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Institute
- Physik (4488)
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) (1509)
- Informatik (1016)
- Präsidium (70)
- MPI für Biophysik (44)
- ELEMENTS (40)
- Biochemie und Chemie (18)
- Biochemie, Chemie und Pharmazie (12)
- Helmholtz International Center for FAIR (12)
- Geowissenschaften (9)
As a first step towards a realistic phenomenological description of vector and axial-vector mesons in nuclear matter, we calculate the spectral functions of the ρ and the a1 meson in a chiral baryon-meson model as a low-energy effective realization of QCD, taking into account the effects of fluctuations from scalar mesons, nucleons, and vector mesons within the functional renormalization group (FRG) approach. The phase diagram of the effective hadronic theory exhibits a nuclear liquid-gas phase transition as well as a chiral phase transition at a higher baryon-chemical potential. The in-medium ρ and a1 spectral functions are calculated by using the previously introduced analytically-continued FRG (aFRG) method. Our results show strong modifications of the spectral functions—in particular near the critical endpoints of both phase transitions—which may well be of relevance for electromagnetic rates in heavy-ion collisions or neutrino emissivities in neutron-star merger events.
A novel experimental approach for studying exotic transitions in few-electron high-Z ions was developed. In this approach, few-electron ions with selectively produced single K-shell holes are used for the investigation of the transition modes that follow the decay of the excited ions. The feasibility of the developed approach was confirmed by an experimental study of the production of low-lying excited states in He-like uranium, produced by K-shell ionization of initially Li-like species. It was found that K-shell ionization is a very selective process that leads to the production of only two excited states, namely the 1s2s 21S0 and 1s2s 23S1. This high level of selectivity stays undisturbed by the rearrangement processes. These experimental findings can be explained using perturbation theory and an independent-particle model, and are a result of the very different impact parameter dependencies of K-shell ionization and L- intrashell excitation. The L-shell electron can be assumed to stay passive in the collision, whereas the K-shell electron is ionized. It was stressed that the current result might directly be applied to accurate studies of the two-photon decay in He-like ions. Up to now, the experimental challenge in conventional 2E1 experiments has been the photon-photon coincidence technique, which is required to separate the true 2E1 events from the x-ray background associated with single photon transitions. In contrast, by exploiting K-shell ionization, the spectral distribution of the two-photon decay could be obtained simply by a measurement of the photon emission, using only a single x-ray detector in coincidence with projectile ionization. One further particular advantage arises from the fact that the 1s2p 3P0 state is not populated, and does not contribute to the continuum distribution of the two-photon emission. At high Z, this state also undergoes a two-photon E1M1 decay, which would be indistinguishable from the 2E1 decay of the 1s2s 1S0. The first measurement of the two-photon energy distribution from the decay of 1s2s 1S0 level in He-like tin was performed by adopting the technique developed in this thesis. In this technique, excited He-like heavy ions were formed by K-shell ionization of initially Li-like species in collisions with a low-Z gas target, and x-ray spectra following the decay of the He-like ions were measured in coincidence with the up-charged tin ions. The observed intense production of the 2E1 transitions, and a very high level of selectivity, make this process particularly suited for the study of the two-photon continuum, and thus for a detailed investigation of the structure of high-Z He-like systems. The method allowed for a background-free measurement of the distribution of the two-photon decay (21S0 -> 11S0) in He-like tin. The measured distribution could also be discriminated from that of other He-like ions, and confirmed, for the first time, the fully relativistic calculations. In addition, the feasibility of the method was confirmed by studying another exotic transition, namely the two-electron one-photon transition (TEOP) in Li-like high-Z ions. An experimental investigation of the radiative decay modes of the 1s2s2 state in Li-like heavy ions has been started. In the first dedicated beam time at the ESR, selective population of this state via K-shell ionization of initially Be-like species was achieved. The x-rays produced in this process were measured by a multitude of x-ray detectors, each placed under different observation angles with respect to the ion beam direction. The spectra associated with projectile electron loss consist (in all cases) of one single x-ray transition, which was attributed to the TEOP decay to the 1s2 2p1/2 level, possibly contaminated by the M1 decay to the 1s22s. Thus it was proven that, by adopting the developed approach, one can indeed produce the desired initial state. This makes this method perfectly suited for studies of TEOP transitions in high-Z systems. An extension of this study, by the inclusion of an electron spectrometer, would also allow for measurements of the autoionization channel, which would provide complete information on the various decay modes of the 1s2s2 state.
A powerful technique to distinguish the enantiomers of a chiral molecule is the Coulomb Explosion Imaging (CEI). This technique allows us to determine the handedness of a single molecule. In CEI, the molecule becomes charged by losing many electrons in a very short period of time by interacting with the light. The repulsion forces between the positive charged particles of the molecule leads the molecule to break into parts-fragments. By measuring the three vector momentum of (at least) four fragments, the handedness observable can be determined. In this thesis, CEI is induced by absorption of a single high energy photon, which creates an inner-shell hole (K shell) of the molecule. The subsequent cascade of Auger decays lead to fragmentation. We decided to work with the formic acid molecule in this thesis. Two different experiments were conducted. The first experiment focused on exciting electrons to different energy states, while the second experiment focused on extracting directly a photoelectron to the continuum and measure the angular distribution of the photoelectron in the molecular frame. The primary goal was to search for chiral signal in a pure achiral planar molecule under the previous electron processes. The results of these findings were further implemented to two more molecules.
Impact of low-energy multipole excitations and pygmy resonances on radiative nucleon captures
(2016)
Nuclear structure theory is considered in the framework of the development of a microscopic model for nucleon-capture astrophysical implementations. In particular, microscopically obtained strength functions from a theoretical method incorporating density functional theory and quasiparticle-phonon model are used as an input in a statistical reaction model. The approach is applied in systematic investigations of the impact of low-energy multipole excitations and pygmy resonances on dipole photoabsorption and radiative neutronand proton-capture cross sections of key s- and r-process nuclei which is discussed in comparison with the experiment. For the cases of the short-lived isotopes 89Zr and 91Mo theoretical predictions are made.
Die vorliegende Arbeit ist der Fragestellung nachgegangen, ob sich die Gedächtnisleistung, insbesondere die von älteren Menschen, durch Gedächtnistraining verbessern lässt. Dabei sollen Verhaltensdaten und EEG-Daten, die simultan mit der Bewältigung einer Gedächtnisaufgabe erhoben wurden, korreliert werden. Untersucht wurden zwei verschiedene Gruppen. Zum einen Mild Cognitive Impairment Patienten und zum anderen eine altersähnliche Kontrollgruppe. Unter Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) versteht man eine leichte kognitive Beeinträchtigung des Gedächtnisses, welche aber die Kriterien einer Demenzmanifestation noch nicht erfüllt. Die Diagnosekriterien für MCI sind nicht einheitlich. Ein häufiges Kriterium wurde von Petersen (1999) definiert und ist die objektive Beeinträchtigung des Gedächtnisses ohne weitere kognitive Einbußen. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des Gedächtnisses/Gedächtnissubsystems muss dabei mindestens 1,5 Standardabweichungen schlechter sein, als die einer alters- und ausbildungsgleichen Population. Etwa 16-34 % aller 65 jährigen leiden unter dieser Form der kognitiven Beeinträchtigung. Schätzungen ergeben, dass 70 % der demenziellen Erkrankungen innerhalb von 2-3 Jahren aus einer MCI hervorgehen. Veränderungen des EEGs bei Patienten mit der Alzheimer'schen Demenz (AD) und MCI-Patienten wurden in den letzten Jahren untersucht, insbesondere Untersuchungen der EEG-Spontanaktivität, da diese vor allem bei den AD-Patienten leichter zu realisieren sind. Auffällig ist ein allgemein „langsamer“ werdendes EEG bei den Demenz-Patienten. Vor allem im okzipitalen Bereich ist ein Verlust des Alpha-Blocks beim Öffnen der Augen zu registrieren. In einem sehr frühen Stadium der AD ist meist noch kein verändertes EEG zu verzeichnen, ebenso bei MCI-Patienten. Eine beobachtbare Veränderung der EEG-Oszillationen könnte aber für eine frühe Diagnose der Krankheit und somit auch für eine frühe Behandlungsmöglichkeit von Bedeutung sein. Das Elektroenzephalogramm misst elektrische Potentiale, die im Gehirn durch „Neuronenaktivität“ verursacht werden und hat eine besonders gute zeitliche Auflösung (in ms Bereich) dafür aber eine schlechte räumliche. Die schlechte räumliche Auflösung ist dadurch zu begründen, dass man beim EEG „nur“ Oberflächenpotentialänderungen registrieren kann und dadurch nicht die Quelle der Potentiale lokalisieren kann. Die hohe zeitliche Auflösung des EEGs ermöglicht es aber die neuronale Aktivität während und auch nach der Kodierung sensorischer Informationen (z.B. visuelle Stimulation, wie in dieser Arbeit) zu beobachten. In vorliegender Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob gesunde, ältere Menschen im Vergleich zu Patienten mit leichter Gedächtnisstörung, beim Bewältigen einer Gedächtnisaufgabe, unterschiedliche Hirn-Aktivitäten aufweisen und inwieweit ein Gedächtnistraining von vier Wochen die Gedächtnisleistung der Probanden/Patienten aber auch das EEG-Aktivitätsmuster verändern kann; ob das Gedächtnis also auch im Alter oder sogar bei Dysfunktionen durch Training verbessert werden kann. Dabei galt gerade dem frontalen Bereich besonderes Interesse, da diesem Bereich für das Gedächtnissystem eine besondere Relevanz zugeschrieben wird. Eine delayed matching to sample Aufgabe wurde für visuelle Stimulation, Testung des Arbeitsgedächtnisses und für das kognitive Training durchgeführt. Die neuropsychologischen Daten wurden hierfür mit den EEG-Daten korreliert.
Bardeen black hole chemistry
(2019)
In the present paper we try to connect the Bardeen black hole with the concept of the recently proposed black hole chemistry. We study thermodynamic properties of the regular black hole with an anti-deSitter background. The negative cosmological constant Λ plays the role of the positive thermodynamic pressure of the system. After studying the thermodynamic variables, we derive the corresponding equation of state and we show that a neutral Bardeen-anti-deSitter black hole has similar phenomenology to the chemical Van der Waals fluid. This is equivalent to saying that the system exhibits criticality and a first order small/large black hole phase transition reminiscent of the liquid/gas coexistence.
We examine the thermodynamic behavior of a static neutral regular (non-singular) black hole enclosed in a finite isothermal cavity. The cavity enclosure helps us investigate black hole systems in a canonical or a grand canonical ensemble. Here we demonstrate the derivation of the reduced action for the general metric of a regular black hole in a cavity by considering a canonical ensemble. The new expression of the action contains quantum corrections at short distances and concludes to the action of a singular black hole in a cavity at large distances. We apply this formalism to the noncommutative Schwarzschild black hole, in order to study the phase structure of the system. We conclude to a possible small/large stable regular black hole transition inside the cavity that exists neither at the system of a classical Schwarzschild black hole in a cavity, nor at the asymptotically flat regular black hole without the cavity. This phase transition seems to be similar with the liquid/gas transition of a Van der Waals gas.
Die künstliche elektrische Stimulation bietet oftmals die einzige Möglichkeit, nicht vorhandene bzw. verloren gegangene motorische sowie sensorische Aktivitäten in gewissem Umfang wieder herzustellen. Im Falle von tauben Patienten wird zur Erlangung von Hörempfindungen die elektrische Stimulation des peripheren auditorischen Systems mit Hilfe von Cochlea- oder Hirnstammimplantaten standardmäßig eingesetzt. Es ist dabei notwendig, natürliche neuronale Entladungsmuster durch die elektrisch evozierten Entladungsmuster nachzubilden. Bei einkanaligen Systemen kann nur die Zeitstruktur des Signals dargeboten werden. Mehrkanalige Systeme bieten hier noch zusätzlich die Möglichkeit auch örtlich selektiv bestimmte Nervenfasergruppen zu stimulieren und damit die Ortsstruktur in den Entladungsmustern zu repräsentieren. So hat es sich gezeigt, dass die Sprachverständlichkeit durch Verwendung von Mehrkanal-Elektroden verbessert werden kann. Grundvoraussetzung hierfür ist die Optimierung der Kanalseparation durch Kleinst-Vielkanalelektroden und der Wahl einer optimalen Codierstrategie des Signals.
Die Codierstrategie ist abhängig von dem jeweiligen spezifischen Einsatzbereich. So gaben z.B. schon Clopton und Spelman (1995) zu bedenken, dass die als selektiv berechnete tripolare (S3) Konfiguration nur für einen bestimmten Stimulationsstrombereich gültig ist. Hinzu kommt es bei simultaner Verwendung benachbarter Kanäle zu schmerzhaften Lautheitssummationen. Ursache hierfür sind einerseits die Überlagerung der durch die Elektroden stimulierten neuronalen Bereiche und andererseits die Wechselwirkungen von Strömen benachbarter Elektrodenkanäle. Diese Effekte führen nicht nur zu einer Verringerung der räumlichen Stimulationsauflösung, sondern auch zu einer Einschränkung der exakten Abbildung der Zeitstruktur innerhalb der einzelnen Stimulationskanäle.
Die Techniken und Grundlagen der elektrischen Stimulation von neuronalem Gewebe mit Kleinst-Vielkanalelektroden sind bisher kaum untersucht worden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, ein mathematisches Modell zu implementieren und Qualitätsparameter zu definieren, mit deren Hilfe die Verteilung des elektrischen Feldes und die daraus resultierende neuronale Erregung beschrieben und optimiert werden kann. Zur Verifizierung des Modells sollten Methoden und Techniken entwickelt werden, die eine hochauflösende Abtastung der elektrischen Felder und Messung der neuronalen Daten innerhalb eines Messsystems ermöglichen.
Bei der neuronalen Stimulation mit Kleinst-Vielkanalelektroden ergibt sich eine Reihe von Problemen grundsätzlicher Art. So werden bei elektrodenferner Stimulation größere Stimulationsströme benötigt als bei elektrodennaher Stimulation, wobei für den Strombedarf die Stimulationskonfiguration eine entscheidende Rolle spielt: Der S1 Stimulationsmodus benötigt weniger Strom zur Erreichung großer Stimulationstiefen als der S2 Stimulationsmodus. Der größte Strom wird mit zunehmendem Elektrodenabstand gleichermaßen von dem S3 und S7 Stimulationsmodus benötigt. Gleichzeitig verfügen Kleinst-Vielkanalelektroden bauartbedingt aber nur über kleine Elektrodenkontaktoberflächen und lassen daher auf Grund der kritischen Feldstärke nur geringe Stimulationsströme zu.
Ein weiteres Problem besteht bei diesen Kleinst-Elektrodendimensionen in der konkreten Lage der Neurone an denen eine neuronale Erregung evoziert wird. Die Dimension der Kleinst-Vielkanalelektroden liegt bei einem Elektrodenkanalkontaktdurchmesser von 70 µm bereits in der Größenordnung der zu stimulierenden Neurone mit einem Durchmesser von 10 bis 15 µm. Dies macht sich bei den Messungen besonders dann deutlich bemerkbar, wenn nicht der Stimulationsstrom die Größe des überschwelligen Bereichs modelliert, sondern wenn der Elektrodenkanalabstand durch die Wahl der entsprechenden Elektrodenkanäle verändert wird. Hier weisen zwar die meisten neuronalen Antworten noch in die sich aus dem Modell ergebende Richtung, jedoch kommt es zu einer höheren Streuung der Ergebnisse als bei Messungen mit der Folienelektrode, die eine Kontaktfläche von 170 µm besitzt.
Es gibt also eine Reihe von begrenzenden Faktoren bei der optimalen Dimensionierung der Stimulationselektrode, die sowohl abhängig von der physiologischen Topologie ist als auch von den eingesetzten Stimulationskonfigurationen. Es ist also zur Stimulation die Wahl der optimalen Codierstrategie und die richtige Dimensionierung der Stimulationselektrode sowie der Elektrodenkanalabstände von entscheidender Bedeutung.
Die neuronalen Messungen wurden erstmalig für diese Fragestellung am Hirnschnitt durchgeführt, da sie, im Gegensatz zu in-vivo Versuchen, eine exakte Positionierung der Elektroden auf dem Hirnschnitt unter Sichtkontrolle durch das Mikroskop erlauben. Es wurden aus den neuronalen Messungen die Amplituden und Latenzen der exzitatorischen postsynaptischen Potenziale (EPSP) sowie der Feldpotenziale ausgewertet.
Der Versuchsaufbau macht es möglich, die Potenzialfelder mit genau den Konfigurationen abzutasten, mit denen auch die neuronalen Messungen des Hirnschnittes durchgeführt wurden. Das implementierte Programm zur Berechnung der Feldverteilung besitzt zum Messprogramm ein Interface, so dass es möglich ist, die Einstellungen des Experimentes, wie Stimulationskonfigurationen, Abtastraster des Feldes und die Koordinaten des Messraums, in der Modellrechnung zu verwenden. Somit ist ein direktes Vergleichen zwischen Messung und Berechnung möglich. In nachfolgenden Arbeiten können die vorliegenden Ergebnisse als Grundlage für in-vivo Versuche eingesetzt werden.
Zur Durchführung der Messungen wurden sehr kleine Elektroden aus eigener Herstellung verwendet und es wurden uns freundlicherweise neu entwickelte Folienelektroden des Fraunhofer Instituts St. Ingbert zur Verfügung gestellt. Die Größe der verwendeten Kleinst-Vielkanalelektroden aus eigener Herstellung lag um ca. eine Zehnerpotenz unter den aktuell eingesetzten Elektrodentypen und ist speziell für den direkten Kontakt zwischen Elektrode und Gewebe konzipiert. Dies entspricht dem typischen Einsatzbereich von Hirnstammimplantaten. Dies ist auch notwendig, um eine maximale räumliche Separation der erzeugten Felder zu ermöglichen. Außerdem erlaubte das Elektrodendesign auf Grund der hohen Anzahl der Elektrodenkanäle und durch variieren der Konfigurationen die Feldrichtung zu bestimmen, ohne die Elektrode neu auf den Hirnschnitt aufsetzen zu müssen.
Der in dieser Arbeit implementierte Algorithmus zur Berechnung der Feldverteilungen und die eingeführten Qualitätsparameter erlauben, die unterschiedlichen Stimulationskonfigurationen miteinander zu vergleichen und zu optimieren. Die Ergebnisse aus diesen Modellrechnungen wurden sowohl mit den Messungen der elektrischen Felder als auch mit den Ergebnissen aus den neuronalen Antworten verglichen.
Der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstellte Versuchsaufbau bestand aus einer über mehrere Mikromanipulatoren getriebene mikrometergenaue Positioniereinrichtung. Es konnten sowohl die Stimulationselektrode als auch die Elektrode zur Aufzeichnung der neuronalen Daten gesteuert werden. Die Steuerung des gesamten Setup, d.h. die Positionierung, die Aufzeichnung der neuronalen Daten und die Generierung der Stimulationsmuster wurde über den zentralen Messrechner durch ein hierfür entwickeltes Computerprogramm gesteuert. Die Versuche wurden über ein inverses Mikroskop durch eine CCD-Kamera aufgezeichnet.
Der entscheidende Vorteil des in dieser Arbeit gewählten Modellansatzes besteht in der grundsätzlichen Beschreibung der Feldverteilung bei vielkanaliger Stimulation, so dass diese auch auf andere Elektrodenformen bzw. Konfigurationen und Dimensionen übertragbar ist. Es lassen sich so den verschiedenen Konfigurationen nach bestimmten Qualitätskriterien bewerten und an die jeweilige Zielrichtung der Stimulation anpassen. Die berechneten Felder konnten erfolgreich in der Messeinrichtung generiert und nachgemessen werden. Außerdem ist es gelungen, differenzierte neuronale Aktivitäten auszuwerten, welche die Aussagen des Modells abstützen.