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In this paper we derive a formula for the energy loss due to elastic N to N particle scattering in models with extra dimensions that are compactified on a radius R. In contrast to a previous derivation we also calculate additional terms that are suppressed by factors of frequency over compactification radius. In the limit of a large compactification radius R those terms vanish and the standard result for the non compactified case is recovered.
The pion source as seen through HBT correlations at RHIC energies is investigated within the UrQMD approach. We find that the calculated transverse momentum, centrality, and system size dependence of the Pratt-HBT radii R_L and R_S are reasonably well in line with experimental data. The predicted R_O values in central heavy ion collisions are larger as compared to experimental data. The corresponding quantity sqrt R_O^2-R_S^2 of the pion emission source is somewhat larger than experimental estimates.
Gravitational radiation from ultra high energy cosmic rays in models with large extra dimensions
(2006)
The effects of classical gravitational radiation in models with large extra dimensions are investigated for ultra high energy cosmic rays (CRs). The cross sections are implemented into a simulation package (SENECA) for high energy hadron induced CR air showers. We predict that gravitational radiation from quasi-elastic scattering could be observed at incident CR energies above 10^9 GeV for a setting with more than two extra dimensions. It is further shown that this gravitational energy loss can alter the energy reconstruction for CR energies E_CR > 5 10^9 GeV.
No black holes at IceCube
(2006)
This work is dedicated to the investigation of nuclear matter at non-zero temperatures within an effective hadronic model based on the Walecka model. It includes fermions as well as a vector omega meson and a scalar sigma meson where for the latter a quartic self-interaction has been considered. The coupling constants have been adapted to the saturation properties of infinite nuclear matter. A set of self-consistent Schwinger-Dyson equations has been set up for all included particles within the Cornwall-Jackiw-Tomboulis formalism. This has been expanded to non-zero temperatures via the imaginary time formalism. Beside tree-level two different stages of approximations have been considered: the Hartree approximation which takes into account the double-bubble diagram for the scalar meson, and an improved approximation where in addition two-particle irreducible sunset diagrams for all fields were included. In the Hartree-approximation the Schwinger-Dyson equations can be solved by quasi-particle ansaetze, while in the improved approximation spectral functions with non-zero widths have to be introduced. The Schwinger-Dyson equations are solved by the fully dressed propagators. Comparing the two levels of approximation shows the influence of finite widths on the temperature dependence of the particle properties. The consideration of finite widths in fact has a significant influence on the transition from a phase of heavy nucleons to a transition of light nucleons, observed in the Walecka-model. The temperature dependence is weakend when finte widths are taken into account.
In order to investigate the role of neuronal synchronization in perceptual grouping, a new method was developed to record selectively from multiple cortical sites of known functional specificity as determined by optical imaging of intrinsic signals. To this end, a matrix of closely spaced guide tubes was developed in cooperation with a company providing the essential manufacturing technique RMPD® (Rapid Micro Product Development). The matrix was embedded into a framework of hard and software that allowed for the mapping of each guide tube onto the cortical site an electrode would be led to if inserted into that guide tube. With these developments, it was possible to determine the functional layout of the cortex by optical imaging and subsequently perform targeted recordings with multiple electrodes in parallel. The method was tested for its accuracy and found to target the electrodes with a precision of 100 µm to the desired cortical locations. Using the developed technique, neuronal activity was recorded from area 18 of anesthetized cats. For stimulation, Gabor-patches in different geometrical configurations were placed over the recorded receptive fields merging into visual objects appropriate for testing the hypothesis of feature binding by synchrony. Synchronization strength was measured by the height of the cross-correlation centre peaks. All pairwise synchronizations were summarized in a correlation index which determined the mean difference of the correlation strengths between conditions in which recording sites should or should not fire in synchrony according to the binding hypothesis. The correlation index deviated significantly from zero for several of these configurations, further supporting the hypothesis that synchronization plays an important role in the process of perceptual grouping. Furthermore, direct evidence was found for the independence of the synchronization strength from the neuronal firing rate and for neurons that change dynamically the ensemble they participate in. In parallel to the experimental approach, mechanisms of oscillatory long range synchronization were studied by network simulations. To this end, a biologically plausible model was implemented using pyramidal and basket cells with Hodgkin-Huxley like conductances. Several columns were built from these cells and intra- and inter-columnar connections were mimicked from physiological data. When activated by independent Poisson spike trains, the columns showed oscillatory activity in the gamma frequency range. Correlation analysis revealed the tendency to locally synchronize the oscillations among the columns, but a rapid phase transition occurred with increasing cortical distance. This finding suggests that the present view of the inter-columnar connectivity does not fully explain oscillatory long range synchronization and predicts that other processes such as top-down influences are necessary for long range synchronization phenomena.
Das HADES-Experiment (High Acceptance DiElectron Spectrometer) am SIS der GSI wurde zur Messung der e+e- - Paare dileptonischer Zerfälle der leichten Vektormesonen im Energiebereich von 1 - 2 AGeV entwickelt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden die Eigenschaften des Spurverfolgungssystems de HADES-Spektrometers untersucht. Das Spurverfolgungssystem besteht aus vier Ebenen mit Vieldrahtdriftkammern (Mini Drift Chambers (MDCs)) niedriger Massenbelegung (low-mass), die aus je 6 Auslesedrahtebenen bestehen. Eine der Hauptanforderungen an das Spurverfolgungssystem ist eine Ortsauflösung von 100 µm (hauptsächlich in y-Richtung), die benötigt wird, um die geforderte Massenauflösung von 1 % im Bereich der w-Masse zu erzielen. Gleichzeitig muss die Nachweiseffizienz für schwach ionisierende Elektronen/Positronen hoch sein. Die primäre Messgröße von Driftkammern ist die Driftzeit der entlang einer Teilchenspur generierten Elektronen der Primärionisation zum Auslesedraht. Um die gemessene Driftzeit in eine Ortskoordinate umrechnen zu können, ist eine genaue Kenntnis der Ort-Zeit-Korrelation der Driftzellen nötig. Es wurden detaillierte Simulationen der He/i - Butan Zählgasmischung mit GARFIELD, MAGBOLTZ und HEED vorgenommen. Dabei wurden Gastemperatur, Gasdruck, sowie die Kontamination des Zählgases mit O2 und H20 und die Konzentration des Löschgases variiert und die Auswirkung auf die Driftgeschwindigkeit der Elektronen und damit auf Ort-Zeit-Korrelation der Driftzellen studiert Des Weiteren wurden die Auswirkung der Höhe der Diskriminatorschwelle der Ausleseelektronik und der Einfluss des magnetischen Feldes auf die Driftzeitmessung untersucht. Ein zweidimensionales Modell der Driftzellen, das die Abhängigkeit der Ort-Zeit-Korrelation vom Einfallswinkel des Teilchens in die Driftzelle berücksichtigt, wurde in die Spurrekonstruktionssoftware integriert. Das realistische Ansprechverhalten der Driftkammern wurde in die GEANT-Simulation des HADES-Experimentes implementiert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Ansprechverhalten der inneren Driftkammern anhand von C + C Daten analysiert, die bei einer Einschussenergie von 2 AGeV im November 2001 gemessen wurden. Es wurde eine neue Methode entwickelt, die aus der Breite des am Auslesedraht influenzierten Signals (time above threshold) eine dem Energieverlust eines Teilchens korrelierte Größe bestimmt, die sich zur Identifikation von Teilchen eignet. Die vorgestellte Methode der Energieverlustmessung besitzt eine Auflösung von etwa 10 % für minimal ionisierende Teilchen und etwa 7, 2 % für stark ionisierenden Teilchen. Die Ortsauflösung der Driftzellen betrug 128 - 154 µm für minimal ionisierende Teilchen und 84 - 116µm für stark ionisierende Teilchen. Für minimal ionisierende Teilchen wurde die Ortsauflösung der Driftkammern in x- und y-Richtung zu x = 181 - 195µm und y = 87 - 104 µm bestimmt. Für stark ionisierende Teilchen wird eine Ortsauflösung von x = 119 - 148 µm und y = 57 - 79 µm erreicht. Eine Teilchenspur wird redundant in den 6 Drahtebenen einer Driftkammer nachgewiesen. Die Nachweiseffizienz der Drahtebenen einer Driftkammer lag für minimal ionisierende Teilchen bei 90 - 96 % und für stark ionisierende Teilchen bei 94 - 98 %. Es konnte somit gezeigt werden, dass die Driftkammern des HADES-Experiment über die geforderte Ortsauflösung und Nachweiseffizienz für e+|e- verfügen und aufgrund der Messung des Energieverlustes in den Driftkammern zur Teilchenidentifikation und Reduktion des Untergrundes beitragen können.
We introduce a smooth mapping of some discrete space-time symmetries into quasi-continuous ones. Such transformations are related with q-deformations of the dilations of the Euclidean space and with the non-commutative space. We work out two examples of Hamiltonian invariance under such symmetries. The Schrodinger equation for a free particle is investigated in such a non-commutative plane and a connection with anyonic statistics is found. PACS: 03.65.Fd, 11.30.Er
Results from various theoretical approaches and ideas presented at this exciting meeting (summary talk at the 5th International Conference on Physics and Astrophysics of Quark Gluon Plasma (ICPAQGP - 2005)) are reviewed. I also point towards future directions, in particular hydrodynamic behaviour induced by jets traveling through the quark-gluon plasma, which might be worth looking at in more detail.