bewahrer der Kultur". Mit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts standen alle Munsee-Gruppen vor weiteren legalen Problemen. Ungelöste Landrechtsfragen, Hoffnung auf staatliche Anerkennung und das unklare Verhältnis zu den Delaware, lösten erneute Diskussionen um ihre Ethnizität aus. Doch die "Kern"-Identität als Mitglied einer Phratrie, die schon das Leben in der Heimatregion bestimmt und die Kontaktaufnahme zu anderen Stämmen während der Migration geprägt hatte, blieb bis zum Niedergang des Klanwesens von Bedeutung. Eigene Feldforschung bei heutigen Stammesmitgliedern zeigt auf, dass Reminiszenzen an dieses Klan/Phratrien-Konzept noch immer vorhanden sind. Die vorliegende Arbeit gewährt neue Einsichten in den komplementären Prozess von Migrationsgeschichte und ethnischer Identität, und darüber hinaus, einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Algonkin-Forschung.
Nichtregierungsorganisationen, in der englischen Abkürzung: NGOs (Non Governmental Organisations), sind seit Ende der 80er Jahre und besonders seit der UNO-Umweltkonferenz in Rio 1992 im sozialwissenschaftlichen Milieu ein gängiges Thema. Dabei verweisen die mal optimistischeren, mal pessimistischeren Einschätzungen über NGOs als Akteure auf internationaler Ebene im Kontext der aktuellen Globalisierungsprozesse auch darauf, dass nach dem Ende des Ost-WestGegensatzes die Debatte um die sogenannte internationale Zivilgesellschaft in den Vordergrund gerückt ist. Der Bedeutungszuwachs der NGOs in der internationale Arena hat mit dem Niedergang der Neuen Sozialen Bewegungen in den kapitalisitschen Metropolen, dem Ende des Ost-West-Konflikts und nicht zuletzt der damit verbundenen neoliberalen Globalisierung zu tun. ...
The present study focuses on specific aspects in the organization of teaching religion in Indonesia. It analyses the position of religion within the Indonesian Basic Law, consequential legislation, and educational policies. How does this framework translate into national and regional policies pertaining to the emergence, institutionalization, and organization of the Hindu class and the Hindu education system in Bali from 1945 to 2008?
Muslim majority Indonesia constitutes an interesting laboratory for doing fundamental research on religious plurality and transformations of religion. The model of organizing the religion class in Indonesia is rooted in a specific historical, socio-cultural, political, and legal context, which is fundamentally different to European models of religious education. In addition, in contrast to classical Islam and modern Islamic states, Indonesia recognizes Asian religions as equal in status with the religions of the book. Besides Islam and Christianity, Hindu Dharma and Buddhism were recognized as state funded religions in 1965. This recognition had important consequences for the Indonesian model of organizing five confessional religion classes and faith-based education systems.
The Balinese are a rare case of a religious and ethnic minority being simultaneously an ethnic and religious majority. Therefore, the Balinese provide an outstanding case to analyze how Indonesia’s religious and educational policies do deal with that particular ethnic and religious minority. In addition, how do the Balinese themselves use the constitutional and legal framework to establish the Hindu religion class in public schools and a private Hindu education system from the level of pre-school to higher education?
A qualitative examination was conducted basing on a combination of theoretical and empirical investigations. The province of Bali and three educational institutions were chosen, because the Balinese were the reformers of Indonesian Hindu Dharma and the inventors of the Hindu education system. As the study focuses on constitutional and legal contexts of the Hindu class and the Hindu education system, teachers’ professional education, and composition of curricula and textbooks, a qualitative approach was applied combining ethnographic fieldwork and case study research. In consequence, the subject positions the study in the academic disciplines of Religious Studies and Area Studies. Data were collected through bibliographical surveys and fieldwork.
The amended 1945 Basic Law and consequential legislation give the same right to state sanctioned religions. The state is based on “One Supreme Lordship” prescribing national monotheism or monism. Indonesia’s spirited statehood is based on a religious, but not confessional interpretation. In addition, the strategy to manage religious plurality is authoritarian, as positive freedom of religion is limited to six state-funded religions, whereas negative religious freedom is not provided for. Despite the equal status of the six state funded religions, discriminative practices prevail with regard to funding those Asian religions. Notwithstanding, the Muslim majority Pancasila state can serve a model function for countries with illiberal politics in the Muslim world.
The first objective of strategic and educational policies is to mould a citizen who has faith in God, follows the commands of God, and has morals. The dimension of spiritual intelligence in education is a particular Indonesian dimension of education, which Indonesian educational planners added to the UNESCO standards of student-centered learning throughout life. Indonesia organizes the religion class and faith-based education systems in a confessional but pluralistic style. The citizens are required to attend the religious class in the religion they adhere to instructed by a teacher of the same belief from elementary to higher education. In addition, the religious mark is a compulsory item in the school report, and whether a pupil/student stays back or is promoted to the next level depends, amongst other factors, on how the religion teacher grades the student.
Unlike the Muslim or Christian based education systems, the Hindu education system is still marginal and minuscule. Its funding is discriminative. Funding and expansion are linked to national policies, and the personal networks of Hindu agents are given the mandate to organize the Hindu administration and education system.
Im Vorfeld des 200jährigen Jubiläums der Expedition von Lewis & Clark (2003-2006) begannen auf der Standing Rock Indian Reservation auf der Grenze der US-Bundesstaaten North Dakota und South Dakota die Planungen für den Aus- bzw. Aufbau einer touristischen Infrastruktur auf der Reservation. Diese sollten bis zum Jahr 2004 weitgehend abgeschlossen sein sollte, um von den erwarteten drei Millionen Jubiläumsreisenden einerseits wirtschaftlich zu profitieren, andererseits diese aber auch inhaltlich und räumlich zu kontrollieren. Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung bis 2004 und untersucht, welche Faktoren diese positiv und negativ beeinflussten. Dabei wird deutlich, dass die Tätigkeiten auf der Reservation nicht allein von internen, sondern vielmehr auch von externen Faktoren, wie beispielsweise den Tourismusbehörden der Bundesstaaten, der Nachbargemeinde Mobridge, South Dakota, der Tribal Tourism Partnership Initiative des United Tribes Technical College, abhängig waren. Zudem wirft die Studie einen Blick auf die Organisationsstruktur der Reservation, wo das stammeseigene College eine wichtige Rolle in der Wirtschaftsförderung spielt und die Tourismusplanungen in Gang gebracht hat.
Grave visitation and concepts of life after death : a comparative study in Frankfurt and Hong Kong
(2012)
Grave visitation is a tradition common to many cultures. Yet, this sensitive topic is rarely addressed in cross cultural comparisons. Why do people visit the graves of their parents? What do they do in the cemetery? Could there be a similar set of intentions behind the diverse customs? By examining the visiting patterns in Frankfurt and Hong Kong, this research is aimed at comparing the concepts of life after death that underlie the practice. Phenomenologically oriented, this is an exploratory study based on qualitative interviews. Integrated with in-depth semi-structure interviewing and thematic analysis, the project covered twelve cases in each city. Research participants were purposefully selected. Data analysis was conducted according to the analytical framework approach. After identifying and clustering of themes, three central and interlocking issues were found: 1. the grave as a new home that connects the living and the dead; 2. death and the interpretation of hope; and 3.intergenerational reciprocity and continuing bonds. Though the images of life after death were ambiguously depicted, grave tending reflected shared expectations of the world beyond. Most significantly, visits to the graves strengthened the ties between the living and the dead, revealing a longing for a continued bond regardless of the forms of burial. At the end, this research illustrated not only the meanings of death but also the notion of religiosity through evaluating the secularisation thesis. Emphasising the dynamics of tradition and personal experience, this contextual reading of current death rituals serves as an original source for religious dialogue and education.