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Within this thesis, the mechanical integration of the Micro Vertex Detector (MVD) of the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment is developed. The CBM experiment, which is being set up at the future FAIR facility, aims to investigate the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter in the regime of high net-baryon densities and moderate temperatures. Heavy-ion collisions at beam energies in the range of 2 to 45 AGeV, complemented by results from elementary reactions, will allow access to these conditions. The experiments conducted at LHC (CERN, Switzerland) and at RHIC (BNL, USA = does not apply within the Beam Energy Scan program) so far focus on the investigation of the phase diagram in the regime of high temperatures and vanishing net-baryon densities. The high beam intensities provided by FAIR will enable CBM to focus its experimental program on systematical studies of rare particles. Among other particle species, open charm-carrying particles are one of the most promising observables to investigate the medium created in heavy-ion collisions since their charm quarks are exposed to the medium and traverse its whole evolution. The fact that the decay particles of these rare observables are also produced abundantly in direct processes in heavy-ion collisions results in a huge combinatorial background which attributes specific requirements to the detector systems. The call for a high interaction rate leads to a cutting-edge detector system which provides an excellent spatial resolution, thin detector stations and the capability to cope with the induced radiation as well as the high rate of traversing particles and the resulting track density. The required demands are to be implemented by the MVD which will be equipped with four planar stations positioned at 50, 100, 150 and 200 mm downstream the target. The geometrical acceptance, which has to be covered with charge-sensitive material, is defined according to the requirements of CBM in the polar angle range of [2.5°; 25°]. The MVD stations have to contribute as little as possible to the overall material budget. The expected beam intensity and the vicinity close to the target require silicon detectors that provide a hardness against non-ionizing radiation of more than 10^13 n_eq/cm² and against ionizing radiation of more than 1 Mrad. In addition, the read-out time of the sensors has to be as short as possible to avoid potential ambiguities in the particle tracking caused by the pile-up of hits having emerged from different collisions. For the time being, Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) offer the optimal choice of technology required to address the physics program of CBM with respect to the spectroscopy of open charm and di-electrons. The geometrical properties of these sensors define the layout of the detector. To limit the multiple scattering of the produced particles inside the geometrical acceptance, the sensors and the MVD have to operate in a moderate vacuum. The sensors are thinned down to a thickness of 50 µm and, to achieve a maximum polar angle coverage, they are glued onto both sides of dedicated thin carriers. These carriers, which are made of highly thermally conductive materials such as CVD diamond or encapsulated TPG, allow efficient extraction of the power produced in the sensors. This enables their operation at temperatures well below 0 °C as suggested by corresponding radiation hardness studies. Dedicated actively cooled aluminum-based heat sinks are positioned outside of the acceptance to dissipate the heat produced by the sensors and the front-end electronics. The design of the MVD, including the realistic thicknesses of the integrated materials, has been developed and refined in the context of this thesis. It has been transformed into a unique software model which is used to simulate and further optimize the mechanical and thermal properties of the MVD, as well as in sophisticated physics simulations. The model allowed evaluation of the material budget of each individual MVD station in its geometrical acceptance. The calculated averaged material budget values stay well below the material budget target values demanded by the physics cases. The thermal management of the MVD has been simulated on the level of a quadrant of each MVD station – four identically constructed quadrants are forming an MVD station – taking into account material properties of the sensors, the glue and the sensor carrier. The temperature gradients across the pixels of a given sensor area in the direction of the rows and columns were found to be in an acceptable range of below 5 K. A temperature difference between the thermal interface area and the maximum sensor temperature of dT = 5 K on the first and a value of dT = 40 K on the fourth MVD station has been thermally simulated assuming a sensor power dissipation of 0.35 W/cm², highlighting the need to optimize the thermal interface between the involved materials as well as the power dissipation of the sensors. The feasibility of several key aspects required for the construction phase of the MVD has been investigated within the MVD Prototype project. The construction of the MVD Prototype allowed evaluation, testing and validation of the handling and the double-sided integration of ultra-thin sensors – the required working steps for their integration have been specified, evaluated and successfully established – as well as their operation in the laboratory and during a concluding in-beam test using high-energetic pions provided by the CERN-SPS. The thermal characterization of the MVD Prototype during its operation – in a temperature range from [5 °C; 25 °C], not in vacuum – confirmed the corresponding thermal simulations conducted during its design phase and substantiated the results of the thermal simulations for the design of the MVD. The aim of a material budget value of only x/X_0 ~ 0.3% for the MVD Prototype has been accomplished. Analyzing the in-beam data, the nominal sensor performance parameters were successfully reproduced, demonstrating that the proposed integration process does not impair the sensors’ performance. Moreover, no evidence of potential impact on the sensors’ performance arising from mechanical weaknesses of the MVD Prototype mechanics has been found within the analyzed data. Based on the MVD Prototype and the simulations of the material budget as well as the thermal management, this thesis evaluated the work packages, procedures and quality assurance parameters needed to set up the starting version of the MVD and addressed open questions as well as critical procedures to be studied prior to the production phase of the detector, emphasizing the evaluation of the cooling concept in vacuum and the integration of sensors in ladder structures on both sides of the quadrants of the MVD stations.
In this thesis we have studied the physics of different ultracold Bose-Fermi mixtures in optical lattices, as well as spin 1=2 fermions in a harmonic trap. To study these systems we generalized dynamical mean-field theory for a mixture of fermions and bosons, as well as for an inhomogeneous environment. Generalized dynamical mean-field theory (GDMFT) is a method that describes a mixture of fermions and bosons. This method consists of Gutzwiller mean-field for the bosons, and dynamical mean-field theory for the fermions, which are coupled on-site by the Bose-Fermi density-density interaction and possibly a Feshbach term which converts a pair of up and down fermions into a molecule, i.e. a boson. We derived the self-consistency equations and showed that this method is well-controlled in the limit of high lattice coordination number z. We develop real-space dynamical mean-field theory for studying systems in an inhomogeneous environment, e.g. in a harmonic trap. The crucial difference compared to standard DMFT is that we are taking into account that different sites are not equivalent to each other and thus take into account the inhomogeneity of the system. Different sites are coupled by the real-space Dyson equation. ...
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Protonen an im Raum ausgerichteten D2-Molekülen gestreut. Ziel war es nach möglichen Interferenzstrukturen in der Streuwinkelverteilung der Projektile zu suchen. Solche Interferenzstrukturen sind durch die Theorie vorhergesagt. Sie sind in Analogie zur Beugung am Doppelspalt ein Ergebnis der kohärenten Streuung des Projektils an den beiden Kernen des D2-Moleküls. Für den Reaktionskanal des Elektroneneinfangs mit gleichzeitiger Dissoziation des Moleküls mit einer Energie zwischen 4 und 7eV zeigen die experimentellen Daten tatsächlich ein Minimum an etwa der vorhergesagten Stelle. Dieses Minimum variiert mit der Orientierung der Molekülachse allerdings nicht ganz, wie aufgrund der Analogie zum Doppelspalt zu erwarten ist. Für den gleichzeitig im Experiment beobachteten Kanal der Transferionisation, der zu einer Fragmentenergie von etwa 9eV führt, wurden im Experiment keine Modulation der Streuverteilung beobachtet. Der beobachtete Reaktionskanal der Dissoziation wirft weitere Fragen auf, die über das einfache Doppelspalt-Bild hinausgehen. So kann das dissoziierende D2-Ion sowohl in einem geraden als auch in einem ungeraden Zustand seiner elektronischen Wellenfunktion zurückbleiben. Diese Symmetrie der elektronischen Wellenfunktion beeinflusst ebenfalls die Phase der gestreuten Welle. Eine zuverlässige Vorhersage des zu erwartenden Kontrastes des Interferenzmusters hängt von der relativen Stärke der Anregung in den geraden und ungeraden Zustand ab. Dieser Effekt ist bisher nicht in den theoretischen Modellen berücksichtigt. Diese Frage kann aber auch durch weitere Experimente geklärt werden. Im Rahmen einer anderen Diplomarbeit [Wim04] wurde ein sehr ähnliches Experiment vermessen: Ein einfach geladenes Wasserstoffmolekülion wird beschleunigt, stößt mit einem nahezu ruhenden Atom und fängt dabei ein Elektron ein. Durch den Elektroneneinfang geht das Molekül u. a. in einen 1ssu-Zustand über, der zur Dissoziation führt. Genau wie in diesem Experiment auch, kann dadurch die Molekülachse festgehalten werden. Betrachtet man in der Auswertung die Bewegung beider Teilchen in inverser Kinematik, d.h. lässt man das neutrale Atom auf das Molekül zufliegen, so zeigen sich in der Impulsverteilung des Rückstoßions (Atomions) Minima und Maxima, deren Position sich mit der Drehung des Moleküls ändert. Dies bestätigt eigentlich die Existenz von Interferenzen. Nur wird hier, wie bereits gesagt, die inverse Kinematik betrachtet, zudem vermisst man eigentlich den umgekehrten Übergang vom 1ssg-Zustand des Molekülions in den 1ssu-Zustand des Moleküls. Um theoretische Berechnungen jedoch direkt zu bestätigen, ist es durchaus erstrebenswert, die Kinematik wie hier in dem hier vorgestellten Experiment zu vermessen. Aus diesem Grund werden in nächster Zeit noch weitere Messungen vorgenommen, in denen mit gleichem Aufbau, jedoch mit einer niedrigeren Projektilenergie (10 keV - 25 keV), die gleiche Reaktion untersucht wird. Mit der niedrigeren Energie des Projektils soll eine sehr viel bessere Streuwinkelauflösung erreicht werden, so dass sie die Beobachtung möglicher Interferenzen definitiv nicht mehr begrenzt. Dadurch können zum einen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit auf ihre Richtigkeit überprüft werden. Wenn tatsächlich Interferenzstrukturen zu beobachten sind, zeigen zum anderen eventuelle Veränderungen, ob eine Analogie zum Doppelspalt gerechtfertigt ist.
Higher-order effects are calculated in the framework of the eigenchannel theory for elastic and inelastic electron-nucleus scattering in the energy region 100≤E≤250 MeV. A dispersion effect of about 12% is found for the elastic scattering on Ni58 at a momentum transfer q≈500 MeV/c. For inelastic scattering, the reorientation effect is discussed, in addition to the dispersion effect. The total higher-order effect changes the form factor for a hindered first-order transition by 50% at its minima. Furthermore, the dependence of the higher-order effects on the transition potentials of the virtual excitations, the model dependence, and the dependence on the energy E of the electron and the momentum transfer q are discussed. A closed formula for the S matrix is developed by calculating the eigenchannels in stationary perturbation theory.
The ALICE Collaboration is collecting data with both Minimum Bias and Muon triggers with pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV in the ongoing LHC Run II. An excellent performance of tracking and PID in the central barrel and in the muon spectrometer has been obtained. First results on the charged-particle pseudorapidity density and on identified particle transverse momentum spectra at √s = 13 TeV is presented.
ALICE is the dedicated heavy-ion experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. After a two-year long shutdown, the LHC restarted its physics programme in June 2015 with proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV and Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV, the highest centre-of-mass energy ever reached in laboratory. Recent results and future perspective for ALICE will be presented.
Measurements of the transverse momentum spectra of light flavor particles at intermediate and high pT are an important tool for QCD studies. In pp collisions they provide a baseline for perturbative QCD, while in Pb–Pb they are used to investigate the suppression caused by the surrounding medium. In p–Pb collisions, such measurements provide a reference to disentangle final from initial state effects and thus play an important role in the search for signatures of the formation of a deconfined hot medium. While the comparison of the p–Pb and Pb–Pb data indicates that initial state effects do not play a role in the suppression of hadron production observed at high pT in heavy ion collisions, several measurements of particle production in the low and intermediate pT region indicate the presence of collective effects.
The present status in the field of strange mesons in nuclei and neutron stars is reviewed. In particular, the K̅N interaction, that is governed by the presence of the Λ(1405), is analyzed and the formation of the K̅NN bound state is discussed. Moreover, the properties of K̅ in dense nuclear matter are studied, in connection with strangeness production in nuclear collisions and kaon condensation in neutron stars.
We discuss the behavior of dynamically-generated charmed baryonic resonances in matter within a unitarized coupled-channel model consistent with heavy-quark spin symmetry. We analyze the implications for the formation of D-meson bound states in nuclei and the propagation of D mesons in heavy-ion collisions from RHIC to FAIR energies.
The properties of strange pseudoscalar and vectors mesons as well as strange baryon resonances in dense matter are reviewed. Some open questions on the properties of strange hadrons in medium are addressed, such as the experimental signatures of inmedium effects coming from the hadronic phase on the final observables in heavy-ion collisions for the experimental conditions at SIS, RHIC and LHC energies.
The kaon nuclear optical potential is studied including the effect of the Θ+ pentaquark. The one-nucleon contribution is obtained using an extension of the Jülich meson-exchange potential as bare kaon–nucleon interaction. Significant differences between a fully self-consistent calculation and the usually employed low-density Tρ approach are observed. The influence of the one-nucleon absorption process, KN→Θ+, on the kaon optical potential is negligible due to the small width of the pentaquark. In contrast, the two-nucleon mechanism, KNN→Θ+N, estimated from the coupling of the pentaquark to a two-meson cloud, provides the required amount of additional kaon absorption to reconcile with data the systematically low K+-nucleus reaction cross sections found by the theoretical models.
We study the implications on compact star properties of a soft nuclear equation of state determined from kaon production at subthreshold energies in heavy-ion collisions. On one hand, we apply these results to study radii and moments of inertia of light neutron stars. Heavy-ion data provides constraints on nuclear matter at densities relevant for those stars and, in particular, to the density dependence of the symmetry energy of nuclear matter. On the other hand, we derive a limit for the highest allowed neutron star mass of three solar masses. For that purpouse, we use the information on the nucleon potential obtained from the analysis of the heavy-ion data combined with causality on the nuclear equation of state.
The D-meson spectral density at finite temperature is obtained within a self-consistent coupled-channel approach. For the bare meson-baryon interaction, a separable potential is taken, whose parameters are fixed by the position and width of the Lambda_c (2593) resonance. The quasiparticle peak stays close to the free D-meson mass, indicating a small change in the effective mass for finite density and temperature. However, the considerable width of the spectral density implies physics beyond the quasiparticle approach. Our results indicate that the medium modifications for the D-mesons in nucleus-nucleus collisions at FAIR (GSI) will be dominantly on the width and not, as previously expected, on the mass.
The D-meson spectral density at finite temperature is obtained within a self-consistent coupled-channel approach. For the bare meson–baryon interaction, a separable potential is taken, whose parameters are fixed by the position and width of the Λc(2593) resonance. The quasiparticle peak stays close to the free D-meson mass, indicating a small change in the effective mass for finite density and temperature. Furthermore, the spectral density develops a considerable width due to the coupled-channel structure. Our results indicate that the medium modifications for the D-mesons in nucleus-nucleus collisions at FAIR (GSI) will be dominantly on the width and not, as previously expected, on the mass.
We obtain the D-meson spectral density at finite temperature for the conditions of density and temperature expected at FAIR. We perform a self-consistent coupled-channel calculation taking, as a bare interaction, a separable potential model. The Lambda_c (2593) resonance is generated dynamically. We observe that the D-meson spectral density develops a sizeable width while the quasiparticle peak stays close to the free position. The consequences for the D-meson production at FAIR are discussed.
We have calculated the D-meson spectral density at finite temperature within a self-consistent coupled-channel approach that generates dynamically the Lambda_c (2593) resonance. We find a small mass shift for the D-meson in this hot and dense medium while the spectral density develops a sizeable width. The reduced attraction felt by the D-meson in hot and dense matter together with the large width observed have important consequences for the D-meson production in the future CBM experiment at FAIR.
The ab-initio molecular dynamics framework has been the cornerstone of computational solid state physics in the last few decades. Although it is already a mature field it is still rapidly developing to accommodate the growth in solid state research as well as to efficiently utilize the increase in computing power. Starting from the first principles, the ab-initio molecular dynamics provides essential information about structural and electronic properties of matter under various external conditions. In this thesis we use the ab-initio molecular dynamics to study the behavior of BaFe2As2 and CaFe2As2 under the application of external pressure. BaFe2As2 and CaFe2As2 belong to the family of iron based superconductors which are a novel and promising superconducting materials. The application of pressure is one of two key methods by which electronic and structural properties of iron based superconductors can be modified, the other one being doping (or chemical pressure). In particular, it has been noted that pressure conditions have an important effect, but their exact role is not fully understood. To better understand the effect of different pressure conditions we have performed a series of ab-initio simulations of pressure application. In order to apply the pressure with arbitrary stress tensor we have developed a method based on the Fast Inertial Relaxation Engine, whereby the unit cell and the atomic positions are evolved according to the metadynamical equations of motion. We have found that the application of hydrostatic and c axis uniaxial pressure induces a phase transition from the magnetically ordered orthorhombic phase to the non-magnetic collapsed tetragonal phase in both BaFe2As2 and CaFe2As2. In the case of BaFe2As2, an intermediate tetragonal non-magnetic tetragonal phase is observed in addition. Application of the uniaxial pressure parallel to the c axis reduces the critical pressure of the phase transition by an order of magnitude, in agreement with the experimental findings. The in-plane pressure application did not result in transition to the non-magnetic tetragonal phase and instead, rotation of the magnetic order direction could be observed. This is discussed in the context of Ginzburg-Landau theory. We have also found that the magnetostructural phase transition is accompanied by a change in the Fermi surface topology, whereby the hole cylinders centered around the Gamma point disappear, restricting the possible Cooper pair scattering channels in the tetragonal phase. Our calculations also permit us to estimate the bulk moduli and the orthorhombic elastic constants of BaFe2As2 and CaFe2As2.
To study the electronic structure in systems with broken translational symmetry, such as doped iron based superconductors, it is necessary to develop a method to unfold the complicated bandstructures arising from the supercell calculations. In this thesis we present the unfolding method based on group theoretical techniques. We achieve the unfolding by employing induced irreducible representations of space groups. The unique feature of our method is that it treats the point group operations on an equal footing with the translations. This permits us to unfold the bandstructures beyond the limit of translation symmetry and also formulate the tight-binding models of reduced dimensionality if certain conditions are met. Inclusion of point group operations in the unfolding formalism allows us to reach important conclusions about the two versus one iron picture in iron based superconductors.
And finally, we present the results of ab-initio structure prediction in the cases of giant volume collapse in MnS2 and alkaline doped picene. In the case of MnS2, a previously unobserved high pressure arsenopyrite structure of MnS2 is predicted and stability regions for the two competing metastable phases under pressure are determined. In the case of alkaline doped picene, crystal structures with different levels of doping were predicted and used to study the role of electronic correlations.
The energy dependence of the local and violation in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions in a large energy range is estimated within a simple phenomenological model. It is expected that at LHC the chiral magnetic effect will be about 20 times weaker than at RHIC. At lower energy range, covered by the low-energy scan at RHIC and future NICA/FAIR facilities, the created magnetic field strength and energy density of deconfined matter are rather high providing necessary conditions for the chiral magnetic effect. However, the particular model for the chiral magnetic effect predicts that this effect should vanish sharply at energy somewhere above the top SPS one. To elucidate CME background effects the Hadron-String-Dynamics (HSD) transport model including electromagnetic fields is put forward. Importance of new planning experiments at LHC and for the low-energy RHIC scan program is emphasized.
Using full 3+1 dimensional general-relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of equal- and unequal-mass neutron-star binaries with properties that are consistent with those inferred from the inspiral of GW170817, we perform a detailed study of the quark-formation processes that could take place after merger. We use three equations of state consistent with current pulsar observations derived from a novel finite-temperature framework based on V-QCD, a non-perturbative gauge/gravity model for Quantum Chromodynamics. In this way, we identify three different post-merger stages at which mixed baryonic and quark matter, as well as pure quark matter, are generated. A phase transition triggered collapse already ≲10ms after the merger reveals that the softest version of our equations of state is actually inconsistent with the expected second-long post-merger lifetime of GW170817. Our results underline the impact that multi-messenger observations of binary neutron-star mergers can have in constraining the equation of state of nuclear matter, especially in its most extreme regimes.
Using full 3+1 dimensional general-relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of equal- and unequal-mass neutron-star binaries with properties that are consistent with those inferred from the inspiral of GW170817, we perform a detailed study of the quark-formation processes that could take place after merger. We use three equations of state consistent with current pulsar observations derived from a novel finite-temperature framework based on V-QCD, a non-perturbative gauge/gravity model for Quantum Chromodynamics. In this way, we identify three different post-merger stages at which mixed baryonic and quark matter, as well as pure quark matter, are generated. A phase transition triggered collapse already ≲ 10 ms after the merger reveals that the softest version of our equations of state is actually inconsistent with the expected second-long post-merger lifetime of GW170817. Our results underline the impact that gravitational wave observations of binary neutron-star mergers can have in constraining the equation of state of nuclear matter, especially in its most extreme regimes.
Quasi-universal behavior of the threshold mass in unequal-mass, spinning binary neutron star mergers
(2021)
The lifetime of the remnant produced by the merger of two neutron stars can provide a wealth of information on the equation of state of nuclear matter and on the processes leading to the electromagnetic counterpart. Hence, it is essential to determine when this lifetime is the shortest, corresponding to when the remnant has a mass equal to the threshold mass, Mth, to prompt collapse to a black hole. We report on the results of more than 360 simulations of merging neutron-star binaries covering 40 different configurations differing in mass ratio and spin of the primary. Using this data, we have derived a quasi-universal relation for Mth and expressed its dependence on the mass ratio and spin of the binary. The new expression recovers the results of Koeppel et al. for equal-mass, irrotational binaries and reveals that Mth can increase (decrease) by 5% (10%) for binaries that have spins aligned (antialigned) with the orbital angular momentum and provides evidence for a nonmonotonic dependence of Mth on the mass asymmetry in the system. Finally, we extend to unequal masses and spinning binaries the lower limits that can be set on the stellar radii once a neutron star binary is detected, illustrating how the merger of an unequal-mass, rapidly spinning binary can significantly constrain the allowed values of the stellar radii.
Post-merger gravitational-wave signal from neutron-star binaries: a new look at an old problem
(2023)
The spectral properties of the post-merger gravitational-wave signal from a binary of neutron stars encodes a variety of information about the features of the system and of the equation of state describing matter around and above nuclear saturation density. Characterising the properties of such a signal is an “old” problem, which first emerged when a number of frequencies were shown to be related to the properties of the binary through “quasi-universal” relations. Here we take a new look at this old problem by computing the properties of the signal in terms of the Weyl scalar ψ4. In this way, and using a database of more than 100 simulations, we provide the first evidence for a new instantaneous frequency, f ψ4 0, associated with the instant of quasi timesymmetry in the postmerger dynamics, and which also follows a quasi-universal relation. We also derive a new quasi-universal relation for the merger frequency f h mer, which provides a description of the data that is four times more accurate than previous expressions while requiring fewer fitting coefficients. Finally, consistently with the findings of numerous studies before ours, and using an enlarged ensamble of binary systems we point out that the ℓ = 2, m = 1 gravitational-wave mode could become comparable with the traditional ℓ = 2, m = 2 mode on sufficiently long timescales, with strain amplitudes in a ratio |h 21|/|h 22| ∼ 0.1 − 1 under generic orientations of the binary, which could be measured by present detectors for signals with large signal-to-noise ratio or by third-generation detectors for generic signals should no collapse occur.
Post-merger gravitational-wave signal from neutron-star binaries: a new look at an old problem
(2023)
The spectral properties of the post-merger gravitational-wave signal from a binary of neutron stars encodes a variety of information about the features of the system and of the equation of state describing matter around and above nuclear saturation density. Characterizing the properties of such a signal is an “old” problem, which first emerged when a number of frequencies were shown to be related to the properties of the binary through “quasiuniversal” relations. Here we take a new look at this old problem by computing the properties of the signal in terms of the Weyl scalar ψ4. In this way, and using a database of more than 100 simulations, we provide the first evidence for a new instantaneous frequency, y f0 4, associated with the instant of quasi-time-symmetry in the dynamics, and which also follows a quasi-universal relation. We also derive a new quasi-universal relation for the merger frequency f h mer, which provides a description of the data that is 4 times more accurate than previous expressions while requiring fewer fitting coefficients. Finally, consistent with the findings of numerous studies before ours, and using an enlarged ensemble of binary systems, we point out that the ℓ = 2, m = 1 gravitational-wave mode could become comparable with the traditional ℓ = 2, m = 2 mode on sufficiently long timescales, with strain amplitudes in a ratio |h21|/|h22| ∼ 0.1–1 under generic orientations of the binary, which could be measured by present detectors for signals with a large signal-to-noise ratio or by third-generation detectors for generic signals should no collapse occur.
Chiral symmetry represents a fundamental concept lying at the core of particle and nuclear physics. Its spontaneous breaking in vacuum can be exploited to distinguish chiral hadronic partners, whose masses differ. In fact, the features of this breaking serve as guiding principles for the construction of effective approaches of QCD at low energies, e.g., the chiral perturbation theory, the linear sigma model, the (Polyakov)–Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model, etc. At high temperatures/densities chiral symmetry can be restored bringing the chiral partners to be nearly degenerated in mass. At vanishing baryochemical potential, such restoration follows a smooth transition, and the chiral companions reach this degeneration above the transition temperature. In this work I review how different realizations of chiral partner degeneracy arise in different effective theories/models of QCD. I distinguish the cases where the chiral states are either fundamental degrees of freedom or (dynamically-generated) composed states. In particular, I discuss the intriguing case in which chiral symmetry restoration involves more than two chiral partners, recently addressed in the literature.
We describe two independent frameworks which provide unambiguous determinations of the deconfinement and the decoupling conditions of a relativistic gas at finite temperature. First, we use the Polyakov-Nambu-Jona–Lasinio model to compute meson and baryon masses at finite temperature and determine their melting temperature as a function of their strangeness content. Second, we analyze a simple expanding gas within a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric, which admits a well-defined decoupling mechanism. We examine the decoupling time as a function of the particle mass and cross section. We find evidences of an inherent dependence of the hadronization and freeze-out conditions on flavor, and on mass and cross section, respectively.
The 14N(n,p)14C reaction is of interest in neutron capture therapy, where nitrogen-related dose is the main component due to low-energy neutrons, and in astrophysics, where 14N acts as a neutron poison in the s-process. Several discrepancies remain between the existing data obtained in partial energy ranges: thermal energy, keV region and resonance region. Purpose: Measuring the 14N(n,p)14C cross section from thermal to the resonance region in a single measurement for the first time, including characterization of the first resonances, and providing calculations of Maxwellian averaged cross sections (MACS). Method: Time-of-flight technique. Experimental Area 2 (EAR-2) of the neutron time-of-flight (n_TOF) facility at CERN. 10B(n,α)7Li and 235U(n,f) reactions as references. Two detection systems running simultaneously, one on-beam and another off-beam. Description of the resonances with the R-matrix code sammy. Results: The cross section has been measured from sub-thermal energy to 800 keV resolving the two first resonances (at 492.7 and 644 keV). A thermal cross-section (1.809±0.045 b) lower than the two most recent measurements by slightly more than one standard deviation, but in line with the ENDF/B-VIII.0 and JEFF-3.3 evaluations has been obtained. A 1/v energy dependence of the cross section has been confirmed up to tens of keV neutron energy. The low energy tail of the first resonance at 492.7 keV is lower than suggested by evaluated values, while the overall resonance strength agrees with evaluations. Conclusions: Our measurement has allowed to determine the 14N(n,p) cross-section over a wide energy range for the first time. We have obtained cross-sections with high accuracy (2.5 %) from sub-thermal energy to 800 keV and used these data to calculate the MACS for kT = 5 to kT = 100 keV.
We examine the scaling trends in particle multiplicity and flow observables between SPS, RHIC and LHC, and discuss their compatibility with popular theoretical models. We examine the way scaling trends between SPS and RHIC are broken at LHC energies, and suggest experimental measurements which can further clarify the situation.
We explain how fluctuations of ratios can constrain and falsify the statistical model of particle production in heavy ion collisions, using K/p fluctuations as an example. We define an observable capable of determining which statistical model, if any, governs freeze-out in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. We calculate this observable for K/p fluctuations, and show that it should be the same for RHIC and LHC energies, as well as independent of centrality, if the Grand-Canonical statistical model is an appropriate description and chemical equilibrium applies. We describe variations of this scaling for deviations from this scenario, such as light quark chemical non-equilibrium, strange quark over-saturation and local conservation (canonical ensemble) for strange quarks. We also introduce a similar observable capable, together with the published K*/K measurement, of ascertaining if an interacting hadron gas phase governs the system between thermal and chemical freeze-out, and of ascertaining its duration and impact on hadronic chemistry.
We argue that Clustering in heavy ion collisions could be the missing element in resolving the socalled HBT puzzle, and briefly discuss the different physical situations where clustering could be present. We then propose a method by which clustering in heavy ion collisions could be detectedin a model-independent way.
We demonstrate that a Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP) with a dilute admixture of heavy quarks has, in general, a lower speed of sound than a “pure” QGP without effects from heavy flavors. The change in the speed of sound is sensitive to the details of the theory, making the hydrodynamic response to “flavoring” a sensitive probe of the underlying microscopic dynamics. We suggest that this effect may be measured in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions by relating the event-by-event number of charm quarks to flow observables such as the average transverse momentum.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Ionisation von Atomen und Molekülen in starken Laserfeldern experimentell untersucht. Hierbei kam die COLTRIMS-Technik zur koinzidenten Messung der Impulse aller aus einem Ionisationsereignis stammender Ionen und Elektronen zum Einsatz. Unter Mitwirkung des Autors wurde ein COLTRIMS-Reaktionsmikroskop umgebaut und mit einem neuen Spektrometer sowie einer atomaren Wasserstoffquelle ausgestattet. Des Weiteren entstand ein interferometrischer Aufbau zur Erzeugung von Zwei-Farben-Feldern. Aus jedem der vorgestellten Experimente konnten Informationen über die elektronische Wellenfunktion an der Grenze zum klassisch verbotenen Bereich gewonnen werden. Dies geschah sowohl im Hinblick auf die Amplitude, als auch auf die Phase der Wellenfunktion. Mit dem Wasserstoffatom (Kapitel 9), dem Wasserstoffmolekül (Kapitel 10) und dem Argondimer (Kapitel 11) wurden drei Systeme unterschiedlicher Komplexität gewählt.
When a very strong light field is applied to a molecule an electron can be ejected by tunneling. In order to quantify the time-resolved dynamics of this ionization process, the concept of the Wigner time delay can be used. The properties of this process can depend on the tunneling direction relative to the molecular axis. Here, we show experimental and theoretical data on the Wigner time delay for tunnel ionization of H2 molecules and demonstrate its dependence on the emission direction of the electron with respect to the molecular axis. We find, that the observed changes in the Wigner time delay can be quantitatively explained by elongated/shortened travel paths of the emitted electrons, which occur due to spatial shifts of the electrons’ birth positions after tunneling. Our work provides therefore an intuitive perspective towards the Wigner time delay in strong-field ionization.
Das CBM-Experiment an der zukünftigen FAIR Beschleunigeranlage zielt unter anderem darauf, Open-Charm-Teilchen zu rekonstruieren, die in Schwerionenkollisionen im Energiebereich von 10 bis 40 AGeV erzeugt werden. Ein für diese Teilchenrekonstruktion essentieller Detektor ist der Mikro-Vertex-Detektor (MVD).
Im Rahmen der Entwicklungsarbeiten für diesen Detektor werden regelmäßig Detektorsimulationen durchgeführt. Bei einer dieser Simulationen [CAD11], wurden nach Einführung eines verbesserten Simulationsmodells des Detektors, Einbrüche in Rekonstruktionseffizienz für Open-Charm Teilchen festgestellt. Als mögliche Ursache wurde eine Überlastung der Software für die Spurrekonstruktion von CBM vermutet, die erstmals mit realistischen Trefferdichten auf den MVD-Stationen konfrontiert war. Zusätzlich wurde in der Simulation die Geometrie eines MVD mit nur zwei Detektorebenen verwendet. Auch der durch die kleine Anzahl an MVD-Stationen große Abstand zwischen MVD und STS (Silicon-Tracking-System) und dessen potentiell ungünstiger Einfluss auf die Spurrekonstruktion konnte als Ursache für den beobachteten Einbruch der Rekonstruktionseffizienz nicht ausgeschlossen werden.
Die Aufgabe dieser Arbeit bestand in der Prüfung, ob der beobachtete Einbruch der Rekonstruktionseffizienz des Detektorsystems tatsächlich auf eine Überlastung der Spurrekonstruktionssoftware zurückzuführen ist. Darüber hinaus sollte festgestellt werden, ob mögliche konstruktive Verbesserungen im MVD (zusätzliche Detektorstationen) diesem Effekt entgegen wirken können...
Spontaneous brain activity is characterized in part by a balanced asynchronous chaotic state. Cortical recordings show that excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) drivings in the E-I balanced state are substantially larger than the overall input. We show that such a state arises naturally in fully adapting networks which are deterministic, autonomously active and not subject to stochastic external or internal drivings. Temporary imbalances between excitatory and inhibitory inputs lead to large but short-lived activity bursts that stabilize irregular dynamics. We simulate autonomous networks of rate-encoding neurons for which all synaptic weights are plastic and subject to a Hebbian plasticity rule, the flux rule, that can be derived from the stationarity principle of statistical learning. Moreover, the average firing rate is regulated individually via a standard homeostatic adaption of the bias of each neuron’s input-output non-linear function. Additionally, networks with and without short-term plasticity are considered. E-I balance may arise only when the mean excitatory and inhibitory weights are themselves balanced, modulo the overall activity level. We show that synaptic weight balance, which has been considered hitherto as given, naturally arises in autonomous neural networks when the here considered self-limiting Hebbian synaptic plasticity rule is continuously active.
The radiative lifetimes of the C3Il-X3II transition of the CSi radical have been calculated from highly correlated electronic wavefunctions and compared with available experimental data. For this transition, the Franck-Condon approximation fails due to the strong R-dependency of the transition moment function.
As a first step towards a realistic phenomenological description of vector and axial-vector mesons in nuclear matter, we calculate the spectral functions of the ρ and the a1 meson in a chiral baryon-meson model as a low-energy effective realization of QCD, taking into account the effects of fluctuations from scalar mesons, nucleons, and vector mesons within the functional renormalization group (FRG) approach. The phase diagram of the effective hadronic theory exhibits a nuclear liquid-gas phase transition as well as a chiral phase transition at a higher baryon-chemical potential. The in-medium ρ and a1 spectral functions are calculated by using the previously introduced analytically-continued FRG (aFRG) method. Our results show strong modifications of the spectral functions—in particular near the critical endpoints of both phase transitions—which may well be of relevance for electromagnetic rates in heavy-ion collisions or neutrino emissivities in neutron-star merger events.
A novel experimental approach for studying exotic transitions in few-electron high-Z ions was developed. In this approach, few-electron ions with selectively produced single K-shell holes are used for the investigation of the transition modes that follow the decay of the excited ions. The feasibility of the developed approach was confirmed by an experimental study of the production of low-lying excited states in He-like uranium, produced by K-shell ionization of initially Li-like species. It was found that K-shell ionization is a very selective process that leads to the production of only two excited states, namely the 1s2s 21S0 and 1s2s 23S1. This high level of selectivity stays undisturbed by the rearrangement processes. These experimental findings can be explained using perturbation theory and an independent-particle model, and are a result of the very different impact parameter dependencies of K-shell ionization and L- intrashell excitation. The L-shell electron can be assumed to stay passive in the collision, whereas the K-shell electron is ionized. It was stressed that the current result might directly be applied to accurate studies of the two-photon decay in He-like ions. Up to now, the experimental challenge in conventional 2E1 experiments has been the photon-photon coincidence technique, which is required to separate the true 2E1 events from the x-ray background associated with single photon transitions. In contrast, by exploiting K-shell ionization, the spectral distribution of the two-photon decay could be obtained simply by a measurement of the photon emission, using only a single x-ray detector in coincidence with projectile ionization. One further particular advantage arises from the fact that the 1s2p 3P0 state is not populated, and does not contribute to the continuum distribution of the two-photon emission. At high Z, this state also undergoes a two-photon E1M1 decay, which would be indistinguishable from the 2E1 decay of the 1s2s 1S0. The first measurement of the two-photon energy distribution from the decay of 1s2s 1S0 level in He-like tin was performed by adopting the technique developed in this thesis. In this technique, excited He-like heavy ions were formed by K-shell ionization of initially Li-like species in collisions with a low-Z gas target, and x-ray spectra following the decay of the He-like ions were measured in coincidence with the up-charged tin ions. The observed intense production of the 2E1 transitions, and a very high level of selectivity, make this process particularly suited for the study of the two-photon continuum, and thus for a detailed investigation of the structure of high-Z He-like systems. The method allowed for a background-free measurement of the distribution of the two-photon decay (21S0 -> 11S0) in He-like tin. The measured distribution could also be discriminated from that of other He-like ions, and confirmed, for the first time, the fully relativistic calculations. In addition, the feasibility of the method was confirmed by studying another exotic transition, namely the two-electron one-photon transition (TEOP) in Li-like high-Z ions. An experimental investigation of the radiative decay modes of the 1s2s2 state in Li-like heavy ions has been started. In the first dedicated beam time at the ESR, selective population of this state via K-shell ionization of initially Be-like species was achieved. The x-rays produced in this process were measured by a multitude of x-ray detectors, each placed under different observation angles with respect to the ion beam direction. The spectra associated with projectile electron loss consist (in all cases) of one single x-ray transition, which was attributed to the TEOP decay to the 1s2 2p1/2 level, possibly contaminated by the M1 decay to the 1s22s. Thus it was proven that, by adopting the developed approach, one can indeed produce the desired initial state. This makes this method perfectly suited for studies of TEOP transitions in high-Z systems. An extension of this study, by the inclusion of an electron spectrometer, would also allow for measurements of the autoionization channel, which would provide complete information on the various decay modes of the 1s2s2 state.
A powerful technique to distinguish the enantiomers of a chiral molecule is the Coulomb Explosion Imaging (CEI). This technique allows us to determine the handedness of a single molecule. In CEI, the molecule becomes charged by losing many electrons in a very short period of time by interacting with the light. The repulsion forces between the positive charged particles of the molecule leads the molecule to break into parts-fragments. By measuring the three vector momentum of (at least) four fragments, the handedness observable can be determined. In this thesis, CEI is induced by absorption of a single high energy photon, which creates an inner-shell hole (K shell) of the molecule. The subsequent cascade of Auger decays lead to fragmentation. We decided to work with the formic acid molecule in this thesis. Two different experiments were conducted. The first experiment focused on exciting electrons to different energy states, while the second experiment focused on extracting directly a photoelectron to the continuum and measure the angular distribution of the photoelectron in the molecular frame. The primary goal was to search for chiral signal in a pure achiral planar molecule under the previous electron processes. The results of these findings were further implemented to two more molecules.
Impact of low-energy multipole excitations and pygmy resonances on radiative nucleon captures
(2016)
Nuclear structure theory is considered in the framework of the development of a microscopic model for nucleon-capture astrophysical implementations. In particular, microscopically obtained strength functions from a theoretical method incorporating density functional theory and quasiparticle-phonon model are used as an input in a statistical reaction model. The approach is applied in systematic investigations of the impact of low-energy multipole excitations and pygmy resonances on dipole photoabsorption and radiative neutronand proton-capture cross sections of key s- and r-process nuclei which is discussed in comparison with the experiment. For the cases of the short-lived isotopes 89Zr and 91Mo theoretical predictions are made.
Die vorliegende Arbeit ist der Fragestellung nachgegangen, ob sich die Gedächtnisleistung, insbesondere die von älteren Menschen, durch Gedächtnistraining verbessern lässt. Dabei sollen Verhaltensdaten und EEG-Daten, die simultan mit der Bewältigung einer Gedächtnisaufgabe erhoben wurden, korreliert werden. Untersucht wurden zwei verschiedene Gruppen. Zum einen Mild Cognitive Impairment Patienten und zum anderen eine altersähnliche Kontrollgruppe. Unter Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) versteht man eine leichte kognitive Beeinträchtigung des Gedächtnisses, welche aber die Kriterien einer Demenzmanifestation noch nicht erfüllt. Die Diagnosekriterien für MCI sind nicht einheitlich. Ein häufiges Kriterium wurde von Petersen (1999) definiert und ist die objektive Beeinträchtigung des Gedächtnisses ohne weitere kognitive Einbußen. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des Gedächtnisses/Gedächtnissubsystems muss dabei mindestens 1,5 Standardabweichungen schlechter sein, als die einer alters- und ausbildungsgleichen Population. Etwa 16-34 % aller 65 jährigen leiden unter dieser Form der kognitiven Beeinträchtigung. Schätzungen ergeben, dass 70 % der demenziellen Erkrankungen innerhalb von 2-3 Jahren aus einer MCI hervorgehen. Veränderungen des EEGs bei Patienten mit der Alzheimer'schen Demenz (AD) und MCI-Patienten wurden in den letzten Jahren untersucht, insbesondere Untersuchungen der EEG-Spontanaktivität, da diese vor allem bei den AD-Patienten leichter zu realisieren sind. Auffällig ist ein allgemein „langsamer“ werdendes EEG bei den Demenz-Patienten. Vor allem im okzipitalen Bereich ist ein Verlust des Alpha-Blocks beim Öffnen der Augen zu registrieren. In einem sehr frühen Stadium der AD ist meist noch kein verändertes EEG zu verzeichnen, ebenso bei MCI-Patienten. Eine beobachtbare Veränderung der EEG-Oszillationen könnte aber für eine frühe Diagnose der Krankheit und somit auch für eine frühe Behandlungsmöglichkeit von Bedeutung sein. Das Elektroenzephalogramm misst elektrische Potentiale, die im Gehirn durch „Neuronenaktivität“ verursacht werden und hat eine besonders gute zeitliche Auflösung (in ms Bereich) dafür aber eine schlechte räumliche. Die schlechte räumliche Auflösung ist dadurch zu begründen, dass man beim EEG „nur“ Oberflächenpotentialänderungen registrieren kann und dadurch nicht die Quelle der Potentiale lokalisieren kann. Die hohe zeitliche Auflösung des EEGs ermöglicht es aber die neuronale Aktivität während und auch nach der Kodierung sensorischer Informationen (z.B. visuelle Stimulation, wie in dieser Arbeit) zu beobachten. In vorliegender Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob gesunde, ältere Menschen im Vergleich zu Patienten mit leichter Gedächtnisstörung, beim Bewältigen einer Gedächtnisaufgabe, unterschiedliche Hirn-Aktivitäten aufweisen und inwieweit ein Gedächtnistraining von vier Wochen die Gedächtnisleistung der Probanden/Patienten aber auch das EEG-Aktivitätsmuster verändern kann; ob das Gedächtnis also auch im Alter oder sogar bei Dysfunktionen durch Training verbessert werden kann. Dabei galt gerade dem frontalen Bereich besonderes Interesse, da diesem Bereich für das Gedächtnissystem eine besondere Relevanz zugeschrieben wird. Eine delayed matching to sample Aufgabe wurde für visuelle Stimulation, Testung des Arbeitsgedächtnisses und für das kognitive Training durchgeführt. Die neuropsychologischen Daten wurden hierfür mit den EEG-Daten korreliert.
Bardeen black hole chemistry
(2019)
In the present paper we try to connect the Bardeen black hole with the concept of the recently proposed black hole chemistry. We study thermodynamic properties of the regular black hole with an anti-deSitter background. The negative cosmological constant Λ plays the role of the positive thermodynamic pressure of the system. After studying the thermodynamic variables, we derive the corresponding equation of state and we show that a neutral Bardeen-anti-deSitter black hole has similar phenomenology to the chemical Van der Waals fluid. This is equivalent to saying that the system exhibits criticality and a first order small/large black hole phase transition reminiscent of the liquid/gas coexistence.
We examine the thermodynamic behavior of a static neutral regular (non-singular) black hole enclosed in a finite isothermal cavity. The cavity enclosure helps us investigate black hole systems in a canonical or a grand canonical ensemble. Here we demonstrate the derivation of the reduced action for the general metric of a regular black hole in a cavity by considering a canonical ensemble. The new expression of the action contains quantum corrections at short distances and concludes to the action of a singular black hole in a cavity at large distances. We apply this formalism to the noncommutative Schwarzschild black hole, in order to study the phase structure of the system. We conclude to a possible small/large stable regular black hole transition inside the cavity that exists neither at the system of a classical Schwarzschild black hole in a cavity, nor at the asymptotically flat regular black hole without the cavity. This phase transition seems to be similar with the liquid/gas transition of a Van der Waals gas.
Die künstliche elektrische Stimulation bietet oftmals die einzige Möglichkeit, nicht vorhandene bzw. verloren gegangene motorische sowie sensorische Aktivitäten in gewissem Umfang wieder herzustellen. Im Falle von tauben Patienten wird zur Erlangung von Hörempfindungen die elektrische Stimulation des peripheren auditorischen Systems mit Hilfe von Cochlea- oder Hirnstammimplantaten standardmäßig eingesetzt. Es ist dabei notwendig, natürliche neuronale Entladungsmuster durch die elektrisch evozierten Entladungsmuster nachzubilden. Bei einkanaligen Systemen kann nur die Zeitstruktur des Signals dargeboten werden. Mehrkanalige Systeme bieten hier noch zusätzlich die Möglichkeit auch örtlich selektiv bestimmte Nervenfasergruppen zu stimulieren und damit die Ortsstruktur in den Entladungsmustern zu repräsentieren. So hat es sich gezeigt, dass die Sprachverständlichkeit durch Verwendung von Mehrkanal-Elektroden verbessert werden kann. Grundvoraussetzung hierfür ist die Optimierung der Kanalseparation durch Kleinst-Vielkanalelektroden und der Wahl einer optimalen Codierstrategie des Signals.
Die Codierstrategie ist abhängig von dem jeweiligen spezifischen Einsatzbereich. So gaben z.B. schon Clopton und Spelman (1995) zu bedenken, dass die als selektiv berechnete tripolare (S3) Konfiguration nur für einen bestimmten Stimulationsstrombereich gültig ist. Hinzu kommt es bei simultaner Verwendung benachbarter Kanäle zu schmerzhaften Lautheitssummationen. Ursache hierfür sind einerseits die Überlagerung der durch die Elektroden stimulierten neuronalen Bereiche und andererseits die Wechselwirkungen von Strömen benachbarter Elektrodenkanäle. Diese Effekte führen nicht nur zu einer Verringerung der räumlichen Stimulationsauflösung, sondern auch zu einer Einschränkung der exakten Abbildung der Zeitstruktur innerhalb der einzelnen Stimulationskanäle.
Die Techniken und Grundlagen der elektrischen Stimulation von neuronalem Gewebe mit Kleinst-Vielkanalelektroden sind bisher kaum untersucht worden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, ein mathematisches Modell zu implementieren und Qualitätsparameter zu definieren, mit deren Hilfe die Verteilung des elektrischen Feldes und die daraus resultierende neuronale Erregung beschrieben und optimiert werden kann. Zur Verifizierung des Modells sollten Methoden und Techniken entwickelt werden, die eine hochauflösende Abtastung der elektrischen Felder und Messung der neuronalen Daten innerhalb eines Messsystems ermöglichen.
Bei der neuronalen Stimulation mit Kleinst-Vielkanalelektroden ergibt sich eine Reihe von Problemen grundsätzlicher Art. So werden bei elektrodenferner Stimulation größere Stimulationsströme benötigt als bei elektrodennaher Stimulation, wobei für den Strombedarf die Stimulationskonfiguration eine entscheidende Rolle spielt: Der S1 Stimulationsmodus benötigt weniger Strom zur Erreichung großer Stimulationstiefen als der S2 Stimulationsmodus. Der größte Strom wird mit zunehmendem Elektrodenabstand gleichermaßen von dem S3 und S7 Stimulationsmodus benötigt. Gleichzeitig verfügen Kleinst-Vielkanalelektroden bauartbedingt aber nur über kleine Elektrodenkontaktoberflächen und lassen daher auf Grund der kritischen Feldstärke nur geringe Stimulationsströme zu.
Ein weiteres Problem besteht bei diesen Kleinst-Elektrodendimensionen in der konkreten Lage der Neurone an denen eine neuronale Erregung evoziert wird. Die Dimension der Kleinst-Vielkanalelektroden liegt bei einem Elektrodenkanalkontaktdurchmesser von 70 µm bereits in der Größenordnung der zu stimulierenden Neurone mit einem Durchmesser von 10 bis 15 µm. Dies macht sich bei den Messungen besonders dann deutlich bemerkbar, wenn nicht der Stimulationsstrom die Größe des überschwelligen Bereichs modelliert, sondern wenn der Elektrodenkanalabstand durch die Wahl der entsprechenden Elektrodenkanäle verändert wird. Hier weisen zwar die meisten neuronalen Antworten noch in die sich aus dem Modell ergebende Richtung, jedoch kommt es zu einer höheren Streuung der Ergebnisse als bei Messungen mit der Folienelektrode, die eine Kontaktfläche von 170 µm besitzt.
Es gibt also eine Reihe von begrenzenden Faktoren bei der optimalen Dimensionierung der Stimulationselektrode, die sowohl abhängig von der physiologischen Topologie ist als auch von den eingesetzten Stimulationskonfigurationen. Es ist also zur Stimulation die Wahl der optimalen Codierstrategie und die richtige Dimensionierung der Stimulationselektrode sowie der Elektrodenkanalabstände von entscheidender Bedeutung.
Die neuronalen Messungen wurden erstmalig für diese Fragestellung am Hirnschnitt durchgeführt, da sie, im Gegensatz zu in-vivo Versuchen, eine exakte Positionierung der Elektroden auf dem Hirnschnitt unter Sichtkontrolle durch das Mikroskop erlauben. Es wurden aus den neuronalen Messungen die Amplituden und Latenzen der exzitatorischen postsynaptischen Potenziale (EPSP) sowie der Feldpotenziale ausgewertet.
Der Versuchsaufbau macht es möglich, die Potenzialfelder mit genau den Konfigurationen abzutasten, mit denen auch die neuronalen Messungen des Hirnschnittes durchgeführt wurden. Das implementierte Programm zur Berechnung der Feldverteilung besitzt zum Messprogramm ein Interface, so dass es möglich ist, die Einstellungen des Experimentes, wie Stimulationskonfigurationen, Abtastraster des Feldes und die Koordinaten des Messraums, in der Modellrechnung zu verwenden. Somit ist ein direktes Vergleichen zwischen Messung und Berechnung möglich. In nachfolgenden Arbeiten können die vorliegenden Ergebnisse als Grundlage für in-vivo Versuche eingesetzt werden.
Zur Durchführung der Messungen wurden sehr kleine Elektroden aus eigener Herstellung verwendet und es wurden uns freundlicherweise neu entwickelte Folienelektroden des Fraunhofer Instituts St. Ingbert zur Verfügung gestellt. Die Größe der verwendeten Kleinst-Vielkanalelektroden aus eigener Herstellung lag um ca. eine Zehnerpotenz unter den aktuell eingesetzten Elektrodentypen und ist speziell für den direkten Kontakt zwischen Elektrode und Gewebe konzipiert. Dies entspricht dem typischen Einsatzbereich von Hirnstammimplantaten. Dies ist auch notwendig, um eine maximale räumliche Separation der erzeugten Felder zu ermöglichen. Außerdem erlaubte das Elektrodendesign auf Grund der hohen Anzahl der Elektrodenkanäle und durch variieren der Konfigurationen die Feldrichtung zu bestimmen, ohne die Elektrode neu auf den Hirnschnitt aufsetzen zu müssen.
Der in dieser Arbeit implementierte Algorithmus zur Berechnung der Feldverteilungen und die eingeführten Qualitätsparameter erlauben, die unterschiedlichen Stimulationskonfigurationen miteinander zu vergleichen und zu optimieren. Die Ergebnisse aus diesen Modellrechnungen wurden sowohl mit den Messungen der elektrischen Felder als auch mit den Ergebnissen aus den neuronalen Antworten verglichen.
Der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstellte Versuchsaufbau bestand aus einer über mehrere Mikromanipulatoren getriebene mikrometergenaue Positioniereinrichtung. Es konnten sowohl die Stimulationselektrode als auch die Elektrode zur Aufzeichnung der neuronalen Daten gesteuert werden. Die Steuerung des gesamten Setup, d.h. die Positionierung, die Aufzeichnung der neuronalen Daten und die Generierung der Stimulationsmuster wurde über den zentralen Messrechner durch ein hierfür entwickeltes Computerprogramm gesteuert. Die Versuche wurden über ein inverses Mikroskop durch eine CCD-Kamera aufgezeichnet.
Der entscheidende Vorteil des in dieser Arbeit gewählten Modellansatzes besteht in der grundsätzlichen Beschreibung der Feldverteilung bei vielkanaliger Stimulation, so dass diese auch auf andere Elektrodenformen bzw. Konfigurationen und Dimensionen übertragbar ist. Es lassen sich so den verschiedenen Konfigurationen nach bestimmten Qualitätskriterien bewerten und an die jeweilige Zielrichtung der Stimulation anpassen. Die berechneten Felder konnten erfolgreich in der Messeinrichtung generiert und nachgemessen werden. Außerdem ist es gelungen, differenzierte neuronale Aktivitäten auszuwerten, welche die Aussagen des Modells abstützen.
Quasikristalle im System Zink-Magnesium-Seltene-Erden : Materialpräparation und Einkristallzüchtung
(2005)
Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Materialpräparation und Einkristallzüchtung von Quasikristallen und verwandten Verbindungen im System Zink-Magnesium-Seltene-Erden (Zn-Mg-SE). Für eine Einkristallzüchtung der hochgeordneten primitiv-ikosaedrischen Phase (si Zn-Mg-Ho) wird zuerst eine geeignete Schmelzzusammensetzung ermittelt, aus der si Zn-Mg-Ho primär erstarrt. Es wird gezeigt, daß sich diese auch auf die Seltenen Erden Erbium und Thulium, die einen ähnlich großen Atomradius haben, übertragen läßt. Bei der Verwendung von Seltenen Erden mit größerem Atomradius bildet sich eine bisher unbekannte rhomboedrische Phase mit einer Zusammensetzung von Zn84Mg5SE11, von der im Zn-Mg-Gd--System Einkristalle mit der Bridgman-Methode in einem geschlossenen Tantaltiegel gezüchtet werden. Die Kristallzüchtung von si Zn-Mg-Ho erfolgt sowohl mit der Bridgman-Methode als auch aus einem offenen Tiegel mit Keimvorgabe von oben, wobei die Schmelze mit einer Salzabdeckung vor Verdampfungsverlusten geschützt wird (LETSSG-Methode). Auf diese Weise werden facettierte Einkristalle mit einer Kantenlänge von über einem Zentimeter gezüchtet. Auch von der flächenzentriert-ikosaedrischen Phase im System Zn-Mg-Y, Zn-Mg-Ho und Zn-Mg-Er sowie von der hexagonalen Zn-Mg-Y--Z-Phase werden mit dieser Methode ähnlich große Einkristalle hergestellt. Zur Synthese von größeren Mengen polykristallinen Materials durch Abschrecken und Tempern wird eine Meltspinanlage aufgebaut, die durch die Verwendung eines ebenen Drehtellers (statt des sonst üblichen Rades) sehr kompakt ist und in eine vorhandene Metallschmelzanlage integriert werden kann. Mit diesem Gerät wird quasikristallines si Zn-Mg-Ho einphasig synthetisiert und dekagonales Zn-Mg-Dy, Zn-Mg-Ho und rhomboedrisches Mg21Zn25 als Probenhauptbestandteil hergestellt. Die erzeugten Proben werden zur Untersuchung von Struktur und physikalischen Eigenschaften an Kooperationspartner weitergegeben. Dabei wird ein lokales Strukturmodell der fci und si Quasikristalle mittels Analyse der Atompaarverteilungsfunktionen, die aus Röntgenpulverdaten (Molybdän- und Synchrotronstrahlung) gewonnen werden, entwickelt. Anhand dessen lassen sich erstmals ikosaedrische Cluster in den Quasikristallen eindeutig nachweisen. Die magnetische Suszeptibilität von si Zn-Mg-Ho zeigt bis zu einer Temperatur von 50~mK paramagnetisches Verhalten. Eine magnetische Fernordnung tritt bis zu dieser Temperatur nicht auf. Untersuchungen mit der Radio-Tracer-Methode zeigen, daß Phasonen an der Diffusion in fci Zn-Mg-Y und Zn-Mg-Ho nicht beteiligt sind.
Previous experimental measurements from nuclear collisions have indicated modifications of jets by interaction with the medium created in the collision. Observables from particle correlations in the ALICE detector continue to provide access to key properties of the hot deconfined nuclear matter. New results from two- and three-particle number and transverse momentum correlations are discussed. Specifically, correlation function properties are characterized as a function of transverse momentum and centrality and for different charge combinations. Fourier decompositions are performed, identified particle ratios are studied in the jet-like peak and in the bulk, and the away-side shape is looked at in three-particle correlations.
Ziel der durchgeführten Experimente war es, die Zerfallsmechanismen Van-der-Waals gebundener Argon- und Neon Di- und Trimere in intensiven Laserfeldern zu untersuchen, um mehr über den Einfluss der schwachen Van-der-Waals Bindung auf die Dynamik des Ionisationsprozesses zu erfahren. Da Dimere aufgrund ihrer elektronischen Struktur sehr stark zwei separaten benachbarten Atomen gleichen, vereinen sie atomare und molekulare Eigenschaften in sich und ihre Untersuchung verspricht ein tieferes Verständnis der Wechselwirkungsmechanismen in starken Laserfeldern. Die Verwendung der Impulsspektroskopie Methode COLTRIMS ermöglichte die koinzidente Messung aller beim Aufbruch entstandener ionischer Fragmente sowie eines elektronischen Impulsvektors. Für die beidseitige Einfachionisation des Argon Dimers, konnten bei der gewählten Intensität (etwa 3.3E14W/cm2) drei unterschiedliche Ionisationsprozesse identifiziert werden, von denen zwei zu einer überraschend hohen kinetischen Gesamtenergie der Ionen führen. Aufgrund der Messung der Winkelverteilung der ionischen Fragmente und eines der emittierten Elektronen für lineare und zirkulare Polarisation gelang es, die den drei Prozessen zugrunde liegende Dynamik im Laserfeld zu entschlüsseln. Der dominierende Zerfallskanal stellt demzufolge eine schnelle sequentielle Doppelionisation des Argon Dimers dar, die noch am Gleichgewichtsabstand des Dimers stattfindet. Für den zweithäufigsten Ionisationsprozess ergaben sich zwei mögliche Erklärungsansätze: Entweder wird das Dimer zunächst einseitig doppelionisiert, so dass es auf einer attraktiven Potentialkurve zusammenläuft, bevor es zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt – wenn das Laserfeld bereits abgeklungen ist – durch eine Umverteilung seiner Ladungen in einer Coulomb Explosion fragmentiert, oder das Dimer wird bei einer beidseitigen Tunnelionisation zugleich angeregt, so dass die Coulomb Explosion von einer Potentialkurve erfolgt, die wesentlich steiler als 1/R verläuft. Der schwächste Zerfallskanal, der sich durch die höchste Gesamtenergie auszeichnet, ist auf eine "Frustrated Triple Tunnel Ionization" zurückzuführen, bei der ein hoch angeregter Rydberg Zustand erzeugt wird. Bei der Untersuchung des Neon Dimers konnte bei der gewählten Intensität (etwa 6.3E14W/cm2) nur die sequentielle beidseitige Einfachionisation identifiziert werden, obwohl die Daten Hinweise auf einen weitern Ionisationsprozess mit sehr geringer Statistik aufweisen. Zudem wurde in dieser Arbeit nach der Methode des Coulomb-Explosion-Imaging aus den in Koinzidenz gemessenen Impulsvektoren aller einfachgeladenen ionischen Fragmente eines Aufbruchs die geometrische Struktur der Cluster im Orts-und Impulsraum rekonstruiert. Die ermittelte Grundzustandswellenfunktion des Argon und Neon Dimers zeigt eine gute Übereinstimmung mit quantenmechanischen Berechnungen. Für das Argon und Neon Trimer konnten aus den gemessenen Impulsvektoren mittels einer numerischen Simulation die Bindungswinkel im Ortsraum bestimmt werden, so dass erstmals gezeigt werden konnte, dass diese Trimere gleichseitige Dreieckskonfigurationen aufweisen. Vergleiche mit theoretischen Berechnungen zeigen für die breite Winkelverteilung des Neon Trimers eine hervorragende Übereinstimmung, während die gemessene Winkelverteilung des Argon Trimers etwas breiter als die berechnete ist.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die zeitaufgelöste Doppelionisation von diatomaren Molekülen in intensiven Laserpulsen untersucht. Dabei waren neben den einfachsten aller Moleküle, Wasserstoff und Deuterium, auch Sauerstoffmoleküle Gegenstand der Untersuchungen. Mit Hilfe der Pump-Probe-Methode konnte die Doppelionisation der Moleküle schrittweise herbeigeführt werden. Dazu wurde das Molekül zunächst von einem ersten schwachen Laserpuls (8 fs) einfachionisiert, bevor es nach einer Zeitverzögerung tau von einem intensiveren zweiten Puls (8 fs) doppelionisiert wurde. Die Zeit zwischen den beiden Pulsen konnte in Schritten einer Femtosekunde von 0 bis 100 fs variiert werden. Die COLTRIMS-Technik lieferte den gesamten Impuls der beiden Coulomb explodierten Fragmente, so daß auch die freigesetzte kinetische Energie (KER) der Ionen bestimmt werden konnte. Diese ist hauptsächlich bestimmt durch den internuklaeren Abstand der Kerne zum Zeitpunkt der Ionisation. Das KER Spektrum in Abhängigkeit der Verzögerung der beiden Pulse veranschaulicht somit die Bewegung des molekularen Wellenpaketes. Dabei konnte die Entwicklung des Wellenpakets entlang zweier verschiedener Potentialkurven in H+2 und D+2 beobachtet werden. Zum einen die Oszillation im gebundenen Potential 1s sigma g und zum anderen die Dissoziation auf der durch das Laserfeld verschobenen Dissoziationskurve 2p sigma u. Mit einem einfachen klassischen Modell konnte die freiwerdende kinetische Energie der durch dissoziative Ionisation entstandenen Ionen bestimmt und mit den Daten verglichen werden. Dabei konnte sowohl für H+2 als auch für D+2 eine gute Übereinstimmung erzielt werden. Wie zu erwarten zeigte sich, daß die Kernbewegung im Deuterium Molekül, aufgrund der höheren Masse, um den Faktor p2 langsamer verläuft. Durch Verwendung eines geringfügig längeren Pulses und eine leichte Minimierung der Laserintensität des Probe-Pulses konnte die dissoziative Ionisation verstärkt werden und der in der Literatur vielfach beschriebene CREI Prozeß direkt nachgewiesen werden. Auch im Falle des Sauerstoffs konnten die Entwicklung von Wellenpaketen in gebundenen und dissozierenden Potentialen beobachtet werden. Das spricht dafür, daß der Doppelionisation von Sauerstoffmoleküulen ein ganz ähnlichen Prozeß zugrunde liegt, wie es für diatomaten Wasserstoff der Fall ist. Die Frage nach dem genauen Ionisationsverlauf konnte jedoch nicht endgültig geklärt werden. Für H+2 und D+2 konnte ein sehr detailliertes Bild der Bewegung der Wellenpakete entlang der Potentialkurven gewonnen werden, das die quantenmechanische Natur der Wellenpakete wiederspiegelt.
We discuss the implementation and results of a recently developed microscopic method for calculating ion-ion interaction potentials and fusion cross-sections. The method uses the TDHF evolution to obtain the instantaneous many-body collective state using a density constraint. The ion-ion potential as well as the coordinate dependent mass are calculated from these states. The method fully accounts for the dynamical processes present in the TDHF time-evolution and provides a parameter-free way of calculating fusion cross-sections.
We present and compare new types of algorithms for lattice QCD with staggered fermions in the limit of infinite gauge coupling. These algorithms are formulated on a discrete spatial lattice but with continuous Euclidean time. They make use of the exact Hamiltonian, with the inverse temperature beta as the only input parameter. This formulation turns out to be analogous to that of a quantum spin system. The sign problem is completely absent, at zero and non-zero baryon density. We compare the performance of a continuous-time worm algorithm and of a Stochastic Series Expansion algorithm (SSE), which operates on equivalence classes of time-ordered interactions. Finally, we apply the SSE algorithm to a first exploratory study of two-flavor strong coupling lattice QCD, which is manageable in the Hamiltonian formulation because the sign problem can be controlled.
In this thesis hard probes are studied in the partonic transport model BAMPS (Boltzmann Approach to MultiParton Scatterings). Employing Monte Carlo techniques, this model describes the 3+1 dimensional evolution of the quark gluon plasma phase in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions by propagating all particles in space and time and carrying out their collisions according to the Boltzmann equation. Since hard probes are produced in hard processes with a large momentum transfer, the value of the running coupling is small and their interactions should be describable within perturbative QCD (pQCD). This work focuses on open heavy flavor, but also addresses the suppression of light parton jets, in particular to highlight differences due to the mass. For light partons, radiative processes are the dominant contribution to their energy loss. For heavy quarks, we show that also binary interactions with a running coupling and an improved Debye screening matched to hard-thermal-loop calculations play an important role. Furthermore, the impact of the mass in radiative interactions, prominently named the dead cone effect, and the interplay with the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) effect are studied in great detail. Since the transport model BAMPS has access to all medium properties and the space time information of heavy quarks, it is the ideal tool to study the dissociation and regeneration of J/psi mesons, which is also investigated in this thesis.
Heavy quark and charmonium production as well as their space-time evolution are studied in transport simulations of heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC. In the partonic transport model Boltzmann Approach of MultiParton Scatterings (BAMPS) heavy quarks can be produced in initial hard parton scatterings or during the evolution of the quark-gluon plasma. Subsequently, they interact with the medium via binary scatterings with a running coupling and a more precise Debye screening which is derived from hard thermal loop calculations, participate in the flow and lose energy. We present results of the elliptic flow and nuclear modification factor of heavy quarks and compare them to available data. Furthermore, preliminary results on J/psi suppression at forward and mid-rapidity are reported for central and non-central collisions at RHIC. For this, we study cold nuclear matter effects and the dissociation as well as regeneration of J/psi in the quark-gluon plasma. XLIX International Winter Meeting on Nuclear Physics 24-28 January 2011 BORMIO, Italy
The dynamic collective model has been extended to quadrupole giant resonances in spherical nuclei. The splitting of giant dipole and giant quadrupole resonances due to their coupling to surface vibrations has been calculated for Sn isotopes. Agreement with recent γ-absorption measurements of the Livermore group has been found.
We have extended the Langevin equations to 4 dimensions (4D) by allowing the independent deformation for the left (δ1) and right fragments (δ2) of the fissioning nucleus. At the moment we are only able to use them in conjunction with the macroscopic transport coefficients. Nevertheless, we can see a considerable improvement in the preliminary results for the fission observables, especially those related to the total kinetic energy (TKE) of fission fragments. By plotting the TKE distributions we have revealed the super-long fission modes in 236U and super-short fission modes in 257Fm. By plotting the distribution of δ against the fragment’s TKE we have noted a correlation between the values of δ and Brosa’s fission modes. We have found that the standard fission modes correspond to prolate tips of the light fragments while the complementary heavy fragments have oblate fission tips. On the other hand, if both fragments were prolate at the tips, we get super-long fission modes. If both fragments were oblate at the tips, we get super-short fission modes.
Zentralitätsabhängigkeit der Produktion von Protonen und Antiprotonen in Pb+Pb Stößen bei 158A GeV
(2008)
Motivated by the wealth of proposals and realizations of nontrivial topological phases in EuCd2As2, such as a Weyl semimetallic state and the recently discussed semimetallic versus semiconductor behavior in this system, we analyze in this work the role of the delicate interplay of Eu magnetism, strain and pressure on the realization of such phases. For that we invoke a combination of a group theoretical analysis with ab initio density functional theory calculations and uncover a rich phase diagram with various non-trivial topological phases beyond a Weyl semimetallic state, such as axion and topological crystalline insulating phases, and discuss their realization.
Motivated by the wealth of proposals and realizations of nontrivial topological phases in EuCd2As2, such as a Weyl semimetallic state and the recently discussed semimetallic versus semiconductor behavior in this system, we analyze in this work the role of the delicate interplay of Eu magnetism, strain and pressure on the realization of such phases. For that we invoke a combination of a group theoretical analysis with ab initio density functional theory calculations and uncover a rich phase diagram with various non-trivial topological phases beyond a Weyl semimetallic state, such as axion and topological crystalline insulating phases, and discuss their realization.
Motivated by the wealth of proposals and realizations of nontrivial topological phases in EuCd2As2, such as a Weyl semimetallic state and the recently discussed semimetallic versus semiconductor behavior in this system, we analyze in this work the role of the delicate interplay of Eu magnetism, strain and pressure on the realization of such phases. For that we invoke a combination of a group theoretical analysis with ab initio density functional theory calculations and uncover a rich phase diagram with various non-trivial topological phases beyond a Weyl semimetallic state, such as axion and topological crystalline insulating phases, and discuss their realization.
canning tunneling microscopy (STM) is perhaps the most promising way to detect the superconducting gap size and structure in the canonical unconventional superconductor Sr2RuO4 directly. However, in many cases, researchers have reported being unable to detect the gap at all in simple STM conductance measurements. Recently, an investigation of this issue on various local topographic structures on a Sr-terminated surface found that superconducting spectra appeared only in the region of small nanoscale canyons, corresponding to the removal of one RuO surface layer. Here, we analyze the electronic structure of various possible surface structures using first principles methods, and argue that bulk conditions favorable for superconductivity can be achieved when removal of the RuO layer suppresses the RuO4 octahedral rotation locally. We further propose alternative terminations to the most frequently reported Sr termination where superconductivity surfaces should be observed.
Lattice strains of appropriate symmetry have served as an excellent tool to explore the interaction of superconductivity in the iron-based superconductors with nematic and stripe spin-density wave (SSDW) order, which are both closely tied to an orthorhombic distortion. In this work, we contribute to a broader understanding of the coupling of strain to superconductivity and competing normal-state orders by studying CaKFe4As4 under large, in-plane strains of B1g and B2g symmetry. In contrast to the majority of iron-based superconductors, pure CaKFe4As4 exhibits superconductivity with relatively high transition temperature of Tc∼35 K in proximity of a non-collinear, tetragonal, hedgehog spin-vortex crystal (SVC) order. Through experiments, we demonstrate an anisotropic in-plane strain response of Tc, which is reminiscent of the behavior of other pnictides with nematicity. However, our calculations suggest that in CaKFe4As4, this anisotropic response correlates with the one of the SVC fluctuations, highlighting the close interrelation of magnetism and high-Tc superconductivity. By suggesting moderate B2g strains as an effective parameter to change the stability of SVC and SSDW, we outline a pathway to a unified phase diagram of iron-based superconductivity.
In this roadmap article, we have focused on the most recent advances in terahertz (THz) imaging with particular attention paid to the optimization and miniaturization of the THz imaging systems. Such systems entail enhanced functionality, reduced power consumption, and increased convenience, thus being geared toward the implementation of THz imaging systems in real operational conditions. The article will touch upon the advanced solid-state-based THz imaging systems, including room temperature THz sensors and arrays, as well as their on-chip integration with diffractive THz optical components. We will cover the current-state of compact room temperature THz emission sources, both optolectronic and electrically driven; particular emphasis is attributed to the beam-forming role in THz imaging, THz holography and spatial filtering, THz nano-imaging, and computational imaging. A number of advanced THz techniques, such as light-field THz imaging, homodyne spectroscopy, and phase sensitive spectrometry, THz modulated continuous wave imaging, room temperature THz frequency combs, and passive THz imaging, as well as the use of artificial intelligence in THz data processing and optics development, will be reviewed. This roadmap presents a structured snapshot of current advances in THz imaging as of 2021 and provides an opinion on contemporary scientific and technological challenges in this field, as well as extrapolations of possible further evolution in THz imaging.
Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS) are promising tools for the efficient transmutation of nuclear waste products in dedicated industrial installations, called transmuters. The Myrrha project at Mol, Belgium, placed itself on the path towards these applications with a multipurpose and versatile system based on a liquid PbBi (LBE) cooled fast reactor (80 MWth) which may be operated in both critical and subcritical modes. In the latter case the core is fed by spallation neutrons obtained from a 600 MeV proton beam hitting the LBE coolant/target. The accelerator providing this beam is a high intensity CW superconducting linac which is laid out for the highest achievable reliability. The combination of a parallel redundant and of a fault tolerant scheme should allow obtaining an MTBF value in excess of 250 hours that is required for optimal integrity and successful operation of the ADS. Myrrha is expected to be operational in 2023. The forthcoming 4-year period is fully dedicated to R&D activities, and in the field of the accelerator they are strongly focused on the reliability aspects and on the proper shaping of the beam trip spectrum.
Stored and cooled highly-charged ions offer unprecedented capabilities for precision studies in realm of atomic-, nuclear-structure and astrophysics. In context of the latter, after the successful investigation of the cross section of 96Ru(p,γ) in 2009, in 2016 the first measurement of the 124Xe(p,γ)125Cs reaction was performed at the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) at GSI.
Stored and cooled, highly-charged ions offer unprecedented capabilities for precision studies in the realm of atomic, nuclear structure and astrophysics[1]. After the successful investigation of the 96Ru(p,7)97Rh reaction cross section in 2009[2], the first measurement of the 124Xe(p,7)125Cs reaction cross section has been performed with decelerated, fully-ionized 124Xe ions in 2016 at the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) of GSI[3]. Using a Double Sided Silicon Strip Detector, introduced directly into the ultra-high vacuum environment of a storage ring, the 125Cs proton-capture products have been successfully detected. The cross section has been measured at 5 different energies between 5.5AMeV and 8AMeV, on the high energy tail of the Gamow-window for hot, explosive scenarios such as supernovae and X-ray binaries. The elastic scattering on the H2 gas jet target is the major source of background to count the (p,7) events. Monte Carlo simulations show that an additional slit system in the ESR in combination with the energy information of the Si detector will enable background free measurements of the proton-capture products. The corresponding hardware is being prepared and will increase the sensitivity of the method tremendously.
We discuss the possibility that nuclei with very large baryon numbers can exist in the form of large quark blobs in their ground states. A calculation based on the picture of quark bags shows that, in principle, the appearance of such exotic nuclear states in present laboratory experiments cannot be excluded. Some speculations in connection with the recently observed anomalous positron production in heavy-ion experiments are presented.
The cosmological implications of the Covariant Canonical Gauge Theory of Gravity (CCGG) are investigated. CCGG is a Palatini theory derived from first principles using the canonical transformation formalism in the covariant Hamiltonian formulation. The Einstein-Hilbert theory is thereby extended by a quadratic Riemann-Cartan term in the Lagrangian. Moreover, the requirement of covariant conservation of the stress-energy tensor leads to necessary presence of torsion. In the Friedman universe that promotes the cosmological constant to a time-dependent function, and gives rise to a geometrical correction with the EOS of dark radiation. The resulting cosmology, compatible with the ΛCDM parameter set, encompasses bounce and bang scenarios with graceful exits into the late dark energy era. Testing those scenarios against low-z observations shows that CCGG is a viable theory.
The cosmological implications of the Covariant Canonical Gauge Theory of Gravity (CCGG) are investigated. CCGG is a Palatini theory derived from first principles using the canonical transformation formalism in the covariant Hamiltonian formulation. The Einstein-Hilbert theory is thereby extended by a quadratic Riemann-Cartan term in the Lagrangian. Moreover, the requirement of covariant conservation of the stress-energy tensor leads to necessary presence of torsion. In the Friedman universe that promotes the cosmological constant to a time-dependent function, and gives rise to a geometrical correction with the EOS of dark radiation. The resulting cosmology, compatible with the ΛCDM parameter set, encompasses bounce and bang scenarios with graceful exits into the late dark energy era. Testing those scenarios against low-z observations shows that CCGG is a viable theory.
The cosmological implications of the Covariant Canonical Gauge Theory of Gravity (CCGG) are investigated. CCGG is a Palatini theory derived from first principles using the canonical transformation formalism in the covariant Hamiltonian formulation. The Einstein-Hilbert theory is thereby extended by a quadratic Riemann-Cartan term in the Lagrangian. Moreover, the requirement of covariant conservation of the stress-energy tensor leads to necessary presence of torsion. In the Friedman universe that promotes the cosmological constant to a time-dependent function, and gives rise to a geometrical correction with the EOS of dark radiation. The resulting cosmology, compatible with the ΛCDM parameter set, encompasses bounce and bang scenarios with graceful exits into the late dark energy era. Testing those scenarios against low-z observations shows that CCGG is a viable theory.
A modification of the Einstein–Hilbert theory, the Covariant Canonical Gauge Gravity (CCGG), leads to a cosmological constant that represents the energy of the space–time continuum when deformed from its (A)dS ground state to a flat geometry. CCGG is based on the canonical transformation theory in the De Donder–Weyl (DW) Hamiltonian formulation. That framework modifies the Einstein–Hilbert Lagrangian of the free gravitational field by a quadratic Riemann–Cartan concomitant. The theory predicts a total energy-momentum of the system of space–time and matter to vanish, in line with the conjecture of a “Zero-Energy-Universe” going back to Lorentz (1916) and Levi-Civita (1917). Consequently, a flat geometry can only exist in presence of matter where the bulk vacuum energy of matter, regardless of its value, is eliminated by the vacuum energy of space–time. The observed cosmological constant Λobs is found to be merely a small correction attributable to deviations from a flat geometry and effects of complex dynamical geometry of space–time, namely torsion and possibly also vacuum fluctuations. That quadratic extension of General Relativity, anticipated already in 1918 by Einstein, thus provides a significant and natural contribution to resolving the “cosmological constant problem”.
This short paper gives a brief overview of the manifestly covariant canonical gauge gravity (CCGG) that is rooted in the De Donder-Weyl Hamiltonian formulation of relativistic field theories, and the proven methodology of the canonical transformation theory. That framework derives, from a few basic physical and mathematical assumptions, equations describing generic matter and gravity dynamics with the spin connection emerging as a Yang Mills-type gauge field. While the interaction of any matter field with spacetime is fixed just by the transformation property of that field, a concrete gravity ansatz is introduced by the choice of the free (kinetic) gravity Hamiltonian. The key elements of this approach are discussed and its implications for particle dynamics and cosmology are presented. New insights: Anomalous Pauli coupling of spinors to curvature and torsion of spacetime, spacetime with (A)dS ground state, inertia, torsion and geometrical vacuum energy, Zero-energy balance of the Universe leading to a vanishing cosmological constant and torsional dark energy.
Walter Greiner: in memoriam
(2017)
Walter Greiner (29 October 1935 - 6 October 2016) was a German theoretical physicist. His scientific research interests include the thematic areas of atomic physics, heavy ion physics, nuclear physics, elementary particle physics (particularly quantum electrodynamics and quantum chromodynamics). He is most known in Germany for his series of books in theoretical physics, but he is also well known around the world. Greiner was born on October 29, 1935, in Neuenbau, Sonnenberg, Germany. He studied physics at the University of Frankfurt (Goethe University in Frankfurt Am Main), receiving in this institution a BSci in physics and a Master’s degree in 1960 with a thesis on plasma-reactors, and a PhD in 1961 at the University of Freiburg under Hans Marshal, with a thesis on the nuclear polarization in μμ-mesic atoms. During the period of 1962 to 1964 he was assistant professor at the University of Maryland, followed by a position as research associate at the University of Freiburg, in 1964. Starting in 1965, he became a full professor at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at Goethe University until 2003. Greiner has been a visiting professor to many universities and laboratories, including Florida State University, the University of Virginia, the University of California, the University of Melbourne, Vanderbilt University, Yale University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory. In 2003, with Wolf Singer, he was the founding Director of the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), and gave lectures and seminars in elementary particle physics. He died on October 6, 2016 at the age of 80.
Walter Greiner was an excellent teacher, researcher, friend. And he was a great supporter of the series of events known by the acronyms IWARA - International Workshop on Astronomy and Relativistic Astrophysics, STARS - Caribbean Symposium on Cosmology, Gravitation, Nuclear and Astroparticle Physics, and SMFNS - International Symposium on Strong Electromagnetic Fields and Neutron Stars. Walter Greiner left us. But his memory will remain always alive among us who have had the privilege of knowing him and enjoy his wisdom and joy of living.
Aufbau eines Experimentes zur Untersuchung der Ionenstrahlkühlung mit Hilfe eines HF-Quadrupols
(2003)
Die Arbeit beschreibt ein Experiment zur Kühlung eines 40Ar-Ionenstrahls mittels eines 4He-Hintergrundgases innerhalb eines unmodulierten RF-Quadrupols von 500 mm Länge. Ziel des Experimentes war es, den Einfluss der Gaskühlung auf die Qualität von Ionenstrahlen geringer Energie und Intensität zu untersuchen. Die Ionen wurden bei unterschiedlichen Spannungen aus einem Duoplasmatron extrahiert und vor der Injektion in den Quadrupol durch ein elektrostatisches Linsensystem formiert. Die Stromstärke der Strahles wurde mittels einer Faradaytasse gemessen, die mit einer Sekundärelektronen unterdrückenden Repellerblende ausgestattet ist. Der Einfluß der variierten Parameter Hintergrundgasdruck, Quadrupolfrequenz und Strahlenergie auf die Qualität des Strahls wurde dabei nicht direkt über dessen, die Phasenraumverteilung beschreibende, Emittanz gemessen, sondern über die Veränderung der registrierten Strahlstromstärken an einer Blende konstanter Apertur, also der Brillanz abgeleitet. Vorbereitend wurden zunächst Duoplasmatron und Injektionssystem überholt, aufgebaut und mit der nötigen Energie- und Kühlversorgung ausgerüstet. Im anschließenden Testlauf mit ungekühlten Heliumionen wurden die einzustellenden Werte der Betriebsparameter Quellendruck und diverse Blendenspannungen ermittelt und das System auf seine der Reproduktion dienenden Stabilität geprüft. Dabei wurden im Dauerbetrieb Strahlstromstärken von 0,29 mA bei 1 keV/u und 0,02 mA bei 0,15 keV/u Strahlenergie erzielt. Mittels der bekannten Emittanz des Helium-Strahls bei 1 keV/u Energie und 0,25 mA Strahlstromstärke wurde die jeweilige normierte Emittanz der noch ungekühlten Strahlen auf 2,18*10-2 im ersten und 1,61*10-2 im zweiten Fall abgeschätzt. Zur Gaskühlung wurde ein Quadrupol mit 10 mm Apertur- und 7,5 mm Elektrodenradius gefertigt und mit einem Phasentrenner gekoppelt. Ein Breitbandgenerator und -Verstärker dienten der frequenz- und spannungsvariablen Elektrodenbelegung. Der Hintergrundgasdruck wurde mittels einem handelsüblichen Regelventil variiert. Um der ein großes Masseverhältnis von Strahlionen zu Hintergrundgas fordernden Theorie Rechnung zu tragen, wurden Argon als Ionen und Helium als Buffergas gewählt. Einer eingehenden Untersuchung der Auswirkung der einzelnen Komponenten und ihrer Kombination auf die Eigenschaften des Ionenstrahls folgte eine schrittweise Variation von Quadrupolfrequenz und Hintergrundgasdruck im Bereich 1-5 MHz und 9*10-6 - 4*10-3 mbar bei den Strahlenergien 15, 25 und 80 eV/u. Die hierbei gemessenen Strahlstromstärken wurden über die frequenzabhängige Elektrodenspannung normiert und mit der Stärke der ungekühlten Strahlen verglichen. Bei 15 eV/u Strahlenergie konnte die gemessene Maximalstromstärke um 43 % von 0,014 µA/V ungekühlt auf 0,02 µA/V bei 1*10-4 mbar Hintergrundgasdruck gesteigert werden. Die Strahlstromstärke des Strahles mit 25 eV/u Energie wurde von 0,045µA/V des ungekühlten auf 0,1 µA/V bei ca. 6*10-5 mbar verdoppelt. Bei 80 eV/u Energie blieb die Strahlstromstärke mit 0,35 µA/V unverändert, jedoch wurde im gesamten Bereich zwischen 2*10-5 und 3*10-5 mbar und 3,4 - 4,6 MHz mit annähernd konstanten 0,28 µA/V ein Plateau hoher Strahlstromstärke registriert, dem etwa 0,06 µA/V im ungekühlten Strahl entgegenstehen. Ein weniger stark ausgeprägtes Analogon wurde bei 15 eV/u im Frequenzbereich um 3,5 MHz beobachtet. In zwei von drei Fällen konnte im Experiment die Strahlstromstärke durch die Gaskühlung deutlich gesteigert werden, im dritten Fall wurde die Zahl der transportierten Ionen in einem zuvor ungeeigneten Frequenzbereich um den Faktor 4,5 gesteigert. Durch die Beziehung zwischen Strahlstromstärke I, Strahlbrillanz B und Strahlemittanz ε mit I~B~1/ε2 kann abschließend eine Verminderung der Strahlemittanz durch die Gaskühlung festgestellt werden. Die durchgeführten Experimente haben gezeigt, daß man bei niedrigen Strahlenergien einfach geladene Ionen bei relativ hohem Gasdruck und geeigneten Parametern des Quadrupols transportieren und die Emittanz des Strahls verbessern kann. Die Kombination von Quadrupol und Buffergas stellt also ein System dar, das als Gaskühler bei kleinen Strömen von Niedrigenergiestrahlen eingesetzt werden kann. Als nächstes würde zur weitergehenden, jedoch den Rahmen dieser Arbeit übersteigenden Untersuchung ein technisch und finanziell aufwändigerer Aufbau benötigt. Das benutzte Linsensystem würde durch ein auf die Ionensorte speziell abgestimmtes Injektionssystem und die Faradaytasse durch eine rechnergesteuerte, orts- und winkelauflösende Emittanzmessanlage ersetzt. Die somit erhaltene höhere Auflösung des Strahles würde den Übergang von der vorliegenden qualitativen Beschreibung der Gaskühlung zu einer quantitativen ermöglichen.
Nanomaterials, i.e., materials that are manufactured at a very small spatial scale, can possess unique physical and chemical properties and exhibit novel characteristics as compared to the same material without nanoscale features. The reduction of size down to the nanometer scale leads to the abundance of potential applications in different fields of technology. For instance, tailoring the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials for modification of their interaction with a biological environment has been reflected in a number of biomedical applications.
Strategies to choose the size and the composition of nanoscale systems are often hindered by a limited understanding of interactions that are difficult to study experimentally. However, this goal can be achieved by means of advanced computer simulations. This thesis explores, from a theoretical and a computational viewpoints, stability, electronic and thermo-mechanical properties of nanoscale systems and materials which are related to biomedical applications.
We examine the ability of existing classical interatomic potentials to reproduce stability and thermo-mechanical properties of metal systems, assuming that these potentials have been fitted to describe ground-state properties of the perfect bulk materials.
It is found that existing classical interatomic potentials poorly describe highly-excited vibrational states when the system is far from the potential energy minimum. On the other hand, construction of a reliable computational model is essential for further development of nanomaterials for applications. A new interatomic potential that is able to correctly reproduce both the melting temperature and the ground-state properties of different metals, such as gold, platinum, titanium, and magnesium, by means of classical molecular dynamics simulations is proposed in this work. The suggested modification of a many-body potential has a general nature and can be utilized for similar numerical exploration of thermo-mechanical properties of a broad range of molecular and solid state systems experiencing phase transitions.
The applicability of the classical interatomic potentials to the description of nanoscale systems, consisting of several tens-hundreds of atoms, is also explored in this study. This issue is important, for instance, in the case of nanostructured materials, where grains or nanocrystals have a typical size of about a few nanometers. We validate classical potentials through the comparison with density-functional theory calculations of small
atomic clusters made of titanium and nickel. By this analysis, we demonstrate that the classical potentials fitted to describe ground-state properties of a bulk material can describe the energetics of nanoscale systems with a reasonable accuracy.
In this work, we also analyze electronic properties of nanometer-size nanoparticles made of gold, platinum, silver, and gadolinium; nanoparticles composed of these materials are of current interest for radiation therapy applications. We focus on the production of low-energy electrons, having the kinetic energy from a few electronvolts to several tens of electronvolts. It is currently established that the low-energy secondary electrons of such energies play an important role in the nanoscale mechanisms of biological damage resulting from ionizing radiation. We provide a methodology for analyzing the dynamic response of nanoparticles of the experimentally relevant sizes, namely of about several nanometers, exposed to ionizing radiation. Because of a large number of constituent atoms (about 1000 −10000 atoms) and consequently high computational costs, the electronic properties of such systems can hardly be described by means of ab initio methods based on a quantum-mechanical treatment of electrons, and this analysis should rely on model approaches. By comparing the response of smaller systems (of about 1 nm size) calculated within the ab initio- and the model framework, we validate this methodology and make predictions for the electron production in larger systems.
We have revealed that a significant increase in the number of the low-energy electrons emitted from nanometer-size noble metal nanoparticles arises from collective electron excitations formed in the systems. It is demonstrated that the dominating mechanisms of electron yield enhancement are related to the formation of plasmons excited in a whole system and of atomic giant resonances formed due to excitation of valence d electrons in individual atoms of a nanoparticle. Being embedded in a biological medium, the noble metal nanoparticles thus represent an important source of low-energy electrons, able to produce a significant irrepairable damage in biological systems.
A general methodology for studying electronic properties of nanosystems is used to make quantitative predictions for electron production by non-metal nanoparticles. The analysis illustrates that due to a prominent collective response to an external electric field, carbon nanoparticles embedded in a biological medium also enhance the production of low-energy electrons. The number of low-energy electrons emitted from carbon nanoparticles is demonstrated to be several times higher as compared to the case of liquid water.
Mixing and magnetic fields in asymptotic giant branch stars in the framework of FRUITY models
(2021)
In the last few years, the modeling of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars has been much investigated, both focusing on nucleosynthesis and stellar evolution aspects. Recent advances in the input physics required for stellar computations made it possible to construct more accurate evolutionary models, which are an essential tool to interpret the wealth of available observational and nucleosynthetic data. Motivated by such improvements, the FUNS stellar evolutionary code has been updated. Nonetheless, mixing processes occurring in AGB stars’ interiors are currently not well-understood. This is especially true for the physical mechanism leading to the formation of the 13C pocket, the major neutron source in low-mass AGB stars. In this regard, post-processing s-process models assuming that partial mixing of protons is induced by magneto-hydrodynamics processes were shown to reproduce many observations. Such mixing prescriptions have now been implemented in the FUNS code to compute stellar models with fully coupled nucleosynthesis. Here, we review the new generation of FRUITY models that include the effects of mixing triggered by magnetic fields by comparing theoretical findings with observational constraints available either from the isotopic analysis of trace-heavy elements in presolar grains or from carbon AGB stars and Galactic open clusters.
Asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars are responsible for the production of the main component of the solar s-process distribution. Despite enormous progress in the theoretical modeling of these objects over the last few decades, many uncertainties remain. The still-unknown mechanism leading to the production of 13C neutron source is one example. The nucleosynthetic signature of AGB stars can be examined in a number of stellar sources, from spectroscopic observations of intrinsic and extrinsic stars to the heavy-element isotopic composition of presolar grains found in meteorites. The wealth of available observational data allows for constraining the processes occurring in AGB interiors. In this view, we discuss recent results from new AGB models including the effects of mixing triggered by magnetic fields, and show comparisons of the related s-process nucleosynthesis with available observations.
Asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars are thought to be among the most important sources of fluorine in our Galaxy. While observations and theory agree at close-to-solar metallicity, stellar models overestimate fluorine production in comparison to heavy elements at lower metallicities. We present predictions for 19F abundance for a set of AGB models with various masses and metallicities, in which magnetic buoyancy induces the formation of the 13C neutron source (the so-called 13C pocket). In our new models, fluorine is mostly created as a consequence of secondary 14N nucleosynthesis during convective thermal pulses, with a minor contribution from the 14N existing in the 13C pocket zone. As a result, AGB stellar models with magnetic-buoyancyinduced mixing show low 19F surface abundances which agree with fluorine spectroscopic observations at both low and near-solar metallicity.
s-processing in asymptotic giant branch stars in the light of revised neutron-capture cross sections
(2021)
Current AGB stellar models provide an adequate description of the s-process nucleosynthesis that occurs. Nonetheless, they still suffer from many uncertainties related to the modeling of the 13C pocket formation and the adopted nuclear reaction rates. For many important s-process isotopes, a best set of neutron-capture cross sections was recently re-evaluated. Using stellar models prescribing that the 13C pocket is a by-product of magnetic-buoyancy-induced mixing phenomena, s-process calculations were carried out with this database. Significant effects are found for a few s-only and branching point isotopes, pointing out the need for improved neutron-capture cross section measurements at low energy.
Neutron star mergers (NSMs) are one of the astrophysical sites for the occurrence of the rapid neutron capture process (r-process). After a merger, the ejected neutron-rich matter hosts the production of radioactive heavy nuclei located far from the stability valley. Their nuclear physics properties are key inputs for r-process nucleosynthesis calculations. Here, we focus on the importance of neutron-capture rates and perform a sensitivity study for typical outflows from NSMs. We identify the rates with the highest impact on the final r-process abundance pattern and the nuclear energy release, therefore determining the nucleosynthesis in NSMs. A list of major n-capture rates affecting individual isotopes and elements production is also provided.
Present nuclear reaction network computations for astrophysical simulations involve many different types of rates, including neutron-capture reactions of interest for the modeling of heavy-element nucleosynthesis. While for many of them we still have to rely on theoretical calculations, an increasing number of experimentally-determined cross sections have now become available. In this contribution, we present “ASTrophysical Rate and rAw data Library” (ASTRAL), a new online database for neutron-capture cross sections based on experimental results, mainly obtained through activation and timeof-flight measurements. For the evaluation process, cross sections were re-calculated starting from raw data and by considering recent changes in physical properties of the involved isotopes (e.g., half-life and γ-ray intensities). We show the current status of the database, the techniques adopted to derive the recommended Maxwellian-averaged cross sections, and future developments.
In the study of trapped two-component Bose gases, a widely used dynamical protocol is to start from the ground state of a one-component condensate and then switch half the atoms into another hyperfine state. The slightly different intra-component and inter-component interactions can then lead to highly non-trivial dynamics, especially in the density mismatch between the two components, commonly referred to as 'spin' density. We study and classify the possible subsequent dynamics, over a wide variety of parameters spanned by the trap strength and by the inter- to intra-component interaction ratio. A stability analysis suited to the trapped situation provides us with a framework to explain the various types of dynamics in different regimes.
Optogenetic manipulation of neuronal activity through excitatory and inhibitory opsins has become an indispensable experimental strategy in neuroscience research. For many applications bidirectional control of neuronal activity allowing both excitation and inhibition of the same neurons in a single experiment is desired. This requires low spectral overlap between the excitatory and inhibitory opsin, matched photocurrent amplitudes and a fixed expression ratio. Moreover, independent activation of two distinct neuronal populations with different optogenetic actuators is still challenging due to blue-light sensitivity of all opsins. Here we report BiPOLES, an optogenetic tool for potent neuronal excitation and inhibition with light of two different wavelengths. BiPOLES enables sensitive, reliable dual-color neuronal spiking and silencing with single- or two-photon excitation, optical tuning of the membrane voltage, and independent optogenetic control of two neuronal populations using a second, blue-light sensitive opsin. The utility of BiPOLES is demonstrated in worms, flies, mice and ferrets.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein Spracherkennungssystem realisiert, das sowohl phonembasierte als auch wortbasierte Modelle zur sprecherunabhängigen Schlüsselworterkennung im Kontext fließender Sprache verwenden kann. Das System erlaubt dabei die Wahl zwischen zwei grundlegend verschiedenen Verfahren: Entweder kann die Bewertung von Äußerungen durch Schlüsselwortmodelle mit gewählten Schwellenwerten verglichen werden, wobei eine Schwellenwertüberschreitung die Erkennung eines Schlüsselwortes signalisiert, oder es werden beliebige Phonemfolgen als Füllmodelle verwendet, die mit den Schlüsselwortmodellen konkurrieren. Der Schlüsselworterkenner kann sowohl zur 1-Schlüsselwort- Erkennung, bei der vorausgesetzt wird, dass sich in jeder Äußerung exakt ein Schlüsselwort befindet, als auch zur n-Schlüsselwort-Erkennung verwendet werden, bei der sich eine beliebige Anzahl Schlüsselwörter in jeder Äußerung befinden kann. Durch eine effiziente Implementation wurde die Fähigkeit zur Echtzeitverarbeitung auf verfügbaren Arbeitsplatzrechnern erreicht.....
Efficient modeling and mitigation of quadrupole errors in synchrotrons and their beam transfer lines
(2023)
This thesis investigates the problem of estimating quadrupole errors on synchrotrons as well as how to minimize the influence of quadrupole errors for beam transfer lines (beamlines). It emphasizes the importance to treat possible error sources in all parts of an accelerator in order to provide constantly high beam quality to the experimental stations. While the presented methods have been investigated by using the example of the SIS18 synchrotron and the HEST beamlines at GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, they are equally relevant for the future synchrotrons and beamlines of the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Europe (FAIR).
Part 1 discusses the problem of estimating quadrupole errors via orbit response measurements at synchrotrons. An emphasis is put on investigating the influence of the availability of steerer magnets and beam position monitors (BPMs) on the solvability of the inverse problem as well as on the propagation of measurement uncertainty for the estimation of quadrupole errors. The problem is approached via analytical considerations as well as via dedicated simulation studies. By developing an analytical expression for the Jacobian matrix, the theoretical boundaries for the solvability of the inverse problem are derived. Moreover, it is shown that the analytical expressions for the Jacobian matrix can be used during the fitting procedure to achieve a significant improvement in the computational efficiency by a factor $N_{steerers} \times N_{quadrupoles}$, where $N$ denotes the number of lattice elements of the respective type. The presented results are tested via dedicated measurements at the SIS18 synchrotron.
Part 2 discusses – complementary to part 1 – the influence of quadrupole errors in beam transfer lines with respect to the beam quality requirements given by the experimental stations. A preventive approach is presented which allows to minimize the influence of possible quadrupole errors on the degradation of beam quality. By identifying and selecting robust quadrupole configurations, a stable operation of the beamline can be enabled and the time needed by operators to readjust the beamline parameters can be reduced. The concept of beamline robustness is developed and is studied with the help of dedicated simulations. The simulation results are used to identify certain properties that distinguish robust from nonrobust quadrupole configurations. Also, various methods for improving the computational process of identifying robust quadrupole configurations are presented. The methods and results are tested via dedicated measurements at two different beamlines at GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research and at Forschungszentrum Jülich.
Inverse modeling of circular lattices via orbit response measurements in the presence of degeneracy
(2023)
The number and location of beam position monitors (BPMs) and steerers with respect to the quadrupoles in a circular lattice can lead to degeneracy in the context of fitting linear optics and extracting lattice information from measured closed orbits. Furthermore, the measurement uncertainties due to the imperfection of BPMs and steerers can be propagated by the fitting process in ways that prohibit the successful extraction of discrepancies between lattice elements in the real machine and their description in the corresponding model. We systematically studied the influence of the placement of BPMs and steerers on the reconstruction of linear optics and corresponding lattice information. The derivative of orbit response coefficients with respect to the quadrupole strengths, the Jacobian, is derived as an analytical formula. This analytical version of the Jacobian is used to further derive the theoretical limitations of fitting linear optics from closed orbits in terms of the placement of BPMs and steerers. It is further demonstrated that when evaluating the Jacobian during the fitting procedure, the analytical version can be used in place of the conventional finite-difference computation. This allows for greatly improved efficiency when computing the Jacobian during each iteration of the fitting procedure. The approach is tested with large-scale simulations and the findings are verified by measurement data taken on SIS18 synchrotron at GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research. The presented methods are of general nature and can be applied to other accelerator lattices as well. The fitting procedure by using the analytical Jacobian is tested in conjunction with various methods for mitigating quasidegeneracy and the results agree with those obtained by using the conventional Jacobian via finite-difference approximation.
Neural networks have been recently proposed as variational wave functions for quantum many-body systems [G. Carleo and M. Troyer, Science 355, 602 (2017)]. In this work, we focus on a specific architecture, known as Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM), and analyse its accuracy for the spin-1/2 J1−J2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model in one spatial dimension. The ground state of this model has a non-trivial sign structure, especially for J2/J1>0.5, forcing us to work with complex-valued RBMs. Two variational Ans\"atze are discussed: one defined through a fully complex RBM, and one in which two different real-valued networks are used to approximate modulus and phase of the wave function. In both cases, translational invariance is imposed by considering linear combinations of RBMs, giving access also to the lowest-energy excitations at fixed momentum k. We perform a systematic study on small clusters to evaluate the accuracy of these wave functions in comparison to exact results, providing evidence for the supremacy of the fully complex RBM. Our calculations show that this kind of Ans\"atze is very flexible and describes both gapless and gapped ground states, also capturing the incommensurate spin-spin correlations and low-energy spectrum for J2/J1>0.5. The RBM results are also compared to the ones obtained with Gutzwiller-projected fermionic states, often employed to describe quantum spin models [F. Ferrari, A. Parola, S. Sorella and F. Becca, Phys. Rev. B 97, 235103 (2018)]. Contrary to the latter class of variational states, the fully-connected structure of RBMs hampers the transferability of the wave function from small to large clusters, implying an increase of the computational cost with the system size.
We suggest to explore an entirely new method to experimentally and theoretically study the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter based on the triple nuclear collisions (TNC).We simulated the TNC using the UrQMD 3.4 model at the beam center of- mass collision energies √SNN = 200 GeV and √SNN = 2.76 TeV. It is found that in the most central and simultaneous TNC the initial baryonic charge density is about 3 times higher than the one achieved in the usual binary nuclear collisions at the same energies. As a consequence, the production of protons and Λ-hyperons is increased by a factor of 2 and 1.5, respectively. Using the MIT Bag model equation we study the evolution of the central cell in TNC and demonstrate that for the top RHIC energy of collision the baryonic chemical potential is 2-2.5 times larger than the one achieved in the binary nuclear collision at the same time of reaction. Based on these estimates, we show that TNC offers an entirely new possibility to study the QCD phase diagram at very high baryonic charge densities.
The radiative electron capture (REC) into the K shell of bare Xe ions colliding with a hydrogen gas target has been investigated. In this study, the degree of linear polarization of the K-REC radiation was measured and compared with rigorous relativistic calculations as well as with the previous results recorded for U92+. Owing to the improved detector technology, a significant gain in precision of the present polarization measurement is achieved compared to the previously published results. The obtained data confirms that for medium-Z ions such as Xe, the REC process is a source of highly polarized x rays which can easily be tuned with respect to the degree of linear polarization and the photon energy. We argue, in particular, that for relatively low energies the photons emitted under large angles are almost fully linear polarized.
Seit hundert Jahren ist bekannt, dass die mikroskopische Welt der Atome und Moleküle von den Gesetzen der Quantenphysik regiert wird. Lange Zeit galten Quantenphänomene als verworren und unkontrollierbar. Heute arbeiten Physikerinnen und Physiker daran, unter Nutzung quantenphysikalischer Effekte Materialien mit neuartigen Eigenschaften zu kreieren.
The regeneration of hadronic resonances is discussed for heavy ion collisions at SPS and SIS-300 energies. The time evolutions of Delta, rho and phi resonances are investigated. Special emphasize is put on resonance regeneration after chemical freeze-out. The emission time spectra of experimentally detectable resonances are explored.
We predict transverse and longitudinal momentum spectra and yields of rho 0 and omega mesons reconstructed from hadron correlations in C+C reactions at 2~AGeV. The rapidity and pT distributions for reconstructable rho 0 mesons differs strongly from the primary distribution, while the omega's distributions are only weakly modified. We discuss the temporal and spatial distributions of the particles emitted in the hadron channel. Finally, we report on the mass shift of the rho 0 due to its coupling to the N*(1520), which is observable in both the di-lepton and pi pi channel. Our calculations can be tested with the Hades experiment at GSI, Darmstadt.