440 Romanische Sprachen; Französisch
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Désinvolture
(2018)
Das Wort 'Désinvolture' hat Ernst Jünger erstmals mit gedanklicher und historischer Substanz gefüllt: Er hat aus dem in Deutschland kaum bekannten Fremdwort einen Begriff mit sozialanthropologischer Ausrichtung gemacht, um eine Haltung zu kennzeichnen, für die er offenbar kein angemessenes deutsches Wort finden konnte. Sonst hielt er sich mit der Verwendung von Fremdwörtern sehr zurück. Obwohl er die französische Variante wählte, hat das Wort eine Entsprechung im Italienischen, die er in einer seiner Explikationen erwähnt ('Desinvoltura'), und eine im Spanischen, die er in einer weiteren durch ein Bacon-Zitat mitteilt ('Desenvoltura'). Der Schwerpunkt liegt also in der Romania, in der die Haltung, auf die Jünger hinauswill, offensichtlich stärker ausgeprägt war als in anderen Sprachräumen.
It has been shown that visual cues play a crucial role in the perception of vowels and consonants. Conflicting consonantal stimuli presented in the visual and auditory modalities can even result in the emergence of a third perceptual unit (McGurk effect). From a developmental point of view, several studies report that newborns can associate the image of a face uttering a given vowel to the auditory signal corresponding to this vowel; visual cues are thus used by the newborns. Despite the large number of studies carried out with adult speakers and newborns, very little work has been conducted with preschool-aged children. This contribution is aimed at describing the use of auditory and visual cues by 4 and 5-year-old French Canadian speakers, compared to adult speakers, in the identification of voiced consonants. Audiovisual recordings of a French Canadian speaker uttering the sequences [aba], [ada], [aga], [ava], [ibi], [idi], [igi], [ivi] have been carried out. The acoustic and visual signals have been extracted and analysed so that conflicting and non-conflicting stimuli, between the two modalities, were obtained. The resulting stimuli were presented as a perceptual test to eight 4 and 5-year-old French Canadian speakers and ten adults in three conditions: visual-only, auditory-only, and audiovisual. Results show that, even though the visual cues have a significant effect on the identification of the stimuli for adults and children, children are less sensitive to visual cues in the audiovisual condition. Such results shed light on the role of multimodal perception in the emergence and the refinement of the phonological system in children.
While the perilinguistic child is endowed with predispositions for the categorical perception of phonetic features, their adaptation to the native language results from a long evolution from the end of the first year of age up to the adolescence. This evolution entails both a better discrimination between phonological categories, a concomitant reduction of the discrimination between within-category variants, and a higher precision of perceptual boundaries between categories. The first objective of the present study was to assess the relative importance of these modifications by comparing the perceptual performances of a group of 11 children, aged from 8 to 11 years, with those of their mothers. Our second objective was to explore the functional implications of categorical perception by comparing the performances of a group of 8 deaf children, equipped with a cochlear implant, with normal-hearing chronological age controls. The results showed that the categorical boundary was slightly more precise and that categorical perception was consistently larger in adults vs. normal-hearing children. Those among the deaf children who were able to discriminate minimal distinctions between syllables displayed categorical perception performances equivalent to those of normal-hearing controls. In conclusion, the late effect of age on the categorical perception of speech seems to be anchored in a fairly mature phonological system, as evidenced the fairly high precision of categorical boundaries in pre-adolescents. These late developments have functional implications for speech perception in difficult conditions as suggested by the relationship between categorical perception and speech intelligibility in cochlear implant children.
Der Begriff Eurocomprehension steht für Europäische Interkomprehension in den drei großen Sprachengruppen Europas, der romanischen, slawischen und germanischen. Es geht der Eurocomprehension darum, unter EU-konformen sprachpolitischen Zielsetzungen Mehrsprachigkeit über den Einstieg in rezeptive Kompetenzen modularisiert zu erreichen. Dabei liefert die linguistische Interkomprehensionsforschung die interlingualen Transferbasen zur kognitiven Nutzung von Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen in Sprachgruppen, die eine Mehrsprachigkeitsdidaktik umsetzt. ...
Le concept d’eurocompréhension signifie intercompréhension dans les trois grands groupes linguistiques européens, à savoir les langues romanes, slaves et germaniques. Il s’agit, en respectant les objectifs1 de la politique linguistique de l’Union Européenne, de parvenir de façon modulaire au plurilinguisme par le biais de compétences réceptives. Dans ce cadre, les recherches linguistiques effectuées sur l’intercompréhension fournissent les bases de transfert interlangues pour l’exploitation cognitive de la parenté entre les langues des groupes différents. ...