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The recently published experimental dependence of the J/psi suppression pattern in Pb+Pb collisions at the CERN SPS on the energy of zero degree calorimeter EZDC are analyzed. It is found that the data obtained within the minimum bias analysis (using theoretical Drell-Yan ) are at variance with the previously published experimental dependence of the same quantity on the transversal energy of neutral hadrons ET . The discrepancy is related to the moderate centrality region: 100 << Np << 200 (Np is the number of nucleon participants). This could result from systematic experimental errors in the minimum bias sample. A possible source of the errors may be contamination of the minimum bias sample by o -target interactions. The data obtained within the standard analysis (using measured Drell-Yan multiplicity) are found to be much less sensitive to the contamination.
The measured particle ratios in central heavy-ion collisions at RHIC-BNL are investigated within a chemical and thermal equilibrium chiral SU(3) theta - omega approach. The commonly adopted noninteracting gas calculations yield temperatures close to or above the critical temperature for the chiral phase transition, but without taking into account any interactions. Contrary, the chiral SU(3) model predicts temperature and density dependent e ective hadron masses and e ective chemical potentials in the medium and a transition to a chirally restored phase at high temperatures or chemical potentials. Three di erent parametrizations of the model, which show di erent types of phase transition behaviour, are investigated. We show that if a chiral phase transition occured in those collisions, freezing of the relative hadron abundances in the symmetric phase is excluded by the data. Therefore, either very rapid chemical equilibration must occur in the broken phase, or the measured hadron ratios are the outcome of the dynamical symmetry breaking. Furthermore, the extracted chemical freeze-out parameters di er considerably from those obtained in simple noninteracting gas calculations. In particular, the three models yield up to 35 MeV lower temperatures than the free gas approximation. The in-medium masses turn out di er up to 150 MeV from their vacuum values.
We calculate p, ±,K± and (+ 0) rapidity distributions and compare to experimental data from SIS to SPS energies within the UrQMD and HSD transport approaches that are both based on string, quark, diquark (q, ¯q, qq, ¯q ¯q) and hadronic degrees of freedom. The two transport models do not include any explicit phase transition to a quark-gluon plasma (QGP). It is found that both approaches agree rather well with each other and with the experimental rapidity distributions for protons, s, ± and K±. In- spite of this apparent agreement both transport models fail to reproduce the maximum in the excitation function for the ratio K+/ + found experimen- tally between 11 and 40 A·GeV. A comparison to the various experimental data shows that this failure is dominantly due to an insu cient description of pion rapidity distributions rather than missing strangeness . The modest di erences in the transport model results on the other hand can be attributed to di erent implementations of string formation and frag- mentation, that are not su ciently controlled by experimental data for the elementary reactions in vacuum.
A canonical partition function for the two-component excluded volume model is derived, leading to two di erent van der Waals approximations. The one is known as the Lorentz-Berthelot mixture and the other has been proposed recently. Both models are analysed in the canonical and grand canonical ensemble. In comparison with the one-component van der Waals excluded volume model the suppression of particle densities is reduced in these two-component formulations, but in two essentially di erent ways. Presently used multi-component models have no such reduction. They are shown to be not correct when used for components with di erent hard-core radii. For high temperatures the excluded volume interaction is refined by accounting for the Lorentz contraction of the spherical excluded volumes, which leads to a distinct enhancement of lighter particles. The resulting e ects on pion yield ratios are studied for AGS and SPS data.
The amount of proton stopping in central Pb+Pb collisions from 20–160 A GeV as well as hyperon and antihyperon rapidity distributions are calculated within the UrQMD model in comparison to experimental data at 40, 80, and 160 A GeV taken recently from the NA49 collaboration. Furthermore, the amount of baryon stopping at 160A GeV for Pb+Pb collisions is studied as a function of centrality in comparison to the NA49 data. We find that the strange baryon yield is reasonably described for central collisions, however, the rapidity distributions are somewhat more narrow than the data. Moreover, the experimental antihyperon rapidity distributions at 40, 80, and 160 A GeV are underestimated by up to factors of 3—depending on the annihilation cross section employed—which might be addressed to missing multimeson fusion channels in the UrQMD model. Pacs-Nr.: 25.75.2q, 24.10.Jv, 24.10.Lx
Es wurde eine Apparatur zur Messung von Heliumdoppelionisation durch Elektronenstoß, kurz (e,3e) genannt, aufgebaut. Die Aufgabe bestand im Aufbau eines Jetsystems mit horizontalem Jet, der Konstruktion eines Impulsspektrometers, das speziell auf die Anforderungen von (e,3e) ausgerichtet ist, dem Aufbau einer Kompensation für das Erdmagnetfeld, dem Test der einzelnen Komponenten und der Aufnahme von Orts- und Flugzeitspektren. Im Rahmen der Testmessungen konnte die Linearität der Detektoren überprüft werden, auch wurde ein Programm für die Ortsauslese der Hexanode geschrieben, des weiteren wurde der Elektronenstrahl fokussiert und der Jet eingestellt, so daß das Flugzeitspektrum zwischen Targetelektron und Rückstoßion und zwischen Projektil und Rückstoßion aufgenommen werden konnte. Anhand des Flugzeitspektrums zwischen Projektil und Rückstoßion wurde die Impulsverteilung der einfachgeladenen Heliumionen in Richtung der z-Achse bestimmt. Jedoch hat sich herausgestellt, daß die Impulsverteilung der Heliumionen vom Jet von der noch größeren Impulsverteilung der Atome vom warmen Heliumgas überlagert wird. Anhand des Rückstoßionendetektor-Ortsbildes konnte die Impulsverteilung der Heliumionen in x- und y-Richtung angegeben werden, da sich das warme Heliumgas im Restgasionisationsstreifen befindet und somit klar von Jetfleck zu trennen ist. Um für die wissenschaftliche Forschung verwertbare (e,3e)-Messungen an der Apparatur durchführen zu können, müssen einige zusätzliche Arbeiten vorgenommen werden; wie die Kalibrierung der beiden Spektrometer. Das ist notwendig für die Ermittlung der Zuordnungsfunktion zwischen Auftrefforten und -zeiten auf den Detektoren und den jeweiligen Impulskomponenten. Das Simulationsprogramm SIMION kann zwar Trajektorien von unterschiedlich geladenen Teilchen bei einem gegebenen Feld berechnen, jedoch können diese simulierten Werte um bis zu 10% von der „Realität“ abweichen. Des weiteren ist es notwendig, den Nullpunkt, also den Koordinatenursprung der Detektoren zu ermitteln, um die genauen Impulsvektoren bestimmen zu können. Ohne diese Kalibrierung können die ermittelten Impulsverteilungen der Rückstoßionen und Targetelektronen quantitativ nicht angegeben werden. Bei den Testmessungen hat sich gezeigt, daß der Elektronenstrahl divergent ist. Durch weitere Testmessungen an der Elektronenkanone muß das Problem behoben werden, da sonst die Energieauflösung des Projektilspektrometers nicht ausreichend ist....
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die zeitaufgelöste Doppelionisation von diatomaren Molekülen in intensiven Laserpulsen untersucht. Dabei waren neben den einfachsten aller Moleküle, Wasserstoff und Deuterium, auch Sauerstoffmoleküle Gegenstand der Untersuchungen. Mit Hilfe der Pump-Probe-Methode konnte die Doppelionisation der Moleküle schrittweise herbeigeführt werden. Dazu wurde das Molekül zunächst von einem ersten schwachen Laserpuls (8 fs) einfachionisiert, bevor es nach einer Zeitverzögerung tau von einem intensiveren zweiten Puls (8 fs) doppelionisiert wurde. Die Zeit zwischen den beiden Pulsen konnte in Schritten einer Femtosekunde von 0 bis 100 fs variiert werden. Die COLTRIMS-Technik lieferte den gesamten Impuls der beiden Coulomb explodierten Fragmente, so daß auch die freigesetzte kinetische Energie (KER) der Ionen bestimmt werden konnte. Diese ist hauptsächlich bestimmt durch den internuklaeren Abstand der Kerne zum Zeitpunkt der Ionisation. Das KER Spektrum in Abhängigkeit der Verzögerung der beiden Pulse veranschaulicht somit die Bewegung des molekularen Wellenpaketes. Dabei konnte die Entwicklung des Wellenpakets entlang zweier verschiedener Potentialkurven in H+2 und D+2 beobachtet werden. Zum einen die Oszillation im gebundenen Potential 1s sigma g und zum anderen die Dissoziation auf der durch das Laserfeld verschobenen Dissoziationskurve 2p sigma u. Mit einem einfachen klassischen Modell konnte die freiwerdende kinetische Energie der durch dissoziative Ionisation entstandenen Ionen bestimmt und mit den Daten verglichen werden. Dabei konnte sowohl für H+2 als auch für D+2 eine gute Übereinstimmung erzielt werden. Wie zu erwarten zeigte sich, daß die Kernbewegung im Deuterium Molekül, aufgrund der höheren Masse, um den Faktor p2 langsamer verläuft. Durch Verwendung eines geringfügig längeren Pulses und eine leichte Minimierung der Laserintensität des Probe-Pulses konnte die dissoziative Ionisation verstärkt werden und der in der Literatur vielfach beschriebene CREI Prozeß direkt nachgewiesen werden. Auch im Falle des Sauerstoffs konnten die Entwicklung von Wellenpaketen in gebundenen und dissozierenden Potentialen beobachtet werden. Das spricht dafür, daß der Doppelionisation von Sauerstoffmoleküulen ein ganz ähnlichen Prozeß zugrunde liegt, wie es für diatomaten Wasserstoff der Fall ist. Die Frage nach dem genauen Ionisationsverlauf konnte jedoch nicht endgültig geklärt werden. Für H+2 und D+2 konnte ein sehr detailliertes Bild der Bewegung der Wellenpakete entlang der Potentialkurven gewonnen werden, das die quantenmechanische Natur der Wellenpakete wiederspiegelt.
Das Ziel des Experiments war es, den Einfluss des Valenzelektrons im Kaliumatom auf die Kernabschirmung zu untersuchen. Es wurde mit Hilfe von Laserpulsen mit einer Dauer von 120 fs entfernt. Die Ionisation oder Anregung der K-Schale der Kaliumatome sowie der Kaliumionen wurde mit hochenergetischen Röntgenphotonen realisiert. Um die daraus entstandenen Auger-Elektronen ohne störenden Untergrund messen zu können, wurde ein 4π Flugzeitspektrometer nach dem Prinzip der magnetischen Flasche eingesetzt. Es wurde gezeigt, dass nach dem Entfernen des Valenzelektrons die Kernabschirmung des Kaliumatoms zunimmt, was eine Änderung der Energie der K-Schale zu Folge hat. Diese Änderung von 3 eV trat bei einem Vergleich der Ionisationskurven für Kaliumatome und Kaliumionen deutlich hervor. Die Höhe der Änderung lässt darauf schließen, dass sie im Zusammenhang mit der Ionisierungsenergie des entfernten 4s-Elektrons steht. Durch die Verwendung des Femtosekunden-Laserpulses in Verbindung mit den Röntgenstrahlen des Synchrotrons sollte der Auger-Prozess zeitaufgelöst dargestellt werden. Eine Messung des Verhältnisses der Elektronenraten in Abhängigkeit von der zeitlichen Verzögerung zwischen Laser- und Röntgenstrahlen ergab eine Länge des Röntgenpulses von 66 ps (± 5 ps), was für zeitaufgelöste Untersuchungen des in Femtosekunden ablaufenden Auger-Prozesses zu lang ist. Jedoch zeigt das Experiment, dass bei einer hinreichenden Verkürzung der Röntgenpulse zeitaufgelöste Untersuchungen im Bereich von Femtosekunden möglich sind. Für die Zukunft ist an der ALS eine weitere Beamline geplant, welche Röntgenpulse im fs-Bereich produzieren kann. Durch Verwenden dieser kurzen Röntgenpulse wären weitere Experimente zur zeitaufgelösten Darstellung des Auger-Prozesses denkbar. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt sollen weitere Experimente zur Untersuchung „langsamer“ dynamischer Vorgängen in Atomen und Molekülen, zum Beispiel die Dissoziation von Molekülen auf einer Pikosekunden Zeitskala, durchgeführt werden.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine Quelle für negative Ionen vorgestellt. Grundlage ist eine Mikro-Struktur-Elektrode, kurz MSE genannt. Diese besteht aus zwei Wolfram-Elektroden, die durch eine 100 mikrometer dicke Keramikfolie elektrisch getrennt werden. Eine Pore, die durch alle drei Schichten mit einem Laser gebohrt wird, dient zugleich als Düse für eine Überschall- Gasexpansion und als Volumen, in dem die Entladung brennt. Aus dem sehr geringen Elektrodenabstand resultieren auch bei vergleichsweise niedrigen Spannungen unter 1000 V ausreichend hohe Felder, um eine selbstständige Gasentladung bei Drücken von 0,1 bar bis hin zu mehreren bar zu gewährleisten. Mit Hilfe einer so generierten Entladung lassen sich die Bedingungen für die Bildung zahlreicher negativer Ionen schaffen. So können atomare Anionen wie H- oder O- auf sehr einfache Weise hergestellt werden. Des Weiteren gelingt es, eine Reihe molekularer Ionen zu erzeugen, wie etwa CH-, NO-, O-2 und O2H-. Da als Grundlage nur elementare Gase benutzt wurden, wird die Bildung von zum Beispiel NO- in der Regel über zwei oder mehr aufeinander folgende Prozesse verlaufen. Die elektrische Verschaltung der MSE ist derart gepolt, dass positive Ionen in Strahlrichtung beschleunigt werden. Entgegen ersten Vermutungen gelingt es den negativen Ionen, mit Hilfe des Gasflusses gegen das elektrische Feld in den Expansionsbereich zu gelangen. Die Brenneigenschaften des Plasmas sind hierbei erheblich besser als im Fall einer umgekehrten Polung. Dies ist vermutlich vor allem darauf zurückzuführen, dass im ersten Fall nur wenige Elektronen in die Expansionskammer gelangen. Die ebenfalls erzeugten Kationen [Schößler02] sorgen weiterhin für eine Verminderung der negativen Raumladung. Die Divergenz der Anionen wird daher bedeutend geringer, was vor allem vor Erreichen der Beschleunigungsstrecke von Bedeutung ist. Insgesamt besticht der Aufbau vor allem durch seine Kompaktheit. Die eigentliche Ionenquelle besteht aus einem 150 mikrometer dicken Plättchen mit 2,4 cm x 2,4 cm Außenmaß und einem Entladungsvolumen von 10-3 mm3. Benutzt man statt einer magnetischen Massenseparation ein Quadrupol-Spektrometer, sollte es möglich sein nach ca. 1 m Strahllänge einen fokussierten Ionenstrahl beliebiger in der Quelle erzeugbaren Ionen bereitstellen zu können....
The lightest supersymmetric particle, most likely the lightest neutralino, is one of the most prominent particle candidates for cold dark matter (CDM). We show that the primordial spectrum of density fluctuations in neutralino CDM has a sharp cut-off, induced by two different damping mechanisms. During the kinetic decoupling of neutralinos, non-equilibrium processes constitute viscosity effects, which damp or even absorb density perturbations in CDM. After the last scattering of neutralinos, free streaming induces neutralino flows from overdense to underdense regions of space. Both damping mechanisms together define a minimal mass scale for perturbations in neutralino CDM, before the inhomogeneities enter the non- linear epoch of structure formation. We find that the very first gravitationally bound neutralino clouds ought to have masses above 10-6M , which is six orders of magnitude above the mass of possible axion miniclusters.
We calculate open charm and charmonium production in Au + Au reac- tions at ps = 200 GeV within the hadron-string dynamics (HSD) transport approach employing open charm cross sections from pN and N reactions that are fitted to results from PYTHIA and scaled in magnitude to the available experimental data. Charmonium dissociation with nucleons and formed mesons to open charm (D + ¯D pairs) is included dynamically. The comover dissociation cross sections are described by a simple phase-space model including a single free parameter, i.e. an interaction strength M2 0 , that is fitted to the J/ suppression data for Pb + Pb collisions at SPS energies. As a novel feature we implement the backward channels for char- monium reproduction by D ¯D channels employing detailed balance. From our dynamical calculations we find that the charmonium recreation is com- parable to the dissociation by comoving mesons. This leads to the final result that the total J/ suppression at ps = 200 GeV as a function of centrality is slightly less than the suppression seen at SPS energies by the NA50 Collaboration, where the comover dissociation is substantial and the backward channels play no role. Furthermore, even in case that all di- rectly produced J/ mesons dissociate immediately (or are not formed as a mesonic state), a sizeable amount of charmonia is found asymptotically due to the D + ! J/ + meson channels in central collisions of Au + Au at ps = 200 GeV which, however, is lower than the J/ yield expected from f pp collis ns.
A significant drop of the vector meson masses in nuclear matter is observed in a chiral SU(3) model due to the e ects of the baryon Dirac sea. This is taken into account through the summation of baryonic tadpole diagrams in the relativistic Hartree approximation. The appreciable decrease of the in-medium vector meson masses is due to the vacuum polarisation e ects from the nucleon sector and is not observed in the mean field approximation.
We introduce a model for the real-time evolution of a relativistic fluid of quarks coupled to non-equilibrium dynamics of the long wavelength (classical) modes of the chiral condensate. We solve the equations of motion numerically in 3+1 spacetime dimensions. Starting the evolution at high temperature in the symmetric phase, we study dynamical trajectories that either cross the line of first-order phase transitions or evolve through its critical endpoint. For those cases, we predict the behavior of the azimuthal momentum asymmetry for highenergy heavy-ion collisions at nonzero impact parameter.
The J/psi yield at midrapidity at the top RHIC (relativistic heavy ion collider) energy is calculated within the statistical coalescence model, which assumes charmonium formation at the late stage of the reaction from the charm quarks and antiquarks created earlier in hard parton collisions. The results are compared to the new PHENIX data and to predictions of the standard models, which assume formation of charmonia exclusively at the initial stage of the reaction and their subsequent suppression. Two versions of the suppression scenario are considered. One of them assumes gradual charmonium suppression by comovers, while the other one supposes that the suppression sets in abruptly due to quark-gluon plasma formation. Surprisingly, both versions give very similar results. In contrast, the statistical coalescence model predicts a few times larger J/psi yield in the most central collisions.
The SENECA model, a new hybrid approach to air shower simulations, is presented. It combines the use of efficient cascade equations in the energy range where a shower can be treated as one-dimensional, with a traditional Monte Carlo method which traces individual particles. This allows one to reproduce natural fluctuations of individual showers as well as the lateral spread of low energy particles. The model is quite efficient in computation time. As an application of the new approach, the influence of the low energy hadronic models on shower properties for AUGER energies is studied. We conclude that these models have a significant impact on the tails of lateral distribution functions, and deserve therefore more attention.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Zellulare Neuronale Netzwerke (CNN) zur nichtlinearen Signalanalyse bei der Prädiktion hirnelektrischer Signale bei Epilepsie herangezogen. Die invasiven Aufnahmen hirnelektrischer Aktivität liegen zeitlich diskretisiert vor, sodaß ein zeitdiskretes Netzwerk (DTCNN) eingesetzt werden konnte. Die parallele Struktur von CNN konnte zur simultanen Untersuchung von sechs Elektroden genutzt werden, mit denen die hirnelektrische Aktivität aufgenommen wurde. Insbesondere ist die direkte Wechselwirkung der einzelnen Zellen untereinander durch eine lokale Nachbarschaft gegeben. In den durchgeführten Untersuchungen wurde zunächst festgestellt, daß für ein DTCNN, das ausgehend vom aktuellen Zeitpunkt den Signalwert des nächsten Zeitpunktes prädizieren soll, eine Prädiktionsordnung größer als zwei keine wesentliche Minimierung des Prädiktionsfehlers nach sich zieht. Daher wurde ein DTCNN mit zeitlich verzögerten Zellzuständen eingesetzt, wobei die Definitionsweise von Roska und Chua [21] im Rahmen dieser Arbeit für beliebige Prädiktionsordnungen erweitert wurde. Da bei einer Prädiktionsschrittweite größer als eins eine deutliche Erhöhung des Prädiktionsfehlers festgestellt werden konnte, wurde diese im folgenden gleich eins gewählt. Weiterhin wurde festgestellt, daß bei Verwendung polynomialer Kopplungsfunktionen der Grad der Nichtlinearität gleich drei gewählt werden kann, da eine weitere Erhöhung des Grades der Nichtlinearität zu keineren weiteren Minimierung des Prädiktionsfehlers geführt hat. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein Programm entwickelt, das aus den Aufnahmen der hirnelektrischen Aktivität einzelne Elektroden extrahieren kann, sodaß die Meßwerte dem DTCNN präsentiert werden konnten. Mit Hilfe des zugrundegelegten DTCNN konnte der zeitliche Verlauf der hirnelektrischen Aktivität von sechs Elektroden simultan prädiziert werden. Eine Analyse des zeitlichen Verlaufes des Prädiktionsfehlers ließ vor einem epileptischen Anfall keine signifikanten Änderungen erkennen. Daher wurde ein Programm entwickelt, mit dessen Hilfe der zeitliche Verlauf der Parameter des verwendeten DTCNN analysiert und deutliche Änderungen aufgezeigt werden können. Es konnten Berechnungsmethoden, hier die lokale Mittelwertbildung und die Gradientenberechnung, gefunden und an den jeweils untersuchten Patienten angepaßt werden, sodaß diese Änderungen der Parameter deutlicher hervorgehoben wurden. Bei zwei der vier Patienten konnten signifikante Änderungen des zeitlichen Verlaufes der Parameter des untersuchten DTCNN festgestellt werden, die vor dem Auftreten des epileptischen Anfalls liegen und somit als Vorläufer eines epileptischen Anfalls betrachtet werden können. Die Untersuchung eines dritten Patienten zeigte deutliche Änderungen der analysierten Parameter, die zeitlich mit dem Beginn des epileptischen Anfalls übereinstimmen. Bei einem vierten Patienten konnten signifikante Änderungen des zeitlichen Verlaufes der Parameter vor dem epileptischen Anfall nur dann festgestellt werden, wenn der betrachtete Datensatz hirnelektrischer Aktivität während des Auftretens eines Anfalls aufgenommen wurde. Wurde stattdessen die Aufnahme von zwei epileptischen Anfällen, die kurz hintereinander auftraten, analysiert, so konnten keine signifikanten Änderungen des Verlaufes der Parameter gefunden werden.
Das in der Plasmamembran tierischer Zellen vorkommende Enzym "Na+/K+-ATPase" setzt katalytisch ATP in ADP um. Als transmembranes Protein vollführt es während der Katalyse einen elektrogenen Zyklus von Konformationsänderungen, wobei 3 intrazelluläre Na+ gegen 2 extrazelluläre K+ ausgetauscht werden, und besitzt damit die Funktion eines primär aktiven Ionentransporters. Bisherige Aktivitätsmessungen, z.B. von B. Vilsen (Vilsen, 1994), an dem in Lösung befindlichen Enzym ergaben deutliche pH-Abhängigkeiten der Aktivität, die auf eine intrazelluläre Wechselwirkung des Protons mit der ATPase zurückgeführt wurden. Im Rahmen der hier vorliegenden Arbeit war nun die Frage zu klären, inwieweit der extrazelluläre pH-Wert auf die Transportfunktion der in der Membran liegenden Na+/K+-ATPase einen Einfluß ausübt. Es wurden daher elektrophysiologische Messungen mit dem Two-Elektrode-Voltage-Clamp-Verfahren und dem Giant-Patch-Clamp-Verfahren an der Zellmembran von Oozyten des Xenopus laevis durchgeführt und die pH-Abhängigkeit von durch die Na+/K+-ATPase verursachten transmembranen stationären als auch transienten Ionenströmen analysiert. Die stationären (steady-state) Ströme sind ein Maß für die Pumpaktivität, während die transienten auf Partialreaktionen des Enzyms schließen lassen. Die elektrophysiologischen Messungen wurden an der ouabainsensitiven und der ouabainresistenten Na+/K+-ATPase des Torpedo californica durchgeführt. Als Expressionssystem diente die Oozyte des Xenopus laevis. Die Messungen wurden mit Hilfe des Two-Elektrode-Voltage-Clamp-Verfahrens sowie des Giant-Patch-Clamp-Verfahrens durchgeführt. Um eine pH-Abhängigkeit zu untersuchen, wurden steady-state- als auch transiente Ströme bei den pH-Werten pH6, pH7,5 und pH9 gemessen. Als Pumenströme wurden die K+-aktivierbaren oder Ouabain-inhibierbaren Stromkomponenten betrachtet. Zunächst wurde die pH-Abhängigkeit von Pumpenströmen der im normalen Modus arbeitenden, ouabainsensitiven Na+/K+-ATPase untersucht. Die Pumpenströme wurden durch [K+]a=5mM aktiviert und durch [K+]a=0mM inhibiert. Die Messungen in einem natriumfreien extrazellulären Medium ergaben eine ausgeprägte pH-Abhängigkeit der Strom-Spannungskennlinien der Pumpenströme. Dieser Effekt wurde zum großen Teil auf einen, bei J.Rettinger (Rettinger, 1996) beschriebenen, Protonen-Einwärtsstrom zurückgeführt. Durch eine Korrektur konnten die vom Protoneneinwärtsstrom unbeeinflußten Pumpenströme analysiert werden, und es zeigte sich Potentialunabhängigkeit der Strom-Spannungskennlinien bei pH6 und pH9, während bei pH7,5 Potentialabhängigkeit (positive Steigung im negativen Potentialbereich) zu erkennen war. Dies wurde auf eine protonierbare im "access-channel" angenommene Stelle zurückgeführt, welche dann einen Einfluß auf die Affinität der Kationenbindung ausüben könnte. In hochnatriumhaltigem extrazellulären Medium (100mM) war dieser pH abhängige Effekt nicht nachweisbar, die Strom-Spannungskennlinien folgten dem schon bekannten Verlauf (Rakowski et al., 1997) mit einer positiven Steigung im negativen Potentialbereich. Weiterhin wurden transiente Ströme des Na/Na-Austausches sowohl an der ouabainsensitiven (OS) als auch an der ouabainresistenen (OR) Na+/K+-ATPase untersucht. Hierfür wurde in hochnatriumhaltigem (100mM) und kaliumfreiem extrazellulären Medium gemessen. Der Na/Na-Austausch der OS Pumpe wurde extrazellulär mit 100:M Ouabain inhibiert, während der der OR Pumpe mit 10mM Ouabain inhibiert wurde. Messungen mit dem Two-Elektrode-Voltag-Clamp-Verfahren ergaben auf Grund der zu geringen Zeitauflösung keine analysierbare pH-Abhängigkeit. Für die bei diesen Messungen festgestellte Ladungsverschiebung konnte eine effektive Wertigkeit von zq=0,80±0,02 ermittelt werden, was mit den Angaben von J. Rettinger et. al. (Rettinger et al., 1994) vergleichbar ist. Die Messungen mit dem Giant-Patch-Clamp-Verfahren an der OR und OS Pumpe ergaben für transiente Ströme einen relaxierenden Strom-Zeitverlauf, der einer Linearkombination aus drei unterschiedlich schnell relaxierenden Exponentialfunktionen mit verschiedenen Amplituden entspricht. Die Zeitkonstanten ließen keine signifikante pHAbhängigkeit erkennen. Ihre Werte lagen in den Bereichen 10-10 :s, 1-5ms und 10-200ms, wobei die am schnellsten relaxierende Funktion nicht analysiert werden konnten. Die langsam relaxierende Exponentialfunktion ließ sich der Konformationsänderung zuordnen, die mittelschnell relaxierende der extrazellulären Wechselwirkung mit den Na+-Ionen. Die Amplituden hingegen zeigten eine pH-Abhängigkeit. Im depolaren Potentialbereich hatten die Amplituden der mittelschnell relaxierenden Funktion bei pH6 eine größere Potentialabhängigkeit als bei pH9. Die Amplituden der langsam relaxierenden Funktion hatten im hyperpolaren Potentialbereich bei pH6 eine geringere Potentialabhängigkeit als bei höheren pH-Werten. Im ersten Fall könnte eine Protonierung an einer Stelle der ATPase die Potentialabhänigkeit über eine Veränderung des "accesschannels" verstärken, im zweiten Fall könnte diese in die Konformationsänderung eingebunden sein.
Accelerating cavities exchange HOM power through interconnecting beam pipes in case of signal frequencies above the cut-off of their propagating waveguide modes. This may lead either to improved HOM damping or - in the case most severe - to unwanted phase coherence of fields to the beam. Therefore the knowledge of the scattering properties of a cavity as a line element is needed to analyse all kinds of RF cavity-cavity interaction. Since there is a lack of measurement tools capable to provide a multidimensional scattering matrix at a given frequency point, we have been developing a method for this purpose. It uses a set of 2-port S-parameters of the device under test, embedded in a number of geometrically different RF environments. The application of the method is demonstrated with copper models of TESLA cavities.
A new method for the determination of S-matrices of devices in multimoded waveguides and first experimental experiences are presented. The theoretical foundations are given. The scattering matrix of a TESLA copper cavity at a frequency above the cut-off of the second waveguide mode has been measured.