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Elision of /h, ?/ in the Shirazi Dialect of Persian (SHDP) : an optimality theory based analysis
(2010)
Until recently, many researchers have shown interest in studying lenitions, which are examples of the most common universal types of phonological processes. Elision of laryngeals (glottal fricative /h/ and glottal stop /?/) is one of the most common phonological alternations exhibited in the Shirazi dialect of Persian (SHDP) which to the knowledge of the researchers, has not been studied to date. This paper seeks to provide a description of the facts about this common phonological alternation in the addressed regional dialect of Persian and points out some main differences between the behavior of these processes in SHDP and Standard Persian (SP). The analysis is cast in an Optimal Theoretic (OT) framework (McCarthy and Prince 1995, 2001), which holds that linguistic forms are the outcome of interaction among violable universal constraints. The present study shows that the addressed processes of consonant deletion in SHDP are restricted by syllabic position and are conditioned by coda position, intervocalic position or consonant clusters. They are usually blocked in the onset, but there are cases where reduction is allowed in the onset of the stressed syllable. Thus, the study adds SHDP to the list of languages which permit lenition in the onset of the stressed syllable. The addressed processes of elision are always blocked in word-initial position and laryngeal elision is always followed by Compensatory lengthening (CL), even after deletion from the onset of the stressed syllable.
Key words: lenition or weakening, laryngeal elision, phonological processes, Optimality Theory
U radu se raspravlja o etimologiji hrvatske riječi jaram i srodnih riječi u ostalim slavenskim jezicima. Prikazuje se da je ta riječ u baltoslavenskome bila množinski oblik imenice koja je dala hrvatsko rame. Raspravljaju se formalne teškoće te etimologije i analiziraju se brojne usporedne izvedenice u slavenskome.
Rani razvoj goranskih govora
(2010)
U radu se razmatra povijest hrvatskih govora u Gorskome kotaru, koji se obično smatraju kajkavskim govorima. Obrađuju se različite promjene u akcentuaciji, konsonantizmu i vokalizmu do približno 16. stoljeća. One se uspoređuju sa sličnim promjenama u susjednim kajkavskim, slovenskim, čakavskim i štokavskim dijalektima. Najstarije nam izoglose pokazuju da goranske govore ne možemo smatrati doseljenim izdaleka ili miješanim. Moramo ih smjestiti u Gorski kotar već prije otomanskih nadiranja u 15. i 16. stoljeću. Raspravlja se o tome da je Gorski kotar dijalektno područje kroz koje teče više izoglosa koje postaju razumljive kad smještamo ovo područje u perspektivu okolnih južnoslavenskih narječja.
The article consists in a comparative reading of three novels: Um rio chamado tempo by Mia Couto, Le pain des corbeaux by Lhoussain Azergui and Paw królowej by Dorota Masłowska. In spite of the difference of the historical circumstances of Mozambique, Morocco and Poland, these three books meet at an intersecting point: the emergence of an intelligentsia that uses literacy and writing as an instrument to deconstruct the post-colonial concept of nation and to operate a trans-colonial renegotiation of identity. By the notion of trans-colonial, I understand the opposition against new kinds of symbolic violence that emerged after the end of the colonial period; here this new form of oppression is related to the concept of national unity – an artificial construct that leaves no place for a dualism or pluralism of cultural reality (two shores of the Zambezi river, Arab and Berber dualism in Morocco, "small homelands" in Poland).
The young heroes of the novels grasp the pen in order to break through the falseness or the taboos created by the fathers, establishing, at the same time, the relation of solidarity with the world of the grandfathers. The act of writing becomes an actualization of the ancestral universe of magic. The settlement of accounts with the parental generation concerns the vision of nation built upon the resistance against the colonizer (it also refers to the Polish cultural formation, based on the tradition of uprisings and resistance against the Russians).