440 Romanische Sprachen; Französisch
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Particles have no specific lexical function per se and must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning. Thus, they develop manifold forms of polyfunctionality. They can express emotion, and when used interactively in everyday situations, they are dependent upon the particular features of the context. While the German language uses particles extensively, French more commonly uses alternative devices to expressa speaker's attitude toward his or her utterance, as will be shown by the example of ja in the speeches of the narrator and the characters of the novel 'The Call of the Toad' by Günter Grass.
Leaving aside elliptical coordinations, it is striking that no agreement has been reached on the structure of basic coordinate constructions. We propose that:
- coordinate constructions are structurally asymmetric: the conjunction makes a subconstituent with one of the conjuncts.
- such constituents can have several functions: coordinate daughter, adjunct daughter or main clause.
In order to show that some conjuncts should be analysed as adjuncts, we focus on asymmetric cases of coordination, in which the order of the conjuncts cannot be reversed, taking examples from French, Welsh and Korean. We present an HPSG analysis which treats the coordinating conjunctions as weak heads, with lexical subtypes, and coordinate phrases as multi-headed constructions, with different subtypes.
It has been shown that visual cues play a crucial role in the perception of vowels and consonants. Conflicting consonantal stimuli presented in the visual and auditory modalities can even result in the emergence of a third perceptual unit (McGurk effect). From a developmental point of view, several studies report that newborns can associate the image of a face uttering a given vowel to the auditory signal corresponding to this vowel; visual cues are thus used by the newborns. Despite the large number of studies carried out with adult speakers and newborns, very little work has been conducted with preschool-aged children. This contribution is aimed at describing the use of auditory and visual cues by 4 and 5-year-old French Canadian speakers, compared to adult speakers, in the identification of voiced consonants. Audiovisual recordings of a French Canadian speaker uttering the sequences [aba], [ada], [aga], [ava], [ibi], [idi], [igi], [ivi] have been carried out. The acoustic and visual signals have been extracted and analysed so that conflicting and non-conflicting stimuli, between the two modalities, were obtained. The resulting stimuli were presented as a perceptual test to eight 4 and 5-year-old French Canadian speakers and ten adults in three conditions: visual-only, auditory-only, and audiovisual. Results show that, even though the visual cues have a significant effect on the identification of the stimuli for adults and children, children are less sensitive to visual cues in the audiovisual condition. Such results shed light on the role of multimodal perception in the emergence and the refinement of the phonological system in children.
This paper proposes an HPSG account of the French tense and aspect system, focussing on the analysis of the passé simple (simple past) and imparfait (imperfective) tenses and their interaction with aspectually sensitive adjuncts. Starting from de Swart's (1998) analysis of the semantics of tense and aspect, I show that while the proposed semantic representations are appropriate, the analysis of implicit aspectual operators as coercion operators is inadequate.
The proposed HPSG analysis relies on Minimal Recursion Semantics to relate standard syntactic structures with de Swart-style semantic representations. The analysis has two crucial features: first, it assumes that the semantic contribution of tense originates in the verb's semantic representation, despite the fact that tense can get wide scope over other semantic elements. Second, it allows the occurrence of implicit aspectual operators to be controlled by the verb's inflectional class, which accounts for their peculiar distribution.
Clitic Climbing Revisited
(2003)
Presently, there is overall consent among researchers on Romance in HPSG (Miller and Sag, 1997, Abeillé et al., 1998, Monachesi, 1996, 1999) that bounded clitic climbing (CC) is best understood in terms of argument composition. Despite the fact that all current analyses of CC are based on the same core idea, individual analyses of this phenomenon differ.
In this paper, I shall propose a unified approach that will be applicable to CC in both French and Italian. The approach will be cast entirely in terms of valence lists, argument structure and slash, such that construction- or language-specific book-keeping devices can be eliminated. As a side-effect, this approach provides a more strengthened view of lexical integrity, in that morphological information, i.e. an argument's mode of realisation, will not be directly accessible for subcategorisation.
Désinvolture
(2018)
Das Wort 'Désinvolture' hat Ernst Jünger erstmals mit gedanklicher und historischer Substanz gefüllt: Er hat aus dem in Deutschland kaum bekannten Fremdwort einen Begriff mit sozialanthropologischer Ausrichtung gemacht, um eine Haltung zu kennzeichnen, für die er offenbar kein angemessenes deutsches Wort finden konnte. Sonst hielt er sich mit der Verwendung von Fremdwörtern sehr zurück. Obwohl er die französische Variante wählte, hat das Wort eine Entsprechung im Italienischen, die er in einer seiner Explikationen erwähnt ('Desinvoltura'), und eine im Spanischen, die er in einer weiteren durch ein Bacon-Zitat mitteilt ('Desenvoltura'). Der Schwerpunkt liegt also in der Romania, in der die Haltung, auf die Jünger hinauswill, offensichtlich stärker ausgeprägt war als in anderen Sprachräumen.
This paper presents a descriptive overview of liaison, giving an idea of the scope of the phenomenon and possible approaches to its analysis. As for the contextual conditions on liaison, in many cases, the traditional notions of obligatory and prohibited liaison do not reflect speakers' actual behavior. It turns out that general syntactic constraints cannot determine the systematic presence or absence of liaison at a given word boundary. At best, specific constraints can be formulated to target particular classes of constructions. To express such constraints, I propose a system of representation in the framework of HPSG. The use of EDGE features (introduced by Miller (1992) for a GPSG treatment of French) provides the necessary link between phrasal descriptions and the properties of phrase-peripheral elements.
Der Begriff Eurocomprehension steht für Europäische Interkomprehension in den drei großen Sprachengruppen Europas, der romanischen, slawischen und germanischen. Es geht der Eurocomprehension darum, unter EU-konformen sprachpolitischen Zielsetzungen Mehrsprachigkeit über den Einstieg in rezeptive Kompetenzen modularisiert zu erreichen. Dabei liefert die linguistische Interkomprehensionsforschung die interlingualen Transferbasen zur kognitiven Nutzung von Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen in Sprachgruppen, die eine Mehrsprachigkeitsdidaktik umsetzt. ...