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A new era in experimental nuclear physics has begun with the start-up of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN and its dedicated heavy-ion detector system ALICE. Measuring the highest energy density ever produced in nucleus-nucleus collisions, the detector has been designed to study the properties of the created hot and dense medium, assumed to be a Quark-Gluon Plasma.
Comprised of 18 high granularity sub-detectors, ALICE delivers data from a few million electronic channels of proton-proton and heavy-ion collisions.
The produced data volume can reach up to 26 GByte/s for central Pb–Pb
collisions at design luminosity of L = 1027 cm−2 s−1 , challenging not only the data storage, but also the physics analysis. A High-Level Trigger (HLT) has been built and commissioned to reduce that amount of data to a storable value prior to archiving with the means of data filtering and compression without the loss of physics information. Implemented as a large high performance compute cluster, the HLT is able to perform a full reconstruction of all events at the time of data-taking, which allows to trigger, based on the information of a complete event. Rare physics probes, with high transverse momentum, can be identified and selected to enhance the overall physics reach of the experiment.
The commissioning of the HLT is at the center of this thesis. Being deeply embedded in the ALICE data path and, therefore, interfacing all other ALICE subsystems, this commissioning imposed not only a major challenge, but also a massive coordination effort, which was completed with the first proton-proton collisions reconstructed by the HLT. Furthermore, this thesis is completed with the study and implementation of on-line high transverse momentum triggers.
The absolute-scale electronic energetics of liquid water and aqueous solutions, both in the bulk and at associated interfaces, are the central determiners of water-based chemistry. However, such information is generally experimentally inaccessible. Here we demonstrate that a refined implementation of the liquid microjet photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) technique can be adopted to address this. Implementing concepts from condensed matter physics, we establish novel all-liquid-phase vacuum and equilibrated solution–metal-electrode Fermi level referencing procedures. This enables the precise and accurate determination of previously elusive water solvent and solute vertical ionization energies, VIEs. Notably, this includes quantification of solute-induced perturbations of water's electronic energetics and VIE definition on an absolute and universal chemical potential scale. Defining and applying these procedures over a broad range of ionization energies, we accurately and respectively determine the VIE and oxidative stability of liquid water as 11.33 ± 0.03 eV and 6.60 ± 0.08 eV with respect to its liquid-vacuum-interface potential and Fermi level. Combining our referencing schemes, we accurately determine the work function of liquid water as 4.73 ± 0.09 eV. Further, applying our novel approach to a pair of exemplary aqueous solutions, we extract absolute VIEs of aqueous iodide anions, reaffirm the robustness of liquid water's electronic structure to high bulk salt concentrations (2 M sodium iodide), and quantify reference-level dependent reductions of water's VIE and a 0.48 ± 0.13 eV contraction of the solution's work function upon partial hydration of a known surfactant (25 mM tetrabutylammonium iodide). Our combined experimental accomplishments mark a major advance in our ability to quantify electronic–structure interactions and chemical reactivity in liquid water, which now explicitly extends to the measurement of absolute-scale bulk and interfacial solution energetics, including those of relevance to aqueous electrochemical processes.
Es wurde eine neue Routine zur Berechnung der Raumladungskräfte basierend auf einer schnellen Fourier-Transformation entwickelt und in das Teilchensimulationsprogramm LORASR integriert. Dadurch werden einzelne oder bis zu mehreren 100 Simulationen im Batch-Modus mit je 1 Million Makroteilchen und akzeptablen Rechenzeiten ermöglicht. Die neue Raumladungsroutine wurde im Rahmen der Europäischen „High Intensity Pulsed Proton Injectors” (HIPPI) Kollaboration erfolgreich validiert. Dabei wurden verschiedene statische Vergleichstests der Poisson-Solver und schließlich Vergleichsrechnungen entlang des Alvarez-Beschleunigerabschnittes des GSI UNILAC durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus wurden Werkzeuge zum Aufprägen und zur Analyse von Maschinenfehlern entwickelt. Diese wurden erstmals für Fehlertoleranzstudien an der IH-Kavität des Heidelberger Therapiebeschleunigers, am Protonen-Linearbeschleuniger für das FAIR Projekt in Darmstadt sowie am Vorschlag eines supraleitenden CH-Beschleunigers für die “International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility” (IFMIF) eingesetzt.
Motivated by a recent finding of an exact solution of the relativistic Boltzmann equation in a Friedmann–Robertson–Walker spacetime, we implement this metric into the newly developed transport approach Simulating Many Accelerated Strongly-interacting Hadrons (SMASH). We study the numerical solution of the transport equation and compare it to this exact solution for massless particles. We also compare a different initial condition, for which the transport equation can be independently solved numerically. Very nice agreement is observed in both cases. Having passed these checks for the SMASH code, we study a gas of massive particles within the same spacetime, where the particle decoupling is forced by the Hubble expansion. In this simple scenario we present an analysis of the freeze-out times, as function of the masses and cross sections of the particles. The results might be of interest for their potential application to relativistic heavy-ion collisions, for the characterization of the freeze-out process in terms of hadron properties.
The relativistic method of moments is one of the most successful approaches to extract second order viscous hydrodynamics from a kinetic underlying background. The equations can be systematically improved to higher order, and they have already shown a fast convergence to the kinetic results. In order to generalize the method we introduced long range effects in the form of effective (medium dependent) masses and gauge (coherent) fields. The most straightforward generalization of the hydrodynamic expansion is problematic at higher order. Instead of introducing an additional set of approximations, we propose to rewrite the series in terms of moments resumming the contributions of infinite non-hydrodynamics modes. The resulting equations are are consistent with hydrodynamics and well defined at all order. We tested the new approximation against the exact solutions of the Maxwell-Boltzmann-Vlasov equations in (0 + 1)-dimensions, finding a fast and stable convergence to the exact results.
Within this thesis, the mechanical integration of the Micro Vertex Detector (MVD) of the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment is developed. The CBM experiment, which is being set up at the future FAIR facility, aims to investigate the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter in the regime of high net-baryon densities and moderate temperatures. Heavy-ion collisions at beam energies in the range of 2 to 45 AGeV, complemented by results from elementary reactions, will allow access to these conditions. The experiments conducted at LHC (CERN, Switzerland) and at RHIC (BNL, USA = does not apply within the Beam Energy Scan program) so far focus on the investigation of the phase diagram in the regime of high temperatures and vanishing net-baryon densities. The high beam intensities provided by FAIR will enable CBM to focus its experimental program on systematical studies of rare particles. Among other particle species, open charm-carrying particles are one of the most promising observables to investigate the medium created in heavy-ion collisions since their charm quarks are exposed to the medium and traverse its whole evolution. The fact that the decay particles of these rare observables are also produced abundantly in direct processes in heavy-ion collisions results in a huge combinatorial background which attributes specific requirements to the detector systems. The call for a high interaction rate leads to a cutting-edge detector system which provides an excellent spatial resolution, thin detector stations and the capability to cope with the induced radiation as well as the high rate of traversing particles and the resulting track density. The required demands are to be implemented by the MVD which will be equipped with four planar stations positioned at 50, 100, 150 and 200 mm downstream the target. The geometrical acceptance, which has to be covered with charge-sensitive material, is defined according to the requirements of CBM in the polar angle range of [2.5°; 25°]. The MVD stations have to contribute as little as possible to the overall material budget. The expected beam intensity and the vicinity close to the target require silicon detectors that provide a hardness against non-ionizing radiation of more than 10^13 n_eq/cm² and against ionizing radiation of more than 1 Mrad. In addition, the read-out time of the sensors has to be as short as possible to avoid potential ambiguities in the particle tracking caused by the pile-up of hits having emerged from different collisions. For the time being, Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) offer the optimal choice of technology required to address the physics program of CBM with respect to the spectroscopy of open charm and di-electrons. The geometrical properties of these sensors define the layout of the detector. To limit the multiple scattering of the produced particles inside the geometrical acceptance, the sensors and the MVD have to operate in a moderate vacuum. The sensors are thinned down to a thickness of 50 µm and, to achieve a maximum polar angle coverage, they are glued onto both sides of dedicated thin carriers. These carriers, which are made of highly thermally conductive materials such as CVD diamond or encapsulated TPG, allow efficient extraction of the power produced in the sensors. This enables their operation at temperatures well below 0 °C as suggested by corresponding radiation hardness studies. Dedicated actively cooled aluminum-based heat sinks are positioned outside of the acceptance to dissipate the heat produced by the sensors and the front-end electronics. The design of the MVD, including the realistic thicknesses of the integrated materials, has been developed and refined in the context of this thesis. It has been transformed into a unique software model which is used to simulate and further optimize the mechanical and thermal properties of the MVD, as well as in sophisticated physics simulations. The model allowed evaluation of the material budget of each individual MVD station in its geometrical acceptance. The calculated averaged material budget values stay well below the material budget target values demanded by the physics cases. The thermal management of the MVD has been simulated on the level of a quadrant of each MVD station – four identically constructed quadrants are forming an MVD station – taking into account material properties of the sensors, the glue and the sensor carrier. The temperature gradients across the pixels of a given sensor area in the direction of the rows and columns were found to be in an acceptable range of below 5 K. A temperature difference between the thermal interface area and the maximum sensor temperature of dT = 5 K on the first and a value of dT = 40 K on the fourth MVD station has been thermally simulated assuming a sensor power dissipation of 0.35 W/cm², highlighting the need to optimize the thermal interface between the involved materials as well as the power dissipation of the sensors. The feasibility of several key aspects required for the construction phase of the MVD has been investigated within the MVD Prototype project. The construction of the MVD Prototype allowed evaluation, testing and validation of the handling and the double-sided integration of ultra-thin sensors – the required working steps for their integration have been specified, evaluated and successfully established – as well as their operation in the laboratory and during a concluding in-beam test using high-energetic pions provided by the CERN-SPS. The thermal characterization of the MVD Prototype during its operation – in a temperature range from [5 °C; 25 °C], not in vacuum – confirmed the corresponding thermal simulations conducted during its design phase and substantiated the results of the thermal simulations for the design of the MVD. The aim of a material budget value of only x/X_0 ~ 0.3% for the MVD Prototype has been accomplished. Analyzing the in-beam data, the nominal sensor performance parameters were successfully reproduced, demonstrating that the proposed integration process does not impair the sensors’ performance. Moreover, no evidence of potential impact on the sensors’ performance arising from mechanical weaknesses of the MVD Prototype mechanics has been found within the analyzed data. Based on the MVD Prototype and the simulations of the material budget as well as the thermal management, this thesis evaluated the work packages, procedures and quality assurance parameters needed to set up the starting version of the MVD and addressed open questions as well as critical procedures to be studied prior to the production phase of the detector, emphasizing the evaluation of the cooling concept in vacuum and the integration of sensors in ladder structures on both sides of the quadrants of the MVD stations.
In this thesis we have studied the physics of different ultracold Bose-Fermi mixtures in optical lattices, as well as spin 1=2 fermions in a harmonic trap. To study these systems we generalized dynamical mean-field theory for a mixture of fermions and bosons, as well as for an inhomogeneous environment. Generalized dynamical mean-field theory (GDMFT) is a method that describes a mixture of fermions and bosons. This method consists of Gutzwiller mean-field for the bosons, and dynamical mean-field theory for the fermions, which are coupled on-site by the Bose-Fermi density-density interaction and possibly a Feshbach term which converts a pair of up and down fermions into a molecule, i.e. a boson. We derived the self-consistency equations and showed that this method is well-controlled in the limit of high lattice coordination number z. We develop real-space dynamical mean-field theory for studying systems in an inhomogeneous environment, e.g. in a harmonic trap. The crucial difference compared to standard DMFT is that we are taking into account that different sites are not equivalent to each other and thus take into account the inhomogeneity of the system. Different sites are coupled by the real-space Dyson equation. ...
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Protonen an im Raum ausgerichteten D2-Molekülen gestreut. Ziel war es nach möglichen Interferenzstrukturen in der Streuwinkelverteilung der Projektile zu suchen. Solche Interferenzstrukturen sind durch die Theorie vorhergesagt. Sie sind in Analogie zur Beugung am Doppelspalt ein Ergebnis der kohärenten Streuung des Projektils an den beiden Kernen des D2-Moleküls. Für den Reaktionskanal des Elektroneneinfangs mit gleichzeitiger Dissoziation des Moleküls mit einer Energie zwischen 4 und 7eV zeigen die experimentellen Daten tatsächlich ein Minimum an etwa der vorhergesagten Stelle. Dieses Minimum variiert mit der Orientierung der Molekülachse allerdings nicht ganz, wie aufgrund der Analogie zum Doppelspalt zu erwarten ist. Für den gleichzeitig im Experiment beobachteten Kanal der Transferionisation, der zu einer Fragmentenergie von etwa 9eV führt, wurden im Experiment keine Modulation der Streuverteilung beobachtet. Der beobachtete Reaktionskanal der Dissoziation wirft weitere Fragen auf, die über das einfache Doppelspalt-Bild hinausgehen. So kann das dissoziierende D2-Ion sowohl in einem geraden als auch in einem ungeraden Zustand seiner elektronischen Wellenfunktion zurückbleiben. Diese Symmetrie der elektronischen Wellenfunktion beeinflusst ebenfalls die Phase der gestreuten Welle. Eine zuverlässige Vorhersage des zu erwartenden Kontrastes des Interferenzmusters hängt von der relativen Stärke der Anregung in den geraden und ungeraden Zustand ab. Dieser Effekt ist bisher nicht in den theoretischen Modellen berücksichtigt. Diese Frage kann aber auch durch weitere Experimente geklärt werden. Im Rahmen einer anderen Diplomarbeit [Wim04] wurde ein sehr ähnliches Experiment vermessen: Ein einfach geladenes Wasserstoffmolekülion wird beschleunigt, stößt mit einem nahezu ruhenden Atom und fängt dabei ein Elektron ein. Durch den Elektroneneinfang geht das Molekül u. a. in einen 1ssu-Zustand über, der zur Dissoziation führt. Genau wie in diesem Experiment auch, kann dadurch die Molekülachse festgehalten werden. Betrachtet man in der Auswertung die Bewegung beider Teilchen in inverser Kinematik, d.h. lässt man das neutrale Atom auf das Molekül zufliegen, so zeigen sich in der Impulsverteilung des Rückstoßions (Atomions) Minima und Maxima, deren Position sich mit der Drehung des Moleküls ändert. Dies bestätigt eigentlich die Existenz von Interferenzen. Nur wird hier, wie bereits gesagt, die inverse Kinematik betrachtet, zudem vermisst man eigentlich den umgekehrten Übergang vom 1ssg-Zustand des Molekülions in den 1ssu-Zustand des Moleküls. Um theoretische Berechnungen jedoch direkt zu bestätigen, ist es durchaus erstrebenswert, die Kinematik wie hier in dem hier vorgestellten Experiment zu vermessen. Aus diesem Grund werden in nächster Zeit noch weitere Messungen vorgenommen, in denen mit gleichem Aufbau, jedoch mit einer niedrigeren Projektilenergie (10 keV - 25 keV), die gleiche Reaktion untersucht wird. Mit der niedrigeren Energie des Projektils soll eine sehr viel bessere Streuwinkelauflösung erreicht werden, so dass sie die Beobachtung möglicher Interferenzen definitiv nicht mehr begrenzt. Dadurch können zum einen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit auf ihre Richtigkeit überprüft werden. Wenn tatsächlich Interferenzstrukturen zu beobachten sind, zeigen zum anderen eventuelle Veränderungen, ob eine Analogie zum Doppelspalt gerechtfertigt ist.
Higher-order effects are calculated in the framework of the eigenchannel theory for elastic and inelastic electron-nucleus scattering in the energy region 100≤E≤250 MeV. A dispersion effect of about 12% is found for the elastic scattering on Ni58 at a momentum transfer q≈500 MeV/c. For inelastic scattering, the reorientation effect is discussed, in addition to the dispersion effect. The total higher-order effect changes the form factor for a hindered first-order transition by 50% at its minima. Furthermore, the dependence of the higher-order effects on the transition potentials of the virtual excitations, the model dependence, and the dependence on the energy E of the electron and the momentum transfer q are discussed. A closed formula for the S matrix is developed by calculating the eigenchannels in stationary perturbation theory.
The ALICE Collaboration is collecting data with both Minimum Bias and Muon triggers with pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV in the ongoing LHC Run II. An excellent performance of tracking and PID in the central barrel and in the muon spectrometer has been obtained. First results on the charged-particle pseudorapidity density and on identified particle transverse momentum spectra at √s = 13 TeV is presented.
ALICE is the dedicated heavy-ion experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. After a two-year long shutdown, the LHC restarted its physics programme in June 2015 with proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV and Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV, the highest centre-of-mass energy ever reached in laboratory. Recent results and future perspective for ALICE will be presented.
Measurements of the transverse momentum spectra of light flavor particles at intermediate and high pT are an important tool for QCD studies. In pp collisions they provide a baseline for perturbative QCD, while in Pb–Pb they are used to investigate the suppression caused by the surrounding medium. In p–Pb collisions, such measurements provide a reference to disentangle final from initial state effects and thus play an important role in the search for signatures of the formation of a deconfined hot medium. While the comparison of the p–Pb and Pb–Pb data indicates that initial state effects do not play a role in the suppression of hadron production observed at high pT in heavy ion collisions, several measurements of particle production in the low and intermediate pT region indicate the presence of collective effects.
The present status in the field of strange mesons in nuclei and neutron stars is reviewed. In particular, the K̅N interaction, that is governed by the presence of the Λ(1405), is analyzed and the formation of the K̅NN bound state is discussed. Moreover, the properties of K̅ in dense nuclear matter are studied, in connection with strangeness production in nuclear collisions and kaon condensation in neutron stars.
We discuss the behavior of dynamically-generated charmed baryonic resonances in matter within a unitarized coupled-channel model consistent with heavy-quark spin symmetry. We analyze the implications for the formation of D-meson bound states in nuclei and the propagation of D mesons in heavy-ion collisions from RHIC to FAIR energies.
The properties of strange pseudoscalar and vectors mesons as well as strange baryon resonances in dense matter are reviewed. Some open questions on the properties of strange hadrons in medium are addressed, such as the experimental signatures of inmedium effects coming from the hadronic phase on the final observables in heavy-ion collisions for the experimental conditions at SIS, RHIC and LHC energies.
The kaon nuclear optical potential is studied including the effect of the Θ+ pentaquark. The one-nucleon contribution is obtained using an extension of the Jülich meson-exchange potential as bare kaon–nucleon interaction. Significant differences between a fully self-consistent calculation and the usually employed low-density Tρ approach are observed. The influence of the one-nucleon absorption process, KN→Θ+, on the kaon optical potential is negligible due to the small width of the pentaquark. In contrast, the two-nucleon mechanism, KNN→Θ+N, estimated from the coupling of the pentaquark to a two-meson cloud, provides the required amount of additional kaon absorption to reconcile with data the systematically low K+-nucleus reaction cross sections found by the theoretical models.
We study the implications on compact star properties of a soft nuclear equation of state determined from kaon production at subthreshold energies in heavy-ion collisions. On one hand, we apply these results to study radii and moments of inertia of light neutron stars. Heavy-ion data provides constraints on nuclear matter at densities relevant for those stars and, in particular, to the density dependence of the symmetry energy of nuclear matter. On the other hand, we derive a limit for the highest allowed neutron star mass of three solar masses. For that purpouse, we use the information on the nucleon potential obtained from the analysis of the heavy-ion data combined with causality on the nuclear equation of state.
The D-meson spectral density at finite temperature is obtained within a self-consistent coupled-channel approach. For the bare meson-baryon interaction, a separable potential is taken, whose parameters are fixed by the position and width of the Lambda_c (2593) resonance. The quasiparticle peak stays close to the free D-meson mass, indicating a small change in the effective mass for finite density and temperature. However, the considerable width of the spectral density implies physics beyond the quasiparticle approach. Our results indicate that the medium modifications for the D-mesons in nucleus-nucleus collisions at FAIR (GSI) will be dominantly on the width and not, as previously expected, on the mass.
The D-meson spectral density at finite temperature is obtained within a self-consistent coupled-channel approach. For the bare meson–baryon interaction, a separable potential is taken, whose parameters are fixed by the position and width of the Λc(2593) resonance. The quasiparticle peak stays close to the free D-meson mass, indicating a small change in the effective mass for finite density and temperature. Furthermore, the spectral density develops a considerable width due to the coupled-channel structure. Our results indicate that the medium modifications for the D-mesons in nucleus-nucleus collisions at FAIR (GSI) will be dominantly on the width and not, as previously expected, on the mass.
We obtain the D-meson spectral density at finite temperature for the conditions of density and temperature expected at FAIR. We perform a self-consistent coupled-channel calculation taking, as a bare interaction, a separable potential model. The Lambda_c (2593) resonance is generated dynamically. We observe that the D-meson spectral density develops a sizeable width while the quasiparticle peak stays close to the free position. The consequences for the D-meson production at FAIR are discussed.
We have calculated the D-meson spectral density at finite temperature within a self-consistent coupled-channel approach that generates dynamically the Lambda_c (2593) resonance. We find a small mass shift for the D-meson in this hot and dense medium while the spectral density develops a sizeable width. The reduced attraction felt by the D-meson in hot and dense matter together with the large width observed have important consequences for the D-meson production in the future CBM experiment at FAIR.
The ab-initio molecular dynamics framework has been the cornerstone of computational solid state physics in the last few decades. Although it is already a mature field it is still rapidly developing to accommodate the growth in solid state research as well as to efficiently utilize the increase in computing power. Starting from the first principles, the ab-initio molecular dynamics provides essential information about structural and electronic properties of matter under various external conditions. In this thesis we use the ab-initio molecular dynamics to study the behavior of BaFe2As2 and CaFe2As2 under the application of external pressure. BaFe2As2 and CaFe2As2 belong to the family of iron based superconductors which are a novel and promising superconducting materials. The application of pressure is one of two key methods by which electronic and structural properties of iron based superconductors can be modified, the other one being doping (or chemical pressure). In particular, it has been noted that pressure conditions have an important effect, but their exact role is not fully understood. To better understand the effect of different pressure conditions we have performed a series of ab-initio simulations of pressure application. In order to apply the pressure with arbitrary stress tensor we have developed a method based on the Fast Inertial Relaxation Engine, whereby the unit cell and the atomic positions are evolved according to the metadynamical equations of motion. We have found that the application of hydrostatic and c axis uniaxial pressure induces a phase transition from the magnetically ordered orthorhombic phase to the non-magnetic collapsed tetragonal phase in both BaFe2As2 and CaFe2As2. In the case of BaFe2As2, an intermediate tetragonal non-magnetic tetragonal phase is observed in addition. Application of the uniaxial pressure parallel to the c axis reduces the critical pressure of the phase transition by an order of magnitude, in agreement with the experimental findings. The in-plane pressure application did not result in transition to the non-magnetic tetragonal phase and instead, rotation of the magnetic order direction could be observed. This is discussed in the context of Ginzburg-Landau theory. We have also found that the magnetostructural phase transition is accompanied by a change in the Fermi surface topology, whereby the hole cylinders centered around the Gamma point disappear, restricting the possible Cooper pair scattering channels in the tetragonal phase. Our calculations also permit us to estimate the bulk moduli and the orthorhombic elastic constants of BaFe2As2 and CaFe2As2.
To study the electronic structure in systems with broken translational symmetry, such as doped iron based superconductors, it is necessary to develop a method to unfold the complicated bandstructures arising from the supercell calculations. In this thesis we present the unfolding method based on group theoretical techniques. We achieve the unfolding by employing induced irreducible representations of space groups. The unique feature of our method is that it treats the point group operations on an equal footing with the translations. This permits us to unfold the bandstructures beyond the limit of translation symmetry and also formulate the tight-binding models of reduced dimensionality if certain conditions are met. Inclusion of point group operations in the unfolding formalism allows us to reach important conclusions about the two versus one iron picture in iron based superconductors.
And finally, we present the results of ab-initio structure prediction in the cases of giant volume collapse in MnS2 and alkaline doped picene. In the case of MnS2, a previously unobserved high pressure arsenopyrite structure of MnS2 is predicted and stability regions for the two competing metastable phases under pressure are determined. In the case of alkaline doped picene, crystal structures with different levels of doping were predicted and used to study the role of electronic correlations.
The energy dependence of the local and violation in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions in a large energy range is estimated within a simple phenomenological model. It is expected that at LHC the chiral magnetic effect will be about 20 times weaker than at RHIC. At lower energy range, covered by the low-energy scan at RHIC and future NICA/FAIR facilities, the created magnetic field strength and energy density of deconfined matter are rather high providing necessary conditions for the chiral magnetic effect. However, the particular model for the chiral magnetic effect predicts that this effect should vanish sharply at energy somewhere above the top SPS one. To elucidate CME background effects the Hadron-String-Dynamics (HSD) transport model including electromagnetic fields is put forward. Importance of new planning experiments at LHC and for the low-energy RHIC scan program is emphasized.
Using full 3+1 dimensional general-relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of equal- and unequal-mass neutron-star binaries with properties that are consistent with those inferred from the inspiral of GW170817, we perform a detailed study of the quark-formation processes that could take place after merger. We use three equations of state consistent with current pulsar observations derived from a novel finite-temperature framework based on V-QCD, a non-perturbative gauge/gravity model for Quantum Chromodynamics. In this way, we identify three different post-merger stages at which mixed baryonic and quark matter, as well as pure quark matter, are generated. A phase transition triggered collapse already ≲10ms after the merger reveals that the softest version of our equations of state is actually inconsistent with the expected second-long post-merger lifetime of GW170817. Our results underline the impact that multi-messenger observations of binary neutron-star mergers can have in constraining the equation of state of nuclear matter, especially in its most extreme regimes.
Using full 3+1 dimensional general-relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of equal- and unequal-mass neutron-star binaries with properties that are consistent with those inferred from the inspiral of GW170817, we perform a detailed study of the quark-formation processes that could take place after merger. We use three equations of state consistent with current pulsar observations derived from a novel finite-temperature framework based on V-QCD, a non-perturbative gauge/gravity model for Quantum Chromodynamics. In this way, we identify three different post-merger stages at which mixed baryonic and quark matter, as well as pure quark matter, are generated. A phase transition triggered collapse already ≲ 10 ms after the merger reveals that the softest version of our equations of state is actually inconsistent with the expected second-long post-merger lifetime of GW170817. Our results underline the impact that gravitational wave observations of binary neutron-star mergers can have in constraining the equation of state of nuclear matter, especially in its most extreme regimes.
Quasi-universal behavior of the threshold mass in unequal-mass, spinning binary neutron star mergers
(2021)
The lifetime of the remnant produced by the merger of two neutron stars can provide a wealth of information on the equation of state of nuclear matter and on the processes leading to the electromagnetic counterpart. Hence, it is essential to determine when this lifetime is the shortest, corresponding to when the remnant has a mass equal to the threshold mass, Mth, to prompt collapse to a black hole. We report on the results of more than 360 simulations of merging neutron-star binaries covering 40 different configurations differing in mass ratio and spin of the primary. Using this data, we have derived a quasi-universal relation for Mth and expressed its dependence on the mass ratio and spin of the binary. The new expression recovers the results of Koeppel et al. for equal-mass, irrotational binaries and reveals that Mth can increase (decrease) by 5% (10%) for binaries that have spins aligned (antialigned) with the orbital angular momentum and provides evidence for a nonmonotonic dependence of Mth on the mass asymmetry in the system. Finally, we extend to unequal masses and spinning binaries the lower limits that can be set on the stellar radii once a neutron star binary is detected, illustrating how the merger of an unequal-mass, rapidly spinning binary can significantly constrain the allowed values of the stellar radii.
Post-merger gravitational-wave signal from neutron-star binaries: a new look at an old problem
(2023)
The spectral properties of the post-merger gravitational-wave signal from a binary of neutron stars encodes a variety of information about the features of the system and of the equation of state describing matter around and above nuclear saturation density. Characterising the properties of such a signal is an “old” problem, which first emerged when a number of frequencies were shown to be related to the properties of the binary through “quasi-universal” relations. Here we take a new look at this old problem by computing the properties of the signal in terms of the Weyl scalar ψ4. In this way, and using a database of more than 100 simulations, we provide the first evidence for a new instantaneous frequency, f ψ4 0, associated with the instant of quasi timesymmetry in the postmerger dynamics, and which also follows a quasi-universal relation. We also derive a new quasi-universal relation for the merger frequency f h mer, which provides a description of the data that is four times more accurate than previous expressions while requiring fewer fitting coefficients. Finally, consistently with the findings of numerous studies before ours, and using an enlarged ensamble of binary systems we point out that the ℓ = 2, m = 1 gravitational-wave mode could become comparable with the traditional ℓ = 2, m = 2 mode on sufficiently long timescales, with strain amplitudes in a ratio |h 21|/|h 22| ∼ 0.1 − 1 under generic orientations of the binary, which could be measured by present detectors for signals with large signal-to-noise ratio or by third-generation detectors for generic signals should no collapse occur.
Post-merger gravitational-wave signal from neutron-star binaries: a new look at an old problem
(2023)
The spectral properties of the post-merger gravitational-wave signal from a binary of neutron stars encodes a variety of information about the features of the system and of the equation of state describing matter around and above nuclear saturation density. Characterizing the properties of such a signal is an “old” problem, which first emerged when a number of frequencies were shown to be related to the properties of the binary through “quasiuniversal” relations. Here we take a new look at this old problem by computing the properties of the signal in terms of the Weyl scalar ψ4. In this way, and using a database of more than 100 simulations, we provide the first evidence for a new instantaneous frequency, y f0 4, associated with the instant of quasi-time-symmetry in the dynamics, and which also follows a quasi-universal relation. We also derive a new quasi-universal relation for the merger frequency f h mer, which provides a description of the data that is 4 times more accurate than previous expressions while requiring fewer fitting coefficients. Finally, consistent with the findings of numerous studies before ours, and using an enlarged ensemble of binary systems, we point out that the ℓ = 2, m = 1 gravitational-wave mode could become comparable with the traditional ℓ = 2, m = 2 mode on sufficiently long timescales, with strain amplitudes in a ratio |h21|/|h22| ∼ 0.1–1 under generic orientations of the binary, which could be measured by present detectors for signals with a large signal-to-noise ratio or by third-generation detectors for generic signals should no collapse occur.
Chiral symmetry represents a fundamental concept lying at the core of particle and nuclear physics. Its spontaneous breaking in vacuum can be exploited to distinguish chiral hadronic partners, whose masses differ. In fact, the features of this breaking serve as guiding principles for the construction of effective approaches of QCD at low energies, e.g., the chiral perturbation theory, the linear sigma model, the (Polyakov)–Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model, etc. At high temperatures/densities chiral symmetry can be restored bringing the chiral partners to be nearly degenerated in mass. At vanishing baryochemical potential, such restoration follows a smooth transition, and the chiral companions reach this degeneration above the transition temperature. In this work I review how different realizations of chiral partner degeneracy arise in different effective theories/models of QCD. I distinguish the cases where the chiral states are either fundamental degrees of freedom or (dynamically-generated) composed states. In particular, I discuss the intriguing case in which chiral symmetry restoration involves more than two chiral partners, recently addressed in the literature.
We describe two independent frameworks which provide unambiguous determinations of the deconfinement and the decoupling conditions of a relativistic gas at finite temperature. First, we use the Polyakov-Nambu-Jona–Lasinio model to compute meson and baryon masses at finite temperature and determine their melting temperature as a function of their strangeness content. Second, we analyze a simple expanding gas within a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric, which admits a well-defined decoupling mechanism. We examine the decoupling time as a function of the particle mass and cross section. We find evidences of an inherent dependence of the hadronization and freeze-out conditions on flavor, and on mass and cross section, respectively.
The 14N(n,p)14C reaction is of interest in neutron capture therapy, where nitrogen-related dose is the main component due to low-energy neutrons, and in astrophysics, where 14N acts as a neutron poison in the s-process. Several discrepancies remain between the existing data obtained in partial energy ranges: thermal energy, keV region and resonance region. Purpose: Measuring the 14N(n,p)14C cross section from thermal to the resonance region in a single measurement for the first time, including characterization of the first resonances, and providing calculations of Maxwellian averaged cross sections (MACS). Method: Time-of-flight technique. Experimental Area 2 (EAR-2) of the neutron time-of-flight (n_TOF) facility at CERN. 10B(n,α)7Li and 235U(n,f) reactions as references. Two detection systems running simultaneously, one on-beam and another off-beam. Description of the resonances with the R-matrix code sammy. Results: The cross section has been measured from sub-thermal energy to 800 keV resolving the two first resonances (at 492.7 and 644 keV). A thermal cross-section (1.809±0.045 b) lower than the two most recent measurements by slightly more than one standard deviation, but in line with the ENDF/B-VIII.0 and JEFF-3.3 evaluations has been obtained. A 1/v energy dependence of the cross section has been confirmed up to tens of keV neutron energy. The low energy tail of the first resonance at 492.7 keV is lower than suggested by evaluated values, while the overall resonance strength agrees with evaluations. Conclusions: Our measurement has allowed to determine the 14N(n,p) cross-section over a wide energy range for the first time. We have obtained cross-sections with high accuracy (2.5 %) from sub-thermal energy to 800 keV and used these data to calculate the MACS for kT = 5 to kT = 100 keV.
We examine the scaling trends in particle multiplicity and flow observables between SPS, RHIC and LHC, and discuss their compatibility with popular theoretical models. We examine the way scaling trends between SPS and RHIC are broken at LHC energies, and suggest experimental measurements which can further clarify the situation.
We explain how fluctuations of ratios can constrain and falsify the statistical model of particle production in heavy ion collisions, using K/p fluctuations as an example. We define an observable capable of determining which statistical model, if any, governs freeze-out in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. We calculate this observable for K/p fluctuations, and show that it should be the same for RHIC and LHC energies, as well as independent of centrality, if the Grand-Canonical statistical model is an appropriate description and chemical equilibrium applies. We describe variations of this scaling for deviations from this scenario, such as light quark chemical non-equilibrium, strange quark over-saturation and local conservation (canonical ensemble) for strange quarks. We also introduce a similar observable capable, together with the published K*/K measurement, of ascertaining if an interacting hadron gas phase governs the system between thermal and chemical freeze-out, and of ascertaining its duration and impact on hadronic chemistry.
We argue that Clustering in heavy ion collisions could be the missing element in resolving the socalled HBT puzzle, and briefly discuss the different physical situations where clustering could be present. We then propose a method by which clustering in heavy ion collisions could be detectedin a model-independent way.
We demonstrate that a Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP) with a dilute admixture of heavy quarks has, in general, a lower speed of sound than a “pure” QGP without effects from heavy flavors. The change in the speed of sound is sensitive to the details of the theory, making the hydrodynamic response to “flavoring” a sensitive probe of the underlying microscopic dynamics. We suggest that this effect may be measured in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions by relating the event-by-event number of charm quarks to flow observables such as the average transverse momentum.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Ionisation von Atomen und Molekülen in starken Laserfeldern experimentell untersucht. Hierbei kam die COLTRIMS-Technik zur koinzidenten Messung der Impulse aller aus einem Ionisationsereignis stammender Ionen und Elektronen zum Einsatz. Unter Mitwirkung des Autors wurde ein COLTRIMS-Reaktionsmikroskop umgebaut und mit einem neuen Spektrometer sowie einer atomaren Wasserstoffquelle ausgestattet. Des Weiteren entstand ein interferometrischer Aufbau zur Erzeugung von Zwei-Farben-Feldern. Aus jedem der vorgestellten Experimente konnten Informationen über die elektronische Wellenfunktion an der Grenze zum klassisch verbotenen Bereich gewonnen werden. Dies geschah sowohl im Hinblick auf die Amplitude, als auch auf die Phase der Wellenfunktion. Mit dem Wasserstoffatom (Kapitel 9), dem Wasserstoffmolekül (Kapitel 10) und dem Argondimer (Kapitel 11) wurden drei Systeme unterschiedlicher Komplexität gewählt.
When a very strong light field is applied to a molecule an electron can be ejected by tunneling. In order to quantify the time-resolved dynamics of this ionization process, the concept of the Wigner time delay can be used. The properties of this process can depend on the tunneling direction relative to the molecular axis. Here, we show experimental and theoretical data on the Wigner time delay for tunnel ionization of H2 molecules and demonstrate its dependence on the emission direction of the electron with respect to the molecular axis. We find, that the observed changes in the Wigner time delay can be quantitatively explained by elongated/shortened travel paths of the emitted electrons, which occur due to spatial shifts of the electrons’ birth positions after tunneling. Our work provides therefore an intuitive perspective towards the Wigner time delay in strong-field ionization.
Das CBM-Experiment an der zukünftigen FAIR Beschleunigeranlage zielt unter anderem darauf, Open-Charm-Teilchen zu rekonstruieren, die in Schwerionenkollisionen im Energiebereich von 10 bis 40 AGeV erzeugt werden. Ein für diese Teilchenrekonstruktion essentieller Detektor ist der Mikro-Vertex-Detektor (MVD).
Im Rahmen der Entwicklungsarbeiten für diesen Detektor werden regelmäßig Detektorsimulationen durchgeführt. Bei einer dieser Simulationen [CAD11], wurden nach Einführung eines verbesserten Simulationsmodells des Detektors, Einbrüche in Rekonstruktionseffizienz für Open-Charm Teilchen festgestellt. Als mögliche Ursache wurde eine Überlastung der Software für die Spurrekonstruktion von CBM vermutet, die erstmals mit realistischen Trefferdichten auf den MVD-Stationen konfrontiert war. Zusätzlich wurde in der Simulation die Geometrie eines MVD mit nur zwei Detektorebenen verwendet. Auch der durch die kleine Anzahl an MVD-Stationen große Abstand zwischen MVD und STS (Silicon-Tracking-System) und dessen potentiell ungünstiger Einfluss auf die Spurrekonstruktion konnte als Ursache für den beobachteten Einbruch der Rekonstruktionseffizienz nicht ausgeschlossen werden.
Die Aufgabe dieser Arbeit bestand in der Prüfung, ob der beobachtete Einbruch der Rekonstruktionseffizienz des Detektorsystems tatsächlich auf eine Überlastung der Spurrekonstruktionssoftware zurückzuführen ist. Darüber hinaus sollte festgestellt werden, ob mögliche konstruktive Verbesserungen im MVD (zusätzliche Detektorstationen) diesem Effekt entgegen wirken können...
Spontaneous brain activity is characterized in part by a balanced asynchronous chaotic state. Cortical recordings show that excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) drivings in the E-I balanced state are substantially larger than the overall input. We show that such a state arises naturally in fully adapting networks which are deterministic, autonomously active and not subject to stochastic external or internal drivings. Temporary imbalances between excitatory and inhibitory inputs lead to large but short-lived activity bursts that stabilize irregular dynamics. We simulate autonomous networks of rate-encoding neurons for which all synaptic weights are plastic and subject to a Hebbian plasticity rule, the flux rule, that can be derived from the stationarity principle of statistical learning. Moreover, the average firing rate is regulated individually via a standard homeostatic adaption of the bias of each neuron’s input-output non-linear function. Additionally, networks with and without short-term plasticity are considered. E-I balance may arise only when the mean excitatory and inhibitory weights are themselves balanced, modulo the overall activity level. We show that synaptic weight balance, which has been considered hitherto as given, naturally arises in autonomous neural networks when the here considered self-limiting Hebbian synaptic plasticity rule is continuously active.
The radiative lifetimes of the C3Il-X3II transition of the CSi radical have been calculated from highly correlated electronic wavefunctions and compared with available experimental data. For this transition, the Franck-Condon approximation fails due to the strong R-dependency of the transition moment function.
As a first step towards a realistic phenomenological description of vector and axial-vector mesons in nuclear matter, we calculate the spectral functions of the ρ and the a1 meson in a chiral baryon-meson model as a low-energy effective realization of QCD, taking into account the effects of fluctuations from scalar mesons, nucleons, and vector mesons within the functional renormalization group (FRG) approach. The phase diagram of the effective hadronic theory exhibits a nuclear liquid-gas phase transition as well as a chiral phase transition at a higher baryon-chemical potential. The in-medium ρ and a1 spectral functions are calculated by using the previously introduced analytically-continued FRG (aFRG) method. Our results show strong modifications of the spectral functions—in particular near the critical endpoints of both phase transitions—which may well be of relevance for electromagnetic rates in heavy-ion collisions or neutrino emissivities in neutron-star merger events.
A novel experimental approach for studying exotic transitions in few-electron high-Z ions was developed. In this approach, few-electron ions with selectively produced single K-shell holes are used for the investigation of the transition modes that follow the decay of the excited ions. The feasibility of the developed approach was confirmed by an experimental study of the production of low-lying excited states in He-like uranium, produced by K-shell ionization of initially Li-like species. It was found that K-shell ionization is a very selective process that leads to the production of only two excited states, namely the 1s2s 21S0 and 1s2s 23S1. This high level of selectivity stays undisturbed by the rearrangement processes. These experimental findings can be explained using perturbation theory and an independent-particle model, and are a result of the very different impact parameter dependencies of K-shell ionization and L- intrashell excitation. The L-shell electron can be assumed to stay passive in the collision, whereas the K-shell electron is ionized. It was stressed that the current result might directly be applied to accurate studies of the two-photon decay in He-like ions. Up to now, the experimental challenge in conventional 2E1 experiments has been the photon-photon coincidence technique, which is required to separate the true 2E1 events from the x-ray background associated with single photon transitions. In contrast, by exploiting K-shell ionization, the spectral distribution of the two-photon decay could be obtained simply by a measurement of the photon emission, using only a single x-ray detector in coincidence with projectile ionization. One further particular advantage arises from the fact that the 1s2p 3P0 state is not populated, and does not contribute to the continuum distribution of the two-photon emission. At high Z, this state also undergoes a two-photon E1M1 decay, which would be indistinguishable from the 2E1 decay of the 1s2s 1S0. The first measurement of the two-photon energy distribution from the decay of 1s2s 1S0 level in He-like tin was performed by adopting the technique developed in this thesis. In this technique, excited He-like heavy ions were formed by K-shell ionization of initially Li-like species in collisions with a low-Z gas target, and x-ray spectra following the decay of the He-like ions were measured in coincidence with the up-charged tin ions. The observed intense production of the 2E1 transitions, and a very high level of selectivity, make this process particularly suited for the study of the two-photon continuum, and thus for a detailed investigation of the structure of high-Z He-like systems. The method allowed for a background-free measurement of the distribution of the two-photon decay (21S0 -> 11S0) in He-like tin. The measured distribution could also be discriminated from that of other He-like ions, and confirmed, for the first time, the fully relativistic calculations. In addition, the feasibility of the method was confirmed by studying another exotic transition, namely the two-electron one-photon transition (TEOP) in Li-like high-Z ions. An experimental investigation of the radiative decay modes of the 1s2s2 state in Li-like heavy ions has been started. In the first dedicated beam time at the ESR, selective population of this state via K-shell ionization of initially Be-like species was achieved. The x-rays produced in this process were measured by a multitude of x-ray detectors, each placed under different observation angles with respect to the ion beam direction. The spectra associated with projectile electron loss consist (in all cases) of one single x-ray transition, which was attributed to the TEOP decay to the 1s2 2p1/2 level, possibly contaminated by the M1 decay to the 1s22s. Thus it was proven that, by adopting the developed approach, one can indeed produce the desired initial state. This makes this method perfectly suited for studies of TEOP transitions in high-Z systems. An extension of this study, by the inclusion of an electron spectrometer, would also allow for measurements of the autoionization channel, which would provide complete information on the various decay modes of the 1s2s2 state.
A powerful technique to distinguish the enantiomers of a chiral molecule is the Coulomb Explosion Imaging (CEI). This technique allows us to determine the handedness of a single molecule. In CEI, the molecule becomes charged by losing many electrons in a very short period of time by interacting with the light. The repulsion forces between the positive charged particles of the molecule leads the molecule to break into parts-fragments. By measuring the three vector momentum of (at least) four fragments, the handedness observable can be determined. In this thesis, CEI is induced by absorption of a single high energy photon, which creates an inner-shell hole (K shell) of the molecule. The subsequent cascade of Auger decays lead to fragmentation. We decided to work with the formic acid molecule in this thesis. Two different experiments were conducted. The first experiment focused on exciting electrons to different energy states, while the second experiment focused on extracting directly a photoelectron to the continuum and measure the angular distribution of the photoelectron in the molecular frame. The primary goal was to search for chiral signal in a pure achiral planar molecule under the previous electron processes. The results of these findings were further implemented to two more molecules.