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The theory of Raman scattering is extended to include electric-quadrupole radiation. The results obtained are used to compute the elastic and Raman scattering cross sections of heavy deformed nuclei. The dipole and quadrupole resonances are described by a previously developed theory which includes surface vibrations and rotations. The computed cross sections are compared with experimental data for all those nuclei where both absorption and scattering cross sections are available. Some discrepances still exist in certain details; however, the over-all agreement between theory and experiment is very good.
In a collective treatment the energies of the giant resonances are given by the boundary conditions at the nuclear surface, which is subject to vibration in spherical nuclei. The general form of the coupling between these two collective motions is given by angular-momentum and parity conservation. The coupling constants are completely determined within the hydrodynamical model. In the present treatment the influence of the surface vibrations on the total photon-absorption cross section is calculated. It turns out that in most of the spherical nuclei this interaction leads to a pronounced structure in the cross section. The agreement with the experiments in medium-heavy nuclei is striking; many of the experimental characteristics are reproduced by the present calculations. In some nuclei, however, there seem to be indications of single-particle excitations which are not yet contained in this work.
The modes and frequencies of the giant quadrupole resonance of heavy deformed nuclei have been calculated. The quadrupole operator is computed and the absorption cross section is derived. The quadrupole sum rule is discussed, and the relevant oscillator strengths have been evaluated for various orientations of the nucleus. The giant quadrupole resonances have energies between 20 and 25 MeV. The total absorption cross section is about 20% of the giant dipole absorption cross section. Of particular interest is the occurrence of the quadrupole mode which is sensitive to the nuclear radius in a direction of approximately θ=(1/4)π from the symmetry axis. This may give information on the details of the nuclear shape.
Production of neutral strange hadrons with high transverse momentum in Pb+Pb collisions at 158 A GeV
(2006)
The motivation for studying ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions is to search for signatures of a transition from hadronic matter to a partonic phase, the Quark-Gluon plasma. The bulk of the particles produced in these collisions possesses transverse momenta of pT < 2 GeV/c and evidence for the production of a Quark-Gluon plasma at SPS energies has been found in the properties of particles from this pT range. The rare particles seen in the higher pT domain can complete the picture of the produced matter. Examples for such high pT signatures include the properties of the baryon/meson ratios and the elliptic flow in the region 2 < pT < 4 GeV/c observed at RHIC. They can be explained by quark coalescence models. This phase space range can also be accessed for analysis at the highest SPS beam energy of 158 A GeV. A study of the pT dependence of baryon/meson ratios here can help to answer the question which hadron production mechanisms are relevant in this energy range. In the NA49 large acceptance hadron spectrometer, K0S and Lambda are identified via the V 0 topology of their decay into charged hadrons and the determination of their invariant mass. The reach in pT of this method is only limited by the statistics of the available data. An important part of the analysis presented in this thesis is to select potential V 0 candidates by adequate cuts. Optimisation for the high pT domain requires careful cuts in order to retain the signal there. A challenge implicated by this approach is the large combinatorial background left over by the loose cuts. A reliable signal extraction method was found that can deal with this possible difficulty and provide raw spectra.The fraction of particles that cannot be detected because of the geometrical acceptance of the detector and analysis inefficiencies was determined in simulations. Correction factors are extracted from this simulation for each phase space bin and applied to the raw spectra. The spectra corrected in this way reach pT = 3.6 GeV/c (for K0 S) and pT = 3.8 GeV/c (Lambda), respectively. The whole analysis method has been checked to be self-consistent and was compared to existing data on kaon and ... production, that is only available in the lower pT range. While the Lambda spectra agree with an earlier analysis [44], a disagreement remains between the results for K0 S presented here and charged kaon data published in [42]. The Lambda/K0 S ratio calculated from the corrected spectra qualitatively agrees with the results for the higher collision energy at RHIC [8]. A saturation of the ratio for pT >= 2 GeV/c clearly indicates that the hydrodynamical picture is not valid in the higher range any more. Unfortunately, no calculations from coalescence models are available for the SPS energy range so far.
Zwei- und Viel-Teilchen-Korrelationen in zentralen Schwerionenkollisionen bei 200 GeV pro Nukleon
(1995)
Um Signaturen für die Erzeugung eines Quark-Gluon Plasmas zu untersuchen, wurden im Rahmen eines Energie-Scan Programmes mit dem Experiment NA49 am CERN-SPS Beschleunigerring bei 5 unterschiedlichen Strahlenergien Schwerionenkollisionen untersucht. Eine Möglichkeit, Informationen über die raum-zeitliche Struktur einer solchen Kollision zu erhalten, ist durch die Untersuchung von Bose-Einstein-Korrelationen gegeben. Die Untersuchung der Energieabhängigkeit dieser Korrelationen ist Gegenstand dieser Arbeit. Um die Dynamik der Kollisionen zu studieren, wird die Analyse für die einzelnen Energien in Abhängigkeit des mittleren transversalen Impulses und der Paarrapidität durchgeführt. In der Arbeit werden zunächst die theoretischen Grundlagen zur Untersuchung von Schwerionenkollisionen mit Hilfe von Bose-Einstein-Korrelationen erarbeitet. Nach einer kurzen Darstellung des Experimentes NA49 folgt eine detaillierte Beschreibung der Datenselektion und der verwendeten Analyse-Methode. Die Ergebnisse werden im Rahmen eines Modells zur Beschreibung einer Teilchenquelle interpretiert.
A method is proposed by which the eigenstates and the eigenvalues of the S matrix, i.e., the eigenchannels, can be directly computed from the nuclear problem, for example, from the shell model. The calculation of all cross sections, viz., partial and total cross sections, is then exceedingly simple. The characteristics of the eigenchannels are described and the relation with other reaction theories is briefly discussed.